Tripoli University Head and Neck Radiology PDF

Tripoli University Faculty of medical technology Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology department HEAD AND NECK Dr: Aboujela AL.Allagi Specialist of Diagnostic Radiology 2023 Tripoli University Faculty of medical technology Diagnostic and The...

Tripoli University Faculty of medical technology Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology department HEAD AND NECK Dr: Aboujela AL.Allagi Specialist of Diagnostic Radiology 2023 Tripoli University Faculty of medical technology Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology department ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻃﺮاﺑﻠﺲ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺼﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﺟﯿﺔ‬ HEAD AND NECK Dr: Aboujela AL.Allagi Specialist of Diagnostic Radiology 2023 2023 ‫ أﺑﻮﺟﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ أﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺼﯿﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺮأس واﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬1) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  CONTENTS The skull and facial bones. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses The mandible and teeth. The oral cavity and salivary glands , The orbital contents. The ear. The pharynx and related spaces. The nasopharynx and related spaces. The larynx. The thyroid and parathyroid glands. The neck vessels. 2 CONTENTS ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬ The skull and facial bones..‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ وﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses The mandible and teeth..‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ واﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬ The oral cavity and salivary glands , The orbital contents..‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﺎج‬،‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ واﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ The ear..‫اﻷذن‬ The pharynx and related spaces..‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ‬ The nasopharynx and related spaces..‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬ The larynx..‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ The thyroid and parathyroid glands..‫اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ واﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬ The neck vessels..‫أوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬2) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The skull and facial bones - The skull consists of the calvarium, facial bones and mandible. - The calvarium is the brain case and comprises the skull vault and skull base.  The skull vault : The skull vault is made up of several flat bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) joined at sutures The temporal bone consists of four parts the squamous, mastoid, , petrous and tympanic parts. The skull base:  skull base is made up of the following bones from anterior to posterior: - The orbital plates of the frontal bone, with the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and crista galli in the midline. - The sphenoid bone with its lesser wings anteriorly, the greater wings posteriorly, and body with the elevated sella turcica in the midline. - Part of the squamous temporal bone and the petrous temporal bone. - The occipital bone. 3 The skull and facial bones - The skull consists of the calvarium, facial bones and mandible..‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻪ واﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬- ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ وﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ - The calvarium is the brain case and comprises the skull vault and skull base..‫ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﻔﺎرﯾﻮم ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ وﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻮ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ وﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬- The skull vault: :‫ﻗﺒﻮ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬ The skull vault is made up of several flat bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) joined at sutures ‫ ﻗﺬاﻟﯿﺔ( ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬،‫ ﺻﺪﻏﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﺟﺪارﯾﺔ‬،‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻗﺒﻮ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻈﺎم ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ )أﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻐﺮز‬ The temporal bone consists of four parts the squamous, mastoid, , petrous and tympanic parts..‫ واﻟﻄﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺼﺨﺮﯾﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺨﺸﺎءﯾﺔ‬،‫ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ‬:‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺟﺰاء‬ The skull base: skull base is made up of the following bones from anterior to posterior: -The orbital plates of the frontal bone, with the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and crista galli in the midline. ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬- :‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﯿﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﻲ وﻛﺮﯾﺴﺘﺎ ﺟﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺻﻒ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺪارﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﻬﻲ‬ -The sphenoid bone with its lesser wings anteriorly, the greater wings posteriorly, and body with the elevated sella turcica in the midline. ‫ واﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﺮج‬،‫ واﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬،‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻮﺗﺪي ﺑﺠﻨﺎﺣﯿﻪ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم‬-.‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬3) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ -Part of the squamous temporal bone and the petrous temporal bone..‫ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬- -The occipital bone..‫اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﺬاﻟﻲ‬- @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬3) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Skull X- ray Skull. CT (scout view) 4 ‫‪Skull X- ray‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪Skull.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪CT (scout view‬‬ ‫‪) CT‬ﻋﺮض اﻟﻜﺸﻔﯿﺔ(‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (4‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ Axial CT of brain (bone window) 5 ‫‪Axial CT of brain (bone window) 5‬‬ ‫‪-5‬اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ )ﻧﺎﻓﺬة اﻟﻌﻈﺎم(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (5‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ Cranial fossa:  The anterior cranial fossa: supports the frontal lobes of the brain.  The middle cranial fossa: It contains the temporal lobes of the brain, the pituitary gland, and most of the foramina of the skull base.  The posterior cranial fossa: is the largest and deepest fossa. It contains the cerebellum posteriorly, and anteriorly the pons and medulla and are continuous, through the foramen magnum, with the spinal cord. Three-dimensional (3D) CT skull 6  Cranial fossa: The anterior cranial fossa: supports the frontal lobes of the brain..‫ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻔﺺ اﻟﺠﺒﻬﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ‬:‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻟﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬ :‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻟﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔ‬ The middle cranial fossa: It contains the temporal lobes of the brain, the pituitary gland, and most of the foramina of the skull base. ‫ وﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺛﻘﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬،‫ واﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬،‫ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺺ اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ‬:‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻟﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬ The posterior cranial fossa: is the largest and deepest fossa..‫ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻷﻛﺒﺮ واﻷﻋﻤﻖ‬:‫اﻟﺤﻔﺮة اﻟﻘﺤﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ‬ It contains the cerebellum posteriorly, and anteriorly the pons and medulla and are continuous, through the foramen magnum, with the spinal cord. ‫ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ وﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم اﻟﺠﺴﺮ واﻟﻨﺨﺎع‬،‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﯿﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬.‫اﻟﺜﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬ Three-dimensional (3D) CT skull 6 6 ‫( اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﯿﺔ‬3D) ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﯿﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬6) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The facial bones:  Several bones contribute to the bony skeleton of the face, including the mandible, maxillae, zygomata.  The orbits, nose and paranasal sinuses form bony cavities. 7  The facial bones: :‫ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ Several bones contribute to the bony skeleton of the face, including the mandible, maxillae, zygomata. ،‫ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬،‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ اﻟﻬﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫اﻟﻮﺟﻨﻲ‬ The orbits, nose and paranasal sinuses form bony cavities..‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺪارات واﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ ﻋﻈﻤﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬7) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses  The nasal cavity: - The nasal cavity is a passage from the external nose anteriorly to the nasopharynx posteriorly.  paranasal sinuses: - The frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses form the paired paranasal sinuses and are situated around, and drain into, the nasal cavity. Paranasal sinuses X- ray ( lateral view ) 8 The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses ‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬ The nasal cavity: -The nasal cavity is a passage from the external nose anteriorly to the nasopharynx posteriorly. ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ‬- :‫اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬ paranasal sinuses: - The frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinuses form the paired paranasal sinuses and are situated around, and drain into, the nasal cavity. ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ واﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﯿﺔ واﻟﻮﺗﺪﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ وﺗﻘﻊ‬- :‫اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ‬.‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﻲ وﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ داﺧﻠﻪ‬ Paranasal sinuses X- ray ( lateral view ) 8 8 (‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ )ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬8) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The mandible and teeth  The mandible: - The mandible: is composed of two halves united at the symphysis menti. - The mandible has: body, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, separated by the notch. - The temporomandibular joint, this is a synovial joint between the condyle of the mandible and the temporal bone. 9 The mandible and teeth The mandible: -The mandible: is composed of two halves united at the symphysis menti..‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﯾﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬:‫ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬- :‫اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ واﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ - The mandible has: body, ramus, coronoid process, condylar process, separated by the notch..‫ ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻠﻤﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺘﻮء اﻟﻠﻘﻤﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺊ اﻹﻛﻠﯿﻠﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﻔﺮع‬،‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬- -The temporomandibular joint, this is a synovial joint between the condyle of the mandible and the temporal bone..‫ وﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺰﻟﯿﻠﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ واﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﺪﻏﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﻲ‬- @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬9) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The teeth: - There are 20 deciduous or milk teeth; in the adult these are replaced by 32 permanent teeth The complement of teeth in each quadrant is as follows: In the child: two incisors, one canine, two molars. In the adult: two incisors, one canine, two premolars three molars 10  The teeth: :‫اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬ -There are 20 deciduous or milk teeth; in the adult these are replaced by 32 permanent teeth The complement of teeth in each quadrant is as follows: ‫ وﺗﻜﻮن اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬.‫ ﺳ ًﻨﺎ داﺋ ًﻤﺎ‬32 ‫؛ أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﯿﻦ ﻓﯿﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ ﺑـ‬20 ‫ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻠﺒﻨﯿﺔ أو اﻟﻠﺒﻨﯿﺔ‬- :‫اﻟﺘﻜﻤﯿﻠﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ رﺑﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬ In the child: two incisors, one canine, two molars..‫ ﺿﺮوﺳﺎن‬،‫ ﻧﺎب واﺣﺪ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺘﺎن‬:‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ‬ In the adult: two incisors, one canine, two premolars three molars ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺿﺮاس‬،‫ ﺿﻮاﺣﻚ‬،‫ ﻧﺎب واﺣﺪ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺘﺎن‬:‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬10) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The oral cavity and salivary glands  The oral cavity: - This forms a passage from the lips to the oropharynx It is largely filled by the tongue and teeth. - The parotid gland opens on to its lateral wall, and the submandibular and sublingual glands open on to its floor. - The roof is formed by the hard palate anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly. - The soft palate is a mobile flap that hangs posteroinferiorly at rest, separating the oro- from the nasopharynx. 11 The oral cavity and salivary glands The oral cavity: -This forms a passage from the lips to the oropharynx It is largely filled by the tongue and teeth. ‫ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻤﺮاً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻔﺘﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم وﯾﻤﺘﻠﺊ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬- :‫ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ واﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻟﻔﻢ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺴﺎن واﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬ - The parotid gland opens on to its lateral wall, and the submandibular and sublingual glands open on to its floor..‫ وﺗﻨﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻐﺪد ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ وﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺿﯿﺘﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﻜﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪارﻫﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬- - The roof is formed by the hard palate anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly..‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم واﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬- - The soft palate is a mobile flap that hangs posteroinferiorly at rest, separating the oro- from thenasopharynx. ‫ وﯾﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻔﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬،‫ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺮﺧﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ رﻓﺮف ﻣﺘﺤﺮك ﯾﺘﺪﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‬-.‫اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬11) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  salivary glands: - It is exocrine glands produce saliva. The parotid gland:  It is the largest.  It is lies behind the angle of the jaw and in front of the ear.  It has smaller deep part and a larger superficial part.  The parotid duct (Stensen s duct) drain into the mouth opposite the second upper molar, the duct is approximately 5 cm long. The submandibular gland:  This gland lies in the floor of the mouth medial to the angle of the mandible.  The submandibular (Wharton’s) duct is about 5 cm long and open in floor of the mouth to at the side of the frenulum of the tongue. The sublingual gland:  This small gland lies submucosally and drains via several ducts (up to 20) directly into the floor of the mouth posterior to the opening of the submandibular gland. 12  salivary glands: :‫اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯿﺔ‬ - It is exocrine glands produce saliva..‫ وﻫﻲ ﻏﺪد ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ اﻹﻓﺮاز ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻠﻌﺎب‬- The parotid gland: It is the largest..‫وﻫﻲ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬ :‫اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﻜﻔﯿﺔ‬ It is lies behind the angle of the jaw and in front of the ear..‫ﯾﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻚ وأﻣﺎم اﻷذن‬ It has smaller deep part and a larger superficial part..‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻋﻤﯿﻖ أﺻﻐﺮ وﺟﺰء ﺳﻄﺤﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ‬ The parotid duct (Stensen s duct) drain into the mouth opposite the second upper molar, the duct is approximately 5 cm long. 5 ‫ وﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﺐ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻨﻜﻔﯿﺔ )ﻗﻨﺎة ﺳﺘﯿﻨﺴﻦ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺮﺣﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬-.‫ﺳﻢ‬ The submandibular gland: This gland lies in the floor of the mouth medial to the angle of the mandible..‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻐﺪة ﻓﻲ أرﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻢ وﺳﻂ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬:‫اﻟﻐﺪة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ The submandibular (Wharton’s) duct is about 5 cm long and open in floor of the mouth to at the side of the frenulum of the tongue. ‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻔﻢ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﺳﻢ‬5 ‫ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ )ﻗﻨﺎة وارﺗﻮن( ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬-.‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻟﺠﺎم اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬12) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The sublingual gland: This small gland lies submucosally and drains via several ducts (up to 20) directly into the floor of the mouth posterior to the opening of the submandibular gland. ‫ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﯿﺔ وﺗﺼﺮف ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺪة ﻗﻨﻮات )ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬:‫اﻟﻐﺪة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬.‫( ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎع اﻟﻔﻢ ﺧﻠﻒ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻐﺪة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬20 @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬12) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Submandibular Sialography 13 ‫‪Submandibular Sialography 13‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺳﯿﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ‪13‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (13‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The orbital - The orbit contains the globe, the extraocular muscles, the lacrimal gland, the optic nerve and the ophthalmic vessels; the whole is embedded in fat. - The globe of the eye is composed of cornea, sclera, limbus, uveal tract, choroid, ciliary body and iris. - The innermost layer of the globe is the retina. - the eye has two segments: The anterior segment of the eye is that part anterior to the lens It is divided into two chambers: The anterior chamber is between the cornea and iris, and the posterior chamber is between the iris and lens The two chambers are filled with aqueous humour and are continuous through the aperture of the iris (the pupil ) The posterior segment is behind the lens and is filled with a gelatinous fluid known as the vitreous body. 14 The orbital -The orbit contains the globe, the extraocular muscles, the lacrimal gland, the optic nerve and the ophthalmic vessels; the whole is embedded in fat. ‫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺤﺠﺎج ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻌﯿﻦ واﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪﻣﻌﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﺼﺐ‬- ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺎج‬.‫ اﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬.‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮي واﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ -The globe of the eye is composed of cornea, sclera,limbus, uveal tract, choroid,ciliary body and iris..‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﺪﺑﻲ واﻟﻘﺰﺣﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺸﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻌﻨﺒﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﺤﻮف‬،‫ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﯿﺔ‬- -The innermost layer of the globe is the retina..‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﯿﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬- -the eye has two segments: :‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺎن‬- The anterior segment of the eye is that part anterior to the lens It is divided into two chambers: The anterior chamber is between the cornea and iris, and the posterior chamber is between the iris and lens The two chambers are filled with aqueous humour and are continuous through the aperture of the iris (the pupil ) ‫ اﻟﺤﺠﺮة اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ‬:‫ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﯿﻦ ﻫﻮ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ وﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﺮﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ واﻟﺤﺠﺮﺗﺎن ﻣﻤﻠﻮءﺗﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ واﻟﺤﺠﺮة اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﺰﺣﯿﺔ واﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬،‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﻘﺰﺣﯿﺔ‬ (‫و ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻘﺰﺣﯿﺔ )اﻟﺒﺆﺑﺆ‬ The posterior segment is behind the lens and is filled with a gelatinous fluid known as the vitreous body..‫ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﯾﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ وﯾﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﻼﻣﻲ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬14) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ MRI eye 15 ‫‪MRI eye 15‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﯿﻦ ‪15‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (15‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The ear  The external ear: - The external ear consists of the pinna and the external auditory meatus. - The external meatus is 3 5 cm long and runs medially to the ear drum or tympanic membrane, the outer part of the canal is cartilaginous and the medial two-thirds are bony. 16 The ear ‫اﻷذن‬ The external ear: :‫اﻷذن اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ -The external ear consists of the pinna and the external auditory meatus..‫ اﻷذن اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﯿﻮان واﻟﺼﻤﺎخ اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬- - The external meatus is 3 5 cm long and runs medially to the ear drum or tympanic membrane, the outer part of the canal is cartilaginous and the medial two-thirds are bony. ‫ واﻟﺠﺰء‬،‫ ﺳﻢ وﯾﻤﺘﺪ وﺳﻄﯿﺎً إﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻠﺔ اﻷذن أو اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﻠﻲ‬5 3 ‫ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺼﻤﺎخ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬-.‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﻲ واﻟﺜﻠﺜﯿﻦ اﻹﻧﺴﯿﯿﻦ ﻋﻈﻤﯿﺎن‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬16) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The middle ear: - The middle ear is a slit-like cavity housed in the petrous bone. it lies between the tympanic membrane laterally and the inner ear medially. - The ossicles traverse the middle-ear cavity(malleus, incus, stapes) - continuous inferiorly with the eustachian tube , which opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. The inner ear: - This is a membranous system of fluid-filled sacs. concerned with hearing and balance. - It is housed in a protective labyrinth of dense bone and lies in the petrous bone. - The bony labyrinth consists of a vestibule , three semicircular canals , and anteriorly with the spiral cochlea 17  The middle ear: -The middle ear is a slit-like cavity housed in the petrous bone..‫اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ ﯾﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺸﻖ ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬- :‫اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ it lies between the tympanic membrane laterally and the inner ear medially..ً‫ﯾﻘﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺎً واﻷذن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ وﺳﻄﯿﺎ‬ - The ossicles traverse the middle-ear cavity(malleus, incus, stapes) (‫ اﻟﺮﻛﺎﺑﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺴﻨﺪان‬،‫ ﺗﺨﺘﺮق اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ )اﻟﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬- -continuous inferiorly with the eustachian tube , which opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx..‫ واﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة اﺳﺘﺎﻛﯿﻮس‬- The inner ear: :‫اﻷذن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ -This is a membranous system of fluid-filled sacs..‫ ﻫﺬا ﻧﻈﺎم ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮءة ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬- concerned with hearing and balance..‫ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻤﻊ واﻟﺘﻮازن‬ - It is housed in a protective labyrinth of dense bone and lies in the petrous bone..‫ ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﻫﺔ واﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﺜﯿﻔﺔ وﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬- - The bony labyrinth consists of a vestibule , three semicircular canals , and anteriorly with the spiral cochlea 17 17 ‫ اﻟﺘﯿﻪ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ دﻫﻠﯿﺰ وﺛﻼث ﻗﻨﻮات ﻧﺼﻒ داﺋﺮﯾﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم اﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬- @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬17) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Ear (axial CT) 18 ‫‪Ear (axial CT) 18‬‬ ‫اﻷذن )اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري( ‪18‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (18‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The pharynx and related spaces -The pharynx is a muscular tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage, approximately C6, where it is continuous with the oesophagus it lies behind, and communicates with, the nasal and oral cavities, providing a common entrance to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. - The pharynx lies behind the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and is divided accordingly into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypo- or laryngopharynx. - Retropharyngeal Spaces, Situated behind the pharynx & extending from the base of skull to the bifurcation of trachea disappear at 3 -4 years. 19 The pharynx and related spaces ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ‬ -The pharynx is a muscular tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the cricoid cartilage, approximately C6, where it is continuous with the oesophagus it lies behind, and communicates with, the nasal and oral cavities, providing a common entrance to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﯾﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ‬- ً ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼ‬ ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻮﻓﺮ‬،‫ وﯾﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﻔﻢ‬،‫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮيء اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ‬،C6 ً.‫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎ‬ - The pharynx lies behind the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and is divided accordingly into the nasopharynx,oropharynx, and hypo- or laryngopharynx. ‫ ﯾﻘﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم ﺧﻠﻒ ﺗﺠﺎوﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ واﻟﻔﻢ واﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة وﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﺬﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ واﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻔﻤﻮي‬-.‫واﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ أو اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮي‬ - Retropharyngeal Spaces, Situated behind the pharynx & extending from the base of skull to the bifurcation of tracheadisappear at 3 -4 years. ،‫ وﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم وﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬-.‫ ﺳﻨﻮات‬4 - 3 ‫وﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬19) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The nasopharynx and related spaces - The nasopharynx is that part of the pharynx between the posterior choanae and the lower limit of the soft palate It communicates anteriorly with the nasal cavity and inferiorly with the oropharynx. - The eustachian tube opens on to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx on either side. - Lymphoid tissue lines the nasopharynx, and this is prominent superiorly where it forms the adenoids. - Spaces related to the nasopharynx:  Pharyngeal Mucosal Space.  Carotid Space.  Prevertebral Space.  Submandibular Space.  Masticator Space.  Retropharyngeal Space. Nasophyarnx (MRI- sagittal view) 20 The nasopharynx and related spaces -The nasopharynx is that part of the pharynx between the posterior choanae and the lower limit of the soft palate It communicates anteriorly with the nasal cavity and inferiorly with the oropharynx. ‫ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻫﻮ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﯿﻖ‬- ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ واﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻨﻚ اﻟﺮﺧﻮ وﯾﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎم ﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﻮﯾﻒ اﻷﻧﻒ وﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‬.‫اﻟﻔﻤﻮي‬ -The eustachian tube opens on to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx on either side..‫ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻗﻨﺎة اﺳﺘﺎﻛﯿﻮس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﻦ‬- -Lymphoid tissue lines the nasopharynx, and this is prominent superiorly where it forms the adenoids..‫ وﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﺎرزاً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﻤﯿﺔ‬،‫ ﯾﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬- -Spaces related to the nasopharynx: Pharyngeal Mucosal Space..‫ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﻲ‬:‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‬- Carotid Space..‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬ Prevertebral Space..‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء أﻣﺎم اﻟﻔﻘﺮات‬ Submandibular Space..‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬ Masticator Space..‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﻎ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬20) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  ‫‪Retropharyngeal Space.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم‪.‬‬ ‫‪Nasophyarnx (MRI- sagittal view) 20‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ )اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ ‪ -‬ﻋﺮض ﺳﻬﻤﻲ( ‪20‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (20‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Nasophyarnx (CT- sagittal view) CT (axial section) Nasophyarnx X-ray( lateral view) 21 ‫)‪Nasophyarnx (CT- sagittal view‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم اﻷﻧﻔﻲ )ﻋﺮض ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺳﻬﻤﻲ(‬ ‫‪CT (axial section) Nasophyarnx X-ray( lateral view) 21‬‬ ‫‪) CT‬اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري( اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﻒ )ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ( ‪21‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (21‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The larynx - The larynx forms the entrance to the airway and is responsible for voice production. - It extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea, lying anterior to the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. - It is continuous with that of the pharynx above and the trachea below. - Its framework is composed of three single and three paired cartilages, which articulate with each other and are joined by muscles, folds and connective tissue.  single cartilages  Cricoid cartilage.  The thyroid cartilage.  Epiglottis cartilage.  paried cartilages:  Corniculate cartilages.  Cuneiform cartilages.  Arytenoid cartilages. - It has true cords and contains the vocal ligaments, which are responsible for voice production. - The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone between the mandible and the thyroid cartilage.  Cross-sectional anatomy of the larynx:  Supraglottic level:  Glottic level:  Infraglottic level : 22 The larynx -The larynx forms the entrance to the airway and is responsible for voice production..‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﻬﻮاء وﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻮت‬- ‫اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ - It extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea, lying anterior to the third to sixth cervical vertebrae..‫ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻔﻘﺮات اﻟﻌﻨﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‬،‫ ﯾﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻠﺴﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬- - It is continuous with that of the pharynx above and the trachea below..‫ وﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮم ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮق واﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ‬- - Its framework is composed of three single and three paired cartilages, which articulate with each other and are joined by muscles, folds and connective tissue. ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﺗﻨﻀﻢ‬،‫ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﯿﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻏﻀﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﻔﺮدة وﺛﻼﺛﺔ أزواج‬-.‫إﻟﯿﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻟﻄﯿﺎت واﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم‬ single cartilages ‫ﻏﻀﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﻔﺮدة‬ Cricoid cartilage..‫اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻲ‬ The thyroid cartilage..‫اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ‬ Epiglottis cartilage..‫ﻏﻀﺮوف ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬ paried cartilages: :‫اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬22) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Corniculate cartilages..‫اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﯿﺔ‬ Cuneiform cartilages..‫اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎرﯾﺔ‬ Arytenoid cartilages..‫اﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻄﺮﺟﻬﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ -It has true cords and contains the vocal ligaments, which are responsible for voice production..‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺒﺎل ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ وﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻮت‬- -The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone between the mandible and the thyroid cartilage..‫ ﯾﻘﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﻚ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ واﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ‬U ‫ اﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻼﻣﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف‬- Cross-sectional anatomy of the larynx: Supraglottic level: Glottic level: Infraglottic level : 22 ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺗﺤﺖ‬:‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎري‬:‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬:‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﺠﺮة‬ 22 :‫اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬22) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ Axial images from computed tomography (CT) show the principal structures of the supraglottic larynx, from its superior to its inferior limits: in a, the free edge of the epiglottis (arrowhead), valleculae (white arrows), preepiglottic fat (white * ), paraglottic spaces (black * ), and hyoid bone (black arrow); in b, the aryepiglottic folds (arrows) and piriform sinus (arrowheads); and in c, the thyroid cartilage (white arrow), false vocal cords(arrowheads), and arytenoid cartilages (black arrows). 23 Axial images from computed tomography (CT) show the principal structures of the supraglottic larynx, from its superior to its inferior limits: in a, the free edge of the epiglottis (arrowhead), valleculae (white arrows), preepiglottic fat (white * ), paraglottic spaces (black * ), and hyoid bone (black arrow); in b, the aryepiglottic folds (arrows) and piriform sinus (arrowheads); and in c, the thyroid cartilage (white arrow), false vocal cords(arrowheads), and arytenoid cartilages (black arrows). ‫( اﻟﻬﯿﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻨﺠﺮة ﻓﻮق‬CT) ‫ُﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮﺳﺐ‬ ‫ واﻷودﯾﺔ‬،(‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﺮة ﻟﺴﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر )رأس اﻟﺴﻬﻢ‬:‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر‬ ‫ واﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬،(* ‫ واﻟﺪﻫﻮن ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎر )أﺑﯿﺾ *( واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎرﯾﺔ )أﺳﻮد‬،(‫)اﻷﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫ اﻟﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﻨﺠﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﺎرﯾﺔ )اﻟﺴﻬﺎم( واﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻷﻧﻔﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﺜﺮﯾﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻼﻣﻲ )اﻟﺴﻬﻢ اﻷﺳﻮد(؛ ﻓﻲ ب‬ ‫ واﻷﺣﺒﺎل اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﻔﺔ‬،(‫ ﻏﻀﺮوف اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ )اﻟﺴﻬﻢ اﻷﺑﯿﺾ‬،‫)رؤوس اﻷﺳﻬﻢ(؛ وﻓﻲ ج‬.(‫ واﻟﻐﻀﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻄﺮﺟﻬﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻷﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﻮداء‬،(‫)رؤوس اﻷﺳﻬﻢ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬23) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  The thyroid and parathyroid glands  The thyroid gland : - It consists of two lateral lobes joined by a midline isthmus. - It lies anterior and lateral to the trachea. - The lobes are approximately 4 cm in height. - It is extend from the thyroid cartilage of the trachea superiorly to the fourth or even the sixth tracheal ring inferiorly. - The lobes are described as having upper and lower poles. - The lobes are often asymmetrical, with the right being larger and more vascular than the left. - Blood supply the thyroid gland:  superior thyroid artery: is the first branch of the external carotid and supplies the upper pole  The inferior thyroid artery: arises from the thyrocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery.  thyroidea ima : may arise from the brachiocephalic artery or the aortic arch. Thyroid (axial CT) 24 The thyroid and parathyroid glands The thyroid gland : -It consists of two lateral lobes joined by a midline isthmus. ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﯿﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﯿﻦ ﺑﺒﺮزخ‬- :‫ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬- :‫اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ واﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة ﻟﻠﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‬.‫ﺧﻂ وﺳﻂ‬ -It lies anterior and lateral to the trachea..‫ ﯾﻘﻊ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ وﺟﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ‬- -The lobes are approximately 4 cm in height..‫ ﺳﻢ‬4 ‫ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻔﺼﻮص ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬- - It is extend from the thyroid cartilage of the trachea superiorly to the fourth or even the sixth tracheal ring inferiorly. ‫ وﯾﻤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻀﺮوف اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﻏﺎﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ أو ﺣﺘﻰ‬-.‫اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ -The lobes are described as having upper and lower poles..‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻔﺼﻮص ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ذات ﻗﻄﺒﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻮي وﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬- -The lobes are often asymmetrical, with the right being larger and more vascular than the left..‫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻷﯾﻤﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ وأﻛﺜﺮ أوﻋﯿﺔ دﻣﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﯾﺴﺮ‬،‫ اﻟﻔﺼﻮص ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬- -Blood supply the thyroid gland: superior thyroid artery: is the first branch of the external carotid and supplies the upper pole The inferior thyroid artery: arises from the thyrocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery. ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮع اﻷول ﻟﻠﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬:‫ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬:‫ إﻣﺪاد اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪم‬- ‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺬع اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﻲ وﻫﻮ ﻓﺮع ﻣﻦ‬:‫وﯾﻐﺬي اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬24) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  ‫‪thyroidea ima : may arise from the brachiocephalic artery or the aortic arch.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻮر اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻌﻀﺪي اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ أو ﻗﻮس اﻷﺑﻬﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Thyroid (axial CT) 24‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ )اﻟﺘﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري( ‪24‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (24‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Thyroid (U.S)  The parathyroid glands: - They usually number four but any number from two to six is possible. - The glands lie posterior to the thyroid. - Note: The normal parathyroids are not seen radiologically they may be imaged when enlarged. 25 ‫‪Thyroid (U.S) The parathyroid glands: -They usually number four but any‬‬ ‫‪number from two to six is possible.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ )اﻟﻮﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة( اﻟﻐﺪد ﺟﺎرات اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‪ - :‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ أرﺑﻌﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﺛﻨﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-The glands lie posterior to the thyroid.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﻐﺪد ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-Note: The normal parathyroids are not seen radiologically they may be‬‬ ‫‪imaged when enlarged.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ رؤﯾﺔ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺠﺎر درﻗﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯿﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺒﯿﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (25‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  The neck vessels I. The carotid arteries in the neck: - The left common carotid artery arises from the aortic arch. - The right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic trunk. - The common carotid artery bifurcates into internal and external branches at the level of C 4. - The external carotid terminates by dividing into maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. - The internal carotid artery continues superiorly from its origin to the base of skull. 26 The neck vessels ‫أوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ I.The carotid arteries in the neck: -The left common carotid artery arises from the aortic arch. ً.‫ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻷﯾﺴﺮ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮس اﻷﺑﻬﺮ‬- :‫ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬:‫أوﻻ‬ -The right common carotid arises from the brachiocephalic trunk..‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻷﯾﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺬع اﻟﻌﻀﺪي اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬- -The common carotid arterybifurcates into internal and external branches at the level of C 4..C4 ‫ ﯾﺘﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك إﻟﻰ ﻓﺮوع داﺧﻠﯿﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬- -The external carotid terminates by dividing into maxillary and superficial temporal arteries..‫ ﯾﻨﺘﻬﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮاﯾﯿﻦ ﺻﺪﻏﯿﺔ ﻓﻜﯿﺔ وﺳﻄﺤﯿﺔ‬- -The internal carotid artery continues superiorly from its origin to the base of skull..‫ ﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻃﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﺘﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬- @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬26) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬   Branches of the external carotid artery: II. The subclavian arteries in the neck: - The right subclavian artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk behind the right sternoclavicular joint. - The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta in front of the trachea at the level of the T3/ T4 disc space. - lateral border of the first rib, where it becomes the axillary artery. Branches of the subclavian arteries in the neck:  Vertebral artery.  Internal mammary (thoracic) artery.  Thyrocervical trunk.  Costocervical artery 27  Branches of the external carotid artery: :‫ﻓﺮوع اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺗﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ II.The subclavian arteries in the neck: :‫ اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬:ً‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ -The right subclavian artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk behind the right sternoclavicular joint. ‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة اﻷﯾﻤﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺠﺬع اﻟﻌﻀﺪي اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮي‬-.‫اﻷﯾﻤﻦ‬ - The left subclavian artery arises from the arch of the aorta in front of the trachea at the level of the T3/T4 disc space. ‫ ﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة اﻷﯾﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮس اﻷﺑﻬﺮ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻲ‬-.T3/T4 -lateral border of the first rib, where it becomes the axillary artery..‫ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻷول ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻹﺑﻄﻲ‬- Branches of the subclavianarteries in the neck: Vertebral artery..‫ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻔﻘﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮوع اﻟﺸﺮاﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ Internal mammary (thoracic) artery..(‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺜﺪﯾﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ )اﻟﺼﺪري‬ Thyrocervical trunk..‫اﻟﺠﺬع اﻟﺪرﻗﻲ‬ Costocervical artery 27 27 ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬27) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬  Venous drainage of the head and neck: I. Superficial(Anterior Jugular Vein and External Jugular Vein) II. Deep (Internal jugular vein). III. The subclavian veins in the neck  Anterior Jugular Vein: - It begins by union submental veins. - Drain into the external jugular vein. - Two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse vein to form the jugular arch.  External Jugular Vein: - Begins by union of retromandibular and posterior auricular veins. - Tributaries:  Posterior external jugular vein.  Anterior jugular vein.  Suprascapular vein.  Transverse cervical vein. 28  Venous drainage of the head and neck: :‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪي ﻟﻠﺮأس واﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ I. Superficial(Anterior Jugular Vein and External Jugular Vein) (‫ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ )اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ واﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬.I II..‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬ Deep (Internal jugular vein)..(‫ﻋﻤﯿﻖ )اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ III..‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ The subclavian veins in the neck ‫اﻷوردة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ Anterior Jugular Vein: -It begins by unionsubmental veins..‫ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﻷوردة اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﯿﺔ‬- :‫اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ -Drain into the external jugular vein..‫ اﺳﺘﻨﺰاف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬- -Two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse vein to form the jugular arch..‫ ﯾﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪان اﻟﻮداﺟﯿﺎن اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺎن ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﯿﺸﻜﻼ اﻟﻘﻮس اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ‬- External Jugular Vein: -Begins by union of retromandibular and posterior auricular veins..‫ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺑﺎﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻮرﯾﺪﯾﻦ اﻷذﻧﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﯿﻦ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﯿﻦ‬- :‫اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬28) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ -Tributaries: Posterior external jugular vein..‫اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬ :‫ اﻟﺮواﻓﺪ‬- Anterior jugular vein..‫اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬ Suprascapular vein..‫اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻜﺘﻒ‬ Transverse cervical vein..‫اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮض‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬28) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ - To remember: PAST.  Internal Jugular Veins Tributaries:  Superior thyroid  Lingual (in the tongue)  Facial  Occipital veins  Pharyngeal veins  Dural venous sinuses (Inferior petrosal sinus) - It is joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.  The subclavian veins in the neck: These are the continuation of the axillary veins from the outer border of the first rib to where they join with the internal jugular to form the brachiocephalic veins. 29 -To remember: PAST..‫ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬:‫ ﻟﻠﺘﺬﻛﺮ‬- Internal Jugular Veins Tributaries: Superior thyroid Lingual (in the tongue) Facial Occipital veins Pharyngeal veins Dural venous sinuses (Inferior petrosal sinus) -It is joins the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. ‫ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ )ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن( اﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬:‫رواﻓﺪ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ ﯾﻨﻀﻢ‬- (‫اﻷوردة اﻟﻘﺬاﻟﯿﺔ اﻷوردة اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻮﻣﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﯿﻮب اﻟﻮرﯾﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﯿﺔ )اﻟﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ‬.‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة ﻟﯿﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻀﺪي اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ‬ The subclavian veins in the neck:These are the continuation of the axillary veins from the outer border of the first rib to where they join with the internal jugular to form the brachiocephalic veins. ‫ وﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻷوردة اﻹﺑﻄﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻷول‬:‫اﻷوردة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬.‫إﻟﻰ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﻮداﺟﻲ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻷوردة اﻟﻌﻀﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﯿﺔ‬ @xFxBot ‫( | ُﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬29) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ X-ray 30 ‫‪X-ray‬‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (30‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ CT scan 31 ‫‪CT scan‬‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (31‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬  Angiography CT angiography Conventional angiography 32 ‫‪Angiography‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪CT angiography‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪Conventional angiography 32‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ‪32‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (32‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬ MRI angiography 33 ‫‪MRI angiography 33‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ اﻷوﻋﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ ‪33‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ )‪ُ | (33‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪@xFxBot‬‬