9th Grade Science Review PDF

9TH GRADE Science Review Living Things Biotic - Living ○ Botany - Plants Eg. Drendologist - Trees ○ Zoology - Animals Eg. Rodentologist - Rodents Abiotic - Non-Living ○ Eg. soil, air quality, climate...

9TH GRADE Science Review Living Things Biotic - Living ○ Botany - Plants Eg. Drendologist - Trees ○ Zoology - Animals Eg. Rodentologist - Rodents Abiotic - Non-Living ○ Eg. soil, air quality, climate Ecosystem ○ All of the living Organisms that share a region and interact with each other and their non-living environment ○ Populations - individuals of a single species in a particular area ○ Community - made up of all the populations ○ Sustainability - The ability to maintain an ecological balance. ○ Ecosystems need Balance Eg. Biodiversity Services from Ecosystems ○ CULTURAL SERVICES - recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual experiences we receive when we interact with our natural surroundings (Ecotourism) ○ ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTS - Forestry ○ MONETARY VALUE - clean the environment ○ OTHER SERVICES - protect us from physical threats (Eg. Erosion) Nature Walk ○ Drendologist - Identified types of trees Biomes Definition: A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location. Temperature range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to  a particular place and form the niches for specific species allowing scientists to define the biome. - National Geographic AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS ○ Freshwater ○ Marine TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS ○ TUNDRA ○ BOREAL FOREST ○ GRASSLAND BIOME ○ TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Mountain Forest - Forests in the mountains ○ All around the world ○ Abiotic - Climate, Sunlight, Water, soil, minerals, air quality ○ Biotic - Grizzly bears, Snow Leopard, Bearberry, Norway Spruce The Spheres of Earth Biosphere -describes the locations in which life can exist within the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere, Earth is very large but the biosphere is very thin ○ Atmosphere - The atmosphere is the layer of gasses extending upward for hundreds of kilometers, moderates surface temperatures, blocks UV ○ Lithosphere - rocky outer shell of the Earth. ○ Hydrosphere - consists of all the water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface pH Levels pH - It is a scale from 1 to 14 measuring the acidity or basicity of a substance, 7 is Neutral ○ stands for “potential of hydrogen” Adult Fish die at a pH level of 3 to 4. The pH range of Acid Precipitation is 4 to 5.5 and the lowest is 4. Freshwater organisms are found at pH levels of 6.5 to 8.5. Tooth Enamel dissolves at 5.5 Dentin dissolves at 6.4 pH levels  ○ Sparkling Water - 6 ○ Crush - 4 ○ Pepsi - 2.5 ○ Coke - 2.5 ○ Pond Water - 7 ○ Rainwater - 5.5 ○ Pond Observations ○ Browny Yellow Tint ○ Dirt Particles ○ Small Bugs ○ Algae Cycling of matter Water Cycle → Overexploitation Overexploitation of natural resources such as trees can lead to habitat loss. Organisms that previously lived around those natural resources are displaced, resulting in biodiversity loss Disrupts the ecosystem and creates a less diverse place Trophic Levels Sun Primary Producer - plants - makes own food Primary Consumers - Herbivores - plants Secondary Consumers - Carnivores - carnivores Tertiary Consumers - Top Carnivore Omnivore - Plants and animals  Decomposers - Mushrooms, fungi Biodiversity Measuring Biodiversity ○ Canopy Fogging - Spray Insecticides and see dead bugs that fall ○ Quadrat Sampling - area squared off and observed, multiple areas ○ Netting - catch birds then release them ○ Transect Sampling - underwater using rope Biodiversity Index ○ Number of species divided by total number of organisms ○ Compared to one - one is the best, closer to one the more biodiverse ○ Top = Species ○ Bottom = Organisms Threats to biodiversity ○ Habitat loss - urban growth, deforestation, draining wetlands, ○ Alien Species ○ Overexploitation ○ Extinction Restoration Regrowing a forest naturally or by planting seeds or other biomes Biocontrol - using one species to control the other species, chemicals Definitions Extinction - death of all the individuals of a certain species Overexploitation - the use or extraction of a resource until it is depleted Biodiversity Crisis - the current accelerated rate of extinctions Competition - the rivalry between or among living things for territory, resources, goods, mates, etc Sustainability - Populations of animals, plants and other organisms that can continue to interact and reproduce indefinitely. Biome - A large geographical region that contains similar ecosystems Photosynthesis - Process of producing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight Limiting factors - environmental factor that prevents the increase in the number of organisms in a population, or prevents them from moving to new habitats