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Notes Friday, 1 November 2024 5:02 PM Chemistry Polymers Homeostasis...

Notes Friday, 1 November 2024 5:02 PM Chemistry Polymers Homeostasis Bonding Miscellaneous Organic compounds are derived/produced by living organisms and contain carbon- Homeostasis: The psychological tendency toward a stable physical Independent Variable: The variable that is altered hydrogen covalent bonds. environment despite external forces in order to survive. Dependant Variable: The variable being tested or measured Inorganic compounds are derived from nonliving things and have ionic bonds which lack Control Variable: A variable that is kept the same throughout carbon-hydrogen bonds. Maintaining homeostasis is crucial for: Enzyme Function: Optimal temperature and pH allow enzymes to catalyse A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a crystalline Hydrocarbons are separated from crude oil through a process called fractional distillation. reactions critical for metabolism. structure. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and have distinctive properties like color, hardness, Fractional distillation separates molecules according to their varying boiling points. Cell Function: Stable water, ion, and glucose levels help cells maintain crystal form, and luster. Examples include quartz, feldspar, and mica. It works by heating the mixture, causing vapours to rise through a column which is hot at shape, energy, and functionality. the bottom and cooler at the top. The vapours condense when they reach a part of the Organ System Stability: Consistent internal conditions support organs like A rock is a naturally occurring solid composed of one or more minerals or mineraloids. Rocks are column that is below the temperature of their boiling point. It can be used to make: the heart and lungs to function properly and adapt to changes. classified based on their formation processes into three main types: igneous (formed from cooling and Defence Against Illness: Homeostasis helps the immune system respond solidification of magma or lava), sedimentary (formed from compaction and cementation of sediment Bitumen: Road construction and roofing. Polymerisation: Any process in which repeating monomers combine chemically to produce a to pathogens effectively. particles), and metamorphic (formed by transformation of existing rock under heat and pressure). Lubricating Oil: Prevent rusting of metal and reduce machine wear. chainlike structure called a polymer. An example of a polymer is plastic. Examples include granite (igneous), limestone (sedimentary), and marble (metamorphic). Diesel: Aircraft and trains Thermoregulation (Body's response to temperature) Paraffin: Jet fuel and candles. A polymer can be noticed by the prefix 'poly'. Too hot: Body expands blood vessels to allow for more heat to be Naphtha: Soap and cleaning fluids. lost, and sweating to reduce temperature. Petrol: Produce electricity and cars. Raw Materials Used to Create Polymers: Too cold: Body constricts blood vessels to main heat, and shivering All elements are tying to achieve the configuration of a noble gas, meaning full valence shells and therefore Butane: Heating fuel and aerosols. to generate heat through movement. achieving stability. Propane: Home heating, and cooking. Petrochemical based: Ethylene: Used to make polyethylene (PE): One of the most widely produced plastics Phototropism (Plant response to light) Electron shells maximum capacity of electrons: Lightweight, flexible, moisture-resistant. Plants naturally stretch towards a light source to allow for 1st Shell: 2 electrons (2 total) photosynthesis. 2nd Shell: 8 electrons (10 total) Propylene: Used to make polypropylene (PP): Found in packaging and textiles 3rd Shell: 8 electrons (18 total) Durable, heat-resistant. Negative response loop: A process which counteracts changes to maintain a stable state. Examples include sweating to reduce temperature and An atom wants to lose/gain the least amount of electrons to receive a full outer shell. Styrene: Used to make polystyrene (PS): Found in disposable cutlery and insulation shivering to increase temperature. Non-metals typically want to gain electrons. Lightweight, rigid, insulating. Metals typically want to loose electrons. Vinyl Chloride: Used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC): Found in pipes, flooring and cables. The atomic weight is equal to the combined number of protons and neutrons (because they have the same Durable and chemical resistant. weight). Electrons typically don't effect the atomic weight. Natural Sources: Transition metals use Roman numerals to indicate charge like Iron, which can be indicated as Fe(II) or Fe(III). Natural rubber (latex): Extracted from rubber trees and is used in tires and gloves. Elastic and resilient. A positively/negatively charged atom is referred to as an ion. Starch: Derived from plants like corn and potatoes, and can be processed into bioplastics. A positively charged ion is referred to as a cation. Biodegradable and plant-based. A negatively charged ion is referred to as an anion. If the chains are straight high density polyethylene (HDPE) forms. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. If the chains have branches in them they can not stack as closely together and low density polyethylene (LDPE) forms. Bioaccumulation: The build-up of toxins in an organism's tissues over time. Biomagnification: The increase in toxin concentration as it moves up the food chain. Materials used as alternatives to those derived from crude oil, such as bioplastics and biofuels, primarily offer significant environmental benefits by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. These alternatives can help mitigate climate change and decrease Positive response loop: A bodily response which results in the pollution associated with petroleum extraction and processing. Additionally, using renewable amplification of the problem. Examples include oxytocin increasing resources for production can promote sustainable practices and support local economies. Overall, contractions during childbirth. Alkanes: Organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen these alternatives contribute to a cleaner environment and the transition toward more sustainable atoms such as methane and ethane. material usage. Electrons: Negative charge -1 Complete combustion refers to when hydrocarbons burn the abundant presence of Protons: Positive charge +1 oxygen. This process fully oxidises the hydrocarbon, creating carbon dioxide and water as Resources Neutrons: Neutral charge = the products. A complete combustion releases a higher amount of energy as the carbon atoms are fully oxidised. A real life example of combustion are gas stoves and furnaces. A Finite Nature of Minerals and Resources Protons and neutrons have the same mass, but electrons weight about 1/2000 the mass of an proton/neutron. blue flame typically indicates complete combustion. Australia possesses a wealth of mineral resources, including coal, iron ore, gold, and bauxite. These minerals are finite, meaning they are non-renewable resources that can be depleted Incomplete combustion refers to when there isn't enough oxygen to oxidise a fuel through extraction. The extensive mining practices contribute to the gradual exhaustion of these Bond Formation Electrons Elements Examples completely. It produces carbon monoxide, carbon and water as a result. Incomplete resources, highlighting the need for sustainable management and alternative solutions to ensure Ionic Transfer of electrons One looses an electron (becoming Non-metals and Sodium Chloride combustion results in a lesser release of energy because the carbon atoms are not fully future generations can meet their resource needs. a positive ion) Metals (NaCl) oxidised, and heat efficiency is reduced. A real life example of combustion is the burning One gain an electron (becoming a Lithium Fluoride of wood and fireworks. A yellow-orange flame typically indicates an incomplete Products Produced from Australian Minerals and Resources negative ion) (LiF) combustion. Feature Nervous System Endocrine System Australia is a leading producer of various minerals that contribute significantly to both domestic Covalen Share electrons Atoms share electrons Non-metals Hydrogen Dioxide and global markets. Key products include: Signal Electrical impulses/Nerve Hormones t (H2O) Hydrocarbons have been used for many purposes. Iron Ore: Used primarily in steel production. Impulses Carbon Dioxide Coal: Employed in electricity generation and steel manufacturing. Pathway Neurons Blood Stream (CO2) 1. Fuel and energy production: Hydrocarbons have been essential to energy Gold: Used in jewellery, electronics, and as an investment. production for many years, with coal, oil and natural gas burned to create heat and Duration Short-Lived Long-Lasting Metallic Sharing of delocalised Electrons move freely Only metal Magnesium (Mg) Bauxite: The primary ore for aluminium production. These products are vital to numerous electricity. industries, including construction, manufacturing, and technology. Speed Very Fast Slower electrons Aluminium (Al) 2. Transportation: Hydrocarbons were the main fuel source for cars, airplanes, trains Type Involuntary or voluntary Involuntary and ships in the 20th century. People are now switching to electric/hydrogen Traditional Uses by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Ionic Compounds: powered transportation to reduce reliance on crude oil products like hydrocarbons. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have utilized Australia’s minerals and resources for Body Brain, and spinal cord Glands (pituitary, thyroid and High melting/boiling points; conduct electricity when dissolved. Used in salts and batteries. 3. Industrial Applications and Manufacturing: Hydrocarbons have been essential in the thousands of years, employing sustainable practices. They crafted tools from stone and wood, Parts adrenal), ovaries/testes, liver, Covalent Compounds: production of chemicals, plastics and synthetic materials. Such items include used ochre for art and ceremonial purposes, and harvested natural resources for food and kidney. Lower melting/boiling points; generally non-conductive. Used in solvents and fuels. fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. People still use hydrocarbons for industrial medicine. Their deep knowledge of the land and its resources ensured minimal impact on the Metallic Compounds: applications, but there has been a shift to recyclable alternatives. environment, promoting a balance between utilization and conservation. High melting/boiling points; good conductors of heat/electricity. Used in wiring and structural materials. Environmental Impact of Resource Extraction: Case Study on Coal The extraction and use of coal in Australia have significant environmental impacts: Land Degradation: Mining operations can lead to habitat destruction, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. Air Pollution: Burning coal releases greenhouse gases and pollutants, contributing to climate change and respiratory health issues. Water Contamination: Mining activities can contaminate local water supplies with heavy metals and chemicals. Constructing the chemical formulas of ionic/covalent bond: Diatomic particles are molecules made of two atoms, which can be the same (homonuclear, e.g., O₂, N₂) or different (heteronuclear, e.g., CO, HCl). They are held together by covalent bonds, where electrons are shared. Diatomic gases typically have low boiling points and exhibit diverse reactivity, with examples including essential gases like oxygen (O₂) for respiration and nitrogen (N₂), which is relatively inert.