Respiratory System PDF

Science Reviewer Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) - Made up of your Anoxia lungs, airways (trachea, bronchi and - Lack of Oxygen bronchioles), diaphragm, voice box, Hypoxia throat, nose and - Decrease in Oxygen mouth. - Its main function is to br...

Science Reviewer Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) - Made up of your Anoxia lungs, airways (trachea, bronchi and - Lack of Oxygen bronchioles), diaphragm, voice box, Hypoxia throat, nose and - Decrease in Oxygen mouth. - Its main function is to breathe in oxygen and Hypercapnia - Too much Carbon Dioxide breathe out carbon dioxide.  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Upper Respiratory Trach Nose Larynx – Voice Box - Entrance Point - Has hair inside that act as a Pharynx – Passageway of Air filter that prevents dust, pollen, and allergens from entering your lungs Nasal Cavity - Lined with mucus and cilia - Cilia filters out bacteria  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Lower Respiratory TrachLungs Trachea - The main function of the lungs is the process of gas exchange - Wind pipe called respiration - Allows air to pass - The Lungs has two lobes: The through the neck, left lung is smaller due to the into the throat position of the heart Bronchi & Alveoli Bronchial - Where the exchange of gases happen Tree - Path way of  Respiratory System (Ventilatory Muscles used for System) Breathing 1. Diaphragm 3. Abdominal - Becomes into a dome-like shape when you exhale Muscles (relaxed state), then it turns flat when you inhale (stretches) 4. Muscles in 2. Intercostal the neck & Hemoglobin Muscles -collarbone Carrier of 99% oxygen in the - Intercostal Respiration is the area blood exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and tissues of the body  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Control over Respiration Medulla Oblongata 1. Joint receptors signal the medulla when undergoing rigorous activity 2. The medulla signals Muscles the muscles involved to be faster & stronger Joint receptors 3. Muscles ventilate the lungs allowing more oxygen & carbon dioxide to exchange  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Diseases & Disorders Common 1. Congenital Causes Incubati Arhinia - Allergens such as : - Absence of nose - Pollen - Dust mite on 2. Ageing debris - Done for more Tools Lungs for Common - Animal dander serious respiratory diseases such as damage to the Diseases & Sympto trachea Disorders ms - Chest x-ray - Watery Eyes - Pulmonary function test - Runny nose  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Upper Respiratory Trach Infections 1. Rhinitis - Inflammation of the mucous 4. Tonsilitis - Inflammation of Tonsils membrane lining in the nose 5. Epiglottitis 2. Sinusitis - Inflammation of Epiglottis - Tracheotomy is used to prevent - Inflammation of Nasal passages/sinuses fatal causes of epiglottitis 3. Laryngitis 6. Pharyngitis - Inflammation of the larynx - Inflammation of Pharynx  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Lower Respiratory Trach Infections 1. 4. Cystic 7. Fibrosis Tuberculosis Pneumonia - Inflammation of lungs - Too much mucus - Genetic mutation that (TB) - Highly infectious disease 2. Bronchitis disrupts the CFIR caused by bacteria - Inflammation of bronchi 5. COPD(Chronic 8. 3. Asthma Obstructive Airway Disease) Emphysema - Inflamed & constricted - Group of lung diseases - Permanent enlargement of airways (asthma, emphysema, alveoli chronic bronchitis) 6. 9. Lung  Respiratory System (Ventilatory System) Cellular Respiration Circulatory System (Cardiovascular Types of The circulatory systems works closely Circulation System) with other systems in our bodies such as: - Cardiovascular - Respiratory (heart) - Endocrine - Pulmonary (lungs) - Digestive - Systematic - Lymphatic (arteries, veins, coronary, and portal) - Fetal circulation (only for pregnant  Circulatory System Pulmonary Circulatory System Superior Right Atrium - - Sends oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart through the Receives blood low in oxygen from pulmonary vein Vena Cava the body to the lungs - Upper entrance of blood into the heart Left Atrium - Receives blood from the lungs Inferior Vena Ventricles – thicker, Cava pumping chambers - Lower entrance of blood into the heart Septum – partition that divides the heart into left and right  Circulatory System Pulmonary Circulatory If Blood came from System the Upper Body: Superior Vena Cava to Right Atrium to Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery to Pulmonary If Blood came from Vein to Left Atrium to Left Ventricle to Aorta to body the Lower Body: Inferior Vena Cava to Right Atrium to Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery to Pulmonary Vein to Left Atrium to Left Ventricle to Aorta to body  Circulatory System Pulmonary Circulatory System About the heart Systole & Sinoatrial Node Diastole (Pacemaker)- Gives signals to the ventricles to relax & contract - Contraction (systole) & relaxation (Diastole) of the heart Pericardium - Protective layer of the heart Valves Blood vessels : - Prevents backflow of blood Arteries - Carries blood away from heart - Carries oxygenated blood - Thicker than other vessels Veins Capillaries - Thinnest & Smallest, Where actual exchange happens,  Circulatory System Pulmonary Circulatory System About the blood - Transportation of nutrients - Protection against toxins, pathogens, and blood loss injuries - Stabilization of body temperature - Regulation of acidity (PH) of blood Blood is composed of a. Plasma – liquid component b. Red Blood Cells – oxygen carrier c. White Blood Cells – fight  Circulatory System Diseases & Disorders 1. Ectopia 5. Heart 9. Stroke - Blood clotting in the brain Cordis Attack 10. Aneurysm - Cutting of blood supply - Heart outside the body - Dilation of blood vessels 2. Thrombus 6. 11. - Blood clot in a vessel Heartache Hemorrhage 3. Embolism - Heart not beating properly - Bleeding in the brain - Moving blood clot 7. 12. 4. Coronary Hypertensio Hemorrhoid  Circulatory System Diseases & Disorders 21. Hemophil 13. Edema 17. ia - Accumulation of fluid that causes swelling Lymphoma - Deficiency of certain blood 14. - Blood cancer associated with lymph clotting Raynaud’s nodes 22. Deep Phenomenon 18. Anemia Venous - - Low iron decreased blood flow to the fingers 19. Thrombos 15. is (DVT) Bacteremia Arterioscleros - Bacterial Infection - Blood clot deep in LAUDATO SI : Caring for Our Common - The interconnectedness of all living beings 7 Goals - Impact of human activities on the 1. Response to the cry of the planet Earth Home - Call to action to address climate change Ways to Take 2. Response to the cry of the Poor 3. Ecological Economics 4. Adoption of Sustainable Lifestyles Action 5. Ecological Education 1. Recycle & Reduce waste 6. Ecological Spirituality 2. Use renewable energy sources 7. Community Resilience and 3. Support policies that protect Empowerment the environment Mendelian Inheritance Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance - Law of Segregation - The 2 copies of each genetic factor segregate during development of gametes, to ensure that each parent’s offspring attains one factor - Law of Independent Gregor Assortment Mendel - Law of Dominance Father of genetics - If the 2 alleles of an inherited pair differ Mendelian Inheritance Allele - Different forms of a gene DD – Genotype Heterozygou - Genetic makeup Phenotype s (different) - Physical appearance resulting from genotype dd – - What is seen Homozygou s (same) Mendelian Inheritance Genotype Ratio : Punnett Square example 1:2:1 Phenotype : RR, Rr, rr Phenotype Ratio : 1:2:1 Non-Mendelian Inheritance Codominance Multiple -- Both Includes alleles are fullypatters expressed in thethat do not follow Alleles heterozygous condition Mendel’s - A – Dominant, B – Laws Codominant Dominant, AB(incomplete – dominance, etc.) Incomplete Dominance - Both alleles mix together to form a new one - Non-Mendelian Inheritance Polygenic - Multiple genes Epistasis - Masking of traits - Sex- limited Sex-influences - Expressed in only 1 sex - level of their expression Epigenesis - Nature vs nurture (positive & negative effects of our surroundings) Biodiversity - Biodiversity is the variety of living species on Earth 3 Main Ecosystem Services 1. Supporting – Photosynthesis, Habitat, Component Biodiversity, Soil Formation 2. Cultural – Aesthetics, Spirituality, s Recreation, Education 3. Regulating – Pollination, Cleaning water & 1. Genetic Diversity – air, Climate regulation, Flood Control Variety of genetics 4. Provisioning – Water, Food, Medicine, within species Raw Materials 2. Species Diversity – Variety of difference species Biodiversity Importance of Components of ecosystem an Ecosystem management 1. Biotic – Living Things 1. Maintenance of genetic diversity 2. Abiotic – Non-living things 2. Utility Values Loss of Threats to 3. 4. Intrinsic Values Heritage Values Biodiversity Biodiversity 5. Need to allow natural change to proceed Solutions 1. 2. Pollution Overconsumption 1. Government Policies 3. Habitat Loss 2. Education 4. Climate Change 3. Reduce Pollution 5. Invasive Species & Diseases 4. Prevent Invasive Photosynthesis, Cellular, Respiration, - Process of plants,and algae, Plant and some bacteria to convert light energy from the sun into Transport chemical energy in the form of glucose Photosynthesis Respiration Where? Chloroplasts Mitochondria When? In the presence of light All the time Input Carbon Dioxide & Water Glucose & Oxygen Output Glucose & Oxygen Carbon Dioxide & Water Energy Sources Light Chemical Bonds Energy Result Energy Stores Energy Released Photosynthesis, Cellular, Respiration, Photosynthesi and Plant Transport s & Cellular Respiration Formula  Photosynthesis, Cellular, Respiration, and Plant Transport Plant Transport System Xylem Tissue XylemVs. Phloem Tissue - What is moved? : Water & Mineral Ions - Process : Transpiration Stream - Direction: One-way, from roots to leave flow - Cells : Dead Phloem - What is moved? : Sucrose & Amino Acids - Process : Translocation - Direction: In all directions - Cells : Living