Science, Technology, and Social Science Finals Reviewer (PDF)

Science, Technology, and Social Science: Finals 3. Methane Reviewer o Evaporation from wetlands and oceans 6 - Global Issue: Climate Change...

Science, Technology, and Social Science: Finals 3. Methane Reviewer o Evaporation from wetlands and oceans 6 - Global Issue: Climate Change 4. Nitrous Oxide BIODIVERSITY o Oceanic and soil evaporation - Carbon footprint and online learning 5. Ozone o The use of data taking so much o From the reconstitution of broken carbon emission down molecular oxygen in the atmosphere CLIMATE CHANGE - Refers to the change in the state of the ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GASES AND THEIR climate that can be identified by changes SOURCES in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an 1. Chlorofluorocarbons extended period, typically decades or o Waste gas from refrigerators, longer aerosols, and air conditioning units - Much broader in scope 2. Methane GLOBAL WARMING o Byproduct of the decay of - The overall increase in earth’s temperature agricultural, industrial, and due to heat-trapping gases suburban waste Global Warming and Climate Change: What’s the 3. Nitrous Oxide Connection? o Released from tilling of agricultural - The build-up of greenhouse gases causes soil and burning of fossil fuels heat from the sun to accumulate in the atmosphere, causing an increase in TEN (10) EVIDENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE surface temperature (global warming) - This increase, then, leads to progressive shift in climate that disrupts the natural order, causing more violent weather patterns and erratic seasonal turnover cycles (climate change) LAYER OF GREENHOUSE GASES (Water vapor, Smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) - Acts as a thermal blanket for the earth - Absorbs heat and warming the surface to SEA LEVEL RISE a life-supporting average of 59 degrees - Sea level has been on the steady rise since Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) 1870s - Caused primarily by two factors related to NATURAL GREENHOUSE GASES AND THEIR SOURCES global warming: 1. Water (in the form of vapor) o The added water from melting ice o From all bodies of water, plants (via sheets glaciers transportation), and animals (via o The expansion of seawater as it perspiration and direct warms evaporation) - What happened? o Solar output was steadily rising from 2. Carbon Dioxide this time point o Natural decay of organic matter, o Warming of the Earth’s surface bodies of water, natural disasters steadily rose along with the rise of (volcanic eruptions, forest fires) solar output  o Polar ice steadily melted, and the - Increased number and intensity of rate at which it melts was hastened typhoons by warming up of the Earth’s - Agriculture and food security surface and worsened by the o Added heat stress, shifting accumulation of greenhouse gases monsoons, drier soils and water shortages as a result of higher ARTIC SEA ICE MINIMUM temperatures will affect livestock - The day in a given year when Artic Sea ice and crop production patterns with reaches its smallest extent expanded range of weeds, insects - Artic sea ice reaches its minimum each and diseases which may reduce September global food supplies and contribute - September Artic Sea ice is now declining at to higher food prices a rate of 13.2 percent per decade, relative to the 1981 to 2010 average - Health o Increase in health problems and RISING LAND AND SEA TEMPERATURE deaths due to greater frequency - Hottest years: bet. 1998 and 2014 and severity of heat waves and - Start of steady rise: 1970 other extreme weather events will - What happened in 1970 largely affect those suffering from o Introduction of aerosols respiratory and cardiovascular o Sudden increase in greenhouse disorders as they have lesser coping gases due to influx of fossil fuel capacity CARBON DIOXIDE - Potential impacts on health due to sea - Very good heat-trapping molecule level rise o Death and injury due to flooding CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE o Reduced availability of freshwater - Volcanic emissions due to saltwater intrusion - Changes in the reflectivity of the earth’s surface - Forests and Wildlife - Ocean currents o Species migration; shift in feeding - Variations in sun’s energy reaching earth point and disruption in flight - Impacts by large meteors patterns for migratory birds. - Human activities o Extinction of some plants and o Deforestation animals o Increasing industrial activity o Waste management practices MITIGATION o Intensive use of chemical fertilizers - Refers to an anthropogenic intervention to and pesticides reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of o Vehicle emission greenhouse gases o Reducing fossil fuel use 4 OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DRIVERS OF CLIMATE o Promoting the use of renewable CHANGE energy resources like geothermal - Consumption energy, wind, and solar energy - Land Use o Reducing deforestation - Energy o Using more sustainable agriculture - Population and forestry o Putting a price on greenhouse gas IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE emissions - In the Philippines, there are already trends o Slowing population growth of increasing number of hot days and o Focusing research and warm nights, but decreasing number of development on innovations that cold days and cool nights. Both maximum lower the cost of clean energy and minimum temperatures are generally alternatives getting warmer. ADAPTATION 7 – Biotech and GMO - Refers to an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or BIOTECHNOLOGY expected climatic stimuli or their effects, - Any biology-based technology which uses which moderates harm or exploits organisms or their parts to make or modify beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2001a). products, or improve plants, animals and o Using scarce water resources more microorganisms efficiently ANCIENT BIOTECHNOLOGY o Developing drought-tolerant crops - 4000 BC o Choosing tree species and forestry o Egyptians discovered the use of practices that are less vulnerable to yeasts to make bread and wine storms and fires - Production of cheese o Community-based disaster risk - 3000 BC reduction o Peruvians started to improve potato o Seasonal climate forecasting to make them larger and frost o Rainwater harvesting tolerant o Capacity building for shoreline - 1700 BC defense system design o Sumerians invented the process of brewing beer INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS IN THE ARMS RACE - 500 BC AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE o First antibiotic in the form of moldy soybean curds used to treat boils KYOTO PROTOCOL OF 1997 (China) - Formed by the 19th UN Conference of Parties in December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Japan. - Agreement that all signing nations must RED BIOTECHNOLOGY reduce their carbon emissions by 5.2% - It is used for medical processes, that is, it is - What happened after? based on obtaining antibiotics, vaccines, o Agreement did not come to fruition new drugs, new forms of molecular until February 2005, when it was diagnosis, regenerative therapies and the finally ratified by 55 countries application of genetic engineering to cure diseases. THE PARIS AGREEMENT OF 2016 - Medical purposes - Attended by 55 parties in 21st Conference o Antibiotic of Parties convened by UNFCCC October o Vaccines 4, 2016 o New drugs - Currently ratified by 144 signing parties - Genetic engineering - Goal: Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol of o Test tube babies 1997 - Agreement that greenhouse gas emissions WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY would just be enough to limit temperature - It is exclusively applied to improve industrial rise to below the threshold of 1.5˚C processes, that is, it studies microorganisms in order to obtain better catalysts, WHAT WE CAN DO eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals - Drive less or clean them from work areas and obtain - Replace all the light bulbs new materials. Its main goal is the - Choose energy-efficient appliances development of biodegradable products. - Decrease your air travel - Baking - Cut down on your garbage - Unplug electronics when they are not in GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY use - It is specialized in the improvement of - Plant a tree agricultural processes. It has obtained the obtaining of transgenic plants resistant to terrains and adverse environmental  conditions as well as resistant to diseases MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY COVERS and pests. This biotechnology is based on - Modify one part of the DNA to get the obtaining agricultural solutions that do not results affect the environment. - DNA markers - Agricultural and forestry - Covers: o Animals included o Technologies using recombinant - Land only DNA technology - Food GMO (genetically modified) o DNA molecular markers - Life science, which generally deals with the o Genetic engineering of study of living organisms. It is an application microorganisms of biology and different other techniques o Genetic engineering of plants to change or to modify products for o Genetic engineering of animals specific human use o Recombinant DNA technology BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY - It is known as marine biotechnology. It is - Is a method that allows the combination of responsible for the development of genes in a test tube to form a hybrid DNA aquaculture, care of marine creatures, - Test tube babies water treatment and production of food - Surrogacy (clinical) derived from the sea. - Marine INSULIN AND THE BIRTH OF RECOMBINANT DNA - Aquaculture TECHNOLOGY - 1973 BLACK BIOTECHNOLOGY o Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer - Warfare were the first to apply this technique - Weaponry - Diabetes occurs when the body does not - Nuclear produce insulin or cannot produce enough insulin. NATURAL SELECTION o People with diabetes often need - Choosing only the desirable plant injections of insulin o Pigs and cows CLONING o Long term effects unknown - Cloning a microorganism - 1978 - Multiplying a single cell o Biotechnology allowed the insulin gene to be reproduced in larger CLONING quantities for diabetics. - Cloning a plant by o Safe o Separation o Cutting o Grafting - Cloning animals by o Twinning (identical twins) o Unfertilized eggs of some animals like lizards, fish, frogs, worms can develop to adults under certain environmental conditions (process of parthenogenesis) - Cloning microorganism by o Multiplying a single cell CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING IN PLANTS - Takes long time to evolve - Researchers isolate a gene from an - Breeding organism that has the trait they want to impart to a plant BIOTECHNOLOGY TODAY - One use of enzymes - improve agricultural productivity o Enzymes are obtained from - enhance foods' nutritional value bacteria and are used to make - Health biological detergents - Environment - Fuel and Industry BENEFITS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GMOs - Higher farming efficiency IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY: PRODUCTION, - Higher harvests GROWTH, AESTHETICS - Environment friendly - Increase in nutrition BT TECHNOLOGY (BT CORN, BT COTTON) - BT used as microbial pesticide for the past ISSUES AND CONCERNS 35 years with a history of safe use - Technological - BT gene transferred to plant genome; plant o Issues inherent to the technology produces toxic protein which is pesticidal § Biosafety to the environment § Food biosafety ENHANCED FOOD NUTRITIONAL VALUE: GOLDEN o Biosafety to the environment RICE - Same varieties as Philippine Rice will be - Social Issues available o Religious and ethical issues - Same cost as non-GM rice o Social-economic issues that - Rice: Staple food in Asia transcend the technology - Biofortification of bananas in Africa RELEASE OF GMOs: BIOSAFETY AND ECOLOGICAL POPLAR TREES IMPACT - Engineered to have increased growth in 1. Potent ecological effects shorter time o Modify domesticated species at - Biomass controlled conditions - Paper production o Assess risk - Bioremediation o Not allowed to happen § Gene flow with wild type HEALTH: BIOPHARMING § Damage to non-target - Atryn drug species - Recombinant anti-thrombin § Disruption of biotic - The 1st biopharma drug approved communities - The 1st biotech product produced in milk 2. Regulatory policies TRANSGENIC GLOFISH o GMOs must be introduced based - Gene from jellyfish and anemone injected on ecological principles to eggs of zebra fish; developed by Zhiyun (development, testing, and risk Gong of National University of Singapore assessment) o Effective and not potentially CARNATION problematic - Moondust Carnation (1996) by Florigene o Recognize and evaluate risks - Available in AU, Canada, USA, UK, Japan, o Agencies specific to each country Germany, Holland, Puerto Rico o NCBP (DOST + DA + DOH + DENR) BLUE ROSE 3. National Biosafety Framework - Developed by Suntory & Florigene o March 17, 2006 EO 514 Series 2006 - Used technology for blue carnation- o Guidelines on NCBP transferred delphinidin genes from pansies INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY - GMO jeans use biotech to make indigo- dyed denim a bit more green  4. National Committee on Biosafety of the - This reduces damage to healthy cells in the Philippines body and allows for earlier detection of o Oversee implementation of disease. biosafety policies and guidelines o For example: deliver cardiac stem (all institutions) cells to damaged heart tissue o For genetic engineering related o Nanovesicles are attracted to an activities, quarantine services injury to the stem cells to increase o All researches and implementation the amount of stem cells delivered in genetic engineering and the to an injured tissue release of genetic engineered - Antibodies attached to carbon nanotubes organisms requires approval of in chips to detect cancer cells in the blood NCBP stream (Worcester Polytechnic Institute) 8 – Nanotechnology - Gold nanorods o are attached to the type of protein NANOTECHNOLOGY generated by damaged kidneys - Nano = small test for early detection of kidney - Application of technology on a very small damage is being developed. When scale protein accumulates on the - Manipulation of matter on an atomic, nanorod the color of the nanorod molecular, and supramolecular scale shifts. - A.k.a. molecular nanotechnology - Nanogenerators - Manipulation of matter with at least one o In bandage produce electricity to dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers apply electrical pulses to wound (University of Wisconsin) NANOSCALE - Polymer nanoparticles - Refers to structures with a length scale o Act as synthetic platelets to reduce applicable to nanotechnology, usually blood loss in patients with internal cited as 1-100 nanometers bleeding (Chase Western Reserve o A nanometer (nm) is a billionth of a University) meter - Nanorobots o Could actually be programmed to GOALS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY repair specific diseased cells, - Able to create many new materials and functioning in a similar way to devices with a vast range of applications antibodies in our natural healing o Nanomedicine processes o Nanoelectronics o Biomaterials energy production COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS THAT USES o Consumer products NANOMATERIALS - Stain-resistant and wrinkle-free textiles UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES o These garments, while still cotton, - Lower melting point polyester, and wool, have been - Different colors treated, often with nano- - Greater reactivity than bulk materials treatments, to enhance their o Ex: gold nanoparticles are red and usefulness and durability without chemically reactive, whereas the degrading the feel of the fabric bulk metal is yellow and inert - Cosmetics and sunscreens NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE o Cosmetic manufacturers use - Employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, nanoscale versions of ingredients to heat, light or other substances to specific provide better UV protection, types of cells (such as cancer cells). deeper skin penetration, long- - Particles are engineered so that they are lasting effects, increased color and attracted to diseased cells, which allows finish quality direct treatment of those cells.  § Nanoparticles as UV Filters NANO SILVER Titanium oxide and - Is a disinfectant and toxic to a wide range zinc oxide of bacteria, fungi and algae § Nanospheres or nano - Impact: emulsions o Its particles can accumulate in Increases their environment and contaminate soil penetration into the and water skin - Uses: o Used in water purifiers, deodorants, - Electronics washing machines o Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might increase TITANIUM DIOXIDE the capabilities of electronic - Is used for its capacity to reflect and devices while we reduce their scatter UV radiation weight and power consumption. - Impact: § Improving display screens on o Over exposure can cause genetic electronics devices by damage and oxidative stress reducing power - Uses: consumption while o Sunscreens, lotions, paints decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens. FULLERENES § Increasing the density of - Is a carbon allotrope and this structure memory chips (1 Tb of allows it to bind to free radicals and resist memory per square inch or pressure deformation greater) - Impact: § Reducing the size of o Can damage genes, indue DNA transistors used in integrated cleavage, mutation and cancer circuits ("put the power of all - Uses: of today's present o Anti-ageing and anti-wrinkle computers in the palm of creams your hand“) CARBON NANOTUBES - Paints and Varnishes - Are cylindrical carbon molecules and o Nanoparticles added to paints, for have great strength and electrical example, render them corrosion conductivity resistant and scratch proof, and - Impact: can even make them self-cleaning o Can cause cell and DNA damage o Slow down the rate of degradation and can cross cell barrier due to UV exposure - Uses: o Possible alternatives to problematic o Tear-resistant textiles, stronger and biocides lighter sport equipment and drug o Innovative new products in the delivery areas of thermal insulation and self- cleaning surfaces 9 – Human Flourishing o HOWEVER, need to be proven to be safe in terms of human health HUMAN FLOURISHING and the environment - Arises as a result of different components such as: phronesis, friendship, wealth and PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY power - Toxicity - Acquiring these qualities will bring - Environmental impacts happiness, which in effect allows them to - Potential effects on global economics partake in the greater notion of what we - Speculation about various doomsday call “good” scenarios - Elements that comprise human flourishing changes as time change.  o People found means to live more - It means application of science in figuring comfortably, explore more places, out how the world works or exists develop more products and make - It contributes to ensuring a longer and more money. healthier life, monitors our health, provides - The end goal of science, technology and medicine to cure our diseases, alleviates human flourishing are related: “the good is aches and pains, helps us to provide water inherently related to the truth” for our basic needs - Eudaimonia ARISTOTLE’S EUDAIMONIC PERSON o “good spirited” - Eudaimonic person is required to be o Described the pinnacle of knowledgeable about science and is happiness attainable by humans supposed to posses intellectual virtues that o This has often been translated to will enable them to determine the truth “Human Flourishing” from falsehood or good reasoning from poor reasoning SCIENCE AS METHOD AND RESULTS - This person recognizes that flourishing - Science’s reputation stems from the requires one to excel in various dimensions objectivity and rigid method that absolves and should not focus in just one aspect it from any prejudice - Intellectual virtues + Virtue of Character = Habit = Eudaimonia SCIENTIFIC METHOD - A logical way of solving a problem 10 – The Good Life - Presents general idea of how to do science o Observation ARISTOTLE o Determination of the problem - “Happiness is the meaning and the o Formulation of hypothesis purpose of life, the whole aim and end of o Conduct an experiment human existence” o Gather and analyze data - The two most important times of your life is o Formulate conclusion and provide the day you were born and the day you recommendation know why – Mark Twain VERIFICATION THEORY EUDAIMONIA - Proposes that a discipline is “science” if it - “Good spirited” can be confirmed or interpreted in the - Defined happiness as the pursuit to event of an alternative hypothesis being become a better person accepted. - It is the highest point of happiness a human - Takes into account the results which are can attain measurable and experiments which are - This has often been translated to “Human repeatable Flourishing” FALSIFICATION THEORY EUDAIMONIA VS HAPPINESS - Asserts that as long as an ideology is not - Eudaimonia proven to be false and can best explain a o Is the activity across a lifetime; phenomenon over alternative theories, we something that one does should accept the said ideology - Real Happiness - There is no assurance that observable o Is a state of feeling in oneself events are manifestations of certain theory or concept. HUMAN FLOURISHING - Ability to live a good life and learning to be SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENDEAVOR human through creative transformation of - Due to inconclusiveness of the self methodologies cited, a new school of - Arises as a result of different components thought emerged such as: - Science is a social endeavor like all other o Phronesis (practical wisdom) human activity o Friendship  o wealth and power FALSIFICATION - Acquiring these qualities will bring - Does not promote ultimate adoption of happiness, which in effect allows them to one theory partake in the greater notion of what we call “good” GOOD LIFE A GOOD LIFE USING DIFFERENT LENSES - “Pleasant life” o Filled with positive emotion - “Good Life” o Crafting your work, love, friendship, leisure, and parenting to use your strengths and spend more time in your values to have more flow in life - “Meaningful Life” o A person uses his or her character strengths in service to a larger effort COMPONENTS OF HUMAN FLOURISHING - The very concept of happiness cannot be achieved without science: o Wisdom § From scientific refinements o Wealth § Is given birth through scientific discovery o Friendship § Is not possible without language o Power REFINING SCIENCE: VERIFICATION AND FALSIFICATION VERIFICATION - Getting results that are measurable and experiments which are repeatable