Science Reviewer Exam 2.2 PDF

Atom - **Smallest unit of matter** that **cannot be broken down by chemical means** Lewis Newton - **Proposed the Electron Dot structure** ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Democritus - **Matter moves through e...

Atom - **Smallest unit of matter** that **cannot be broken down by chemical means** Lewis Newton - **Proposed the Electron Dot structure** ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Democritus - **Matter moves through empty space**, and is **indestructible** Aristotle - Empty space cannot exist John Dalton - depicted atom as an indivisible sphere J.J Thompson - **Discovered the electron/**negatively-charged particles, using the **Plum Pudding Model** Ernest Rutherford - used a **gold Foil** called **Nuclear Model** positively charged particles were **contained** Niels Bohr - **electrons** move in **definite orbits** around the **nucleus** Erwin Schrondinger - Quantum Mechanical Model James Chadwick - Neutrons Chemical Bonding / naming Valentia - **capacity** , electron in **outermost energy level** of an atom Electron Configuration Chart - - - - Examples: Element: Xenon **\[1s\^2 2s\^2 2p\^6 3s\^2 3p\^6 4s\^2 3d\^10 4p\^6 5s\^2 4d\^10 5p\^6\]** Lewis Dot Structure Octet Rule - means 8 **---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **Types of Bonds** Ionic Bond - linkage **between Metal and Non-Metal** Covalent Bond - linkage **between Non Metals** Covalent Bond Types: **Single Bond , Double Bond , Triple Bond** Metallic Bond - linkage **between 2 Metals** The Electron Sea Theory - Fe\^+2 -- \[Metallic bonds are formed due to electrostatic Force\] ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Naming Cation - Positively Charged ION , Anion - Negatively Charged ION Mono-1 Hexa -6 Di-2 Hepta-7 Tri-3 Octa-8 Tetra-4 Nona-9 Petra-5 Deca-10 CaO2 - Carbon Dioxide CaO - Carbon Monoxide Combination Reaction- is a reaction in which two reactants combine to form one product. \[A+B = AB\] Decomposition - \[BA = B+A\] Single replacement - A+BC → AC+B Double replacement - AD+BC → CD+AB Combustion Reaction - FUEL + O2 → C02 + H20 ---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Balancing Chemical Equations **Geologic Time scale** [**A record of life forms and periods of earth**']s history, The earth is **[4.5 Billion years]** old Notable People: Nicolaus Steno (1669) - we stand on top of younger rocks and going down it gets older William Smith(1815) - the fossils get older farther down we go Can be splitted into 5 time categories: - - Name derived from **[greek word "Meso" which means middle]** - - - **---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **Precambrian Eon:** **Longest geological time span, cover 88% of earth's history** **Divided into three major subdivisions:** **Hadean, Archean , and Proterozoic eons** **Hadean Eon - Earth experienced intense bombardment by celestial bodies** **Archean Eon - First continents began to form, Flooding, microbial life appeared** **Proterozoic Eon - Cyanobacteria appeared causing the first mass extinction,** - - - **---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **Paleozoic Era - life exploded , all life started from the ocean , also called** - - - **Mesozoic Era - Age of reptiles/ dinosaurs along with the first mammals,birds, and** - - - - **Cenozoic Era - First humans appears, new mammals, birds, and flowering plants** **Also called "the Age of Mammals"** **---\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--** **Rock Dating** **Relative Dating - determines how old a rock via the surrounding rocks** **Absolute Dating - determines its actual date with the rock** **Law of superposition - the principles that states younger rocks lie above older rocks if not been disturbed**