Science Inventions On Daily Life PDF

**The Impact of Science Inventions on Daily Life** **INTRODUCTION** The natural world is excellent and beautiful. Each object in nature has its own function, and nature performs purposeful miracles so that living things can have everything they need for survival. The air, water, food, environment,...

**The Impact of Science Inventions on Daily Life** **INTRODUCTION** The natural world is excellent and beautiful. Each object in nature has its own function, and nature performs purposeful miracles so that living things can have everything they need for survival. The air, water, food, environment, and even the bodies of humans, plants, and animals all matter because they make up our planet. As you have learned in previous years, matter makes up the world. Investigating the wonderful world of matter, its properties, and the changes matter undergoes requires the development of science process skills. These basic scientific skills can help us understand the daily natural events around us. Knowing these events will give us the tools and abilities to design products for our safety and survival. **CHAPTER 1** **Scientific Inventions** **LESSON 1: Scientists and their Inventions** **I. LESSON OBJECTIVES** *At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:* a. identify famous Filipino and/or foreign scientists and their inventions using information from secondary sources; differentiate absorbent materials from non-absorbent materials; and b. determine the important scientific attitudes by remarkable Filipino and foreign scientists. **II. LESSON PROPER** **Science** is the process of learning about the things around you. A person who is an expert in science is called a **scientist**. Scientists gather information to explain natural phenomena around the world. Through science, they can investigate how things work and discover new things we can use in our everyday lives. Being experts in this field, they can create inventions that help us better understand how the world works. **Foreign Scientists** The inventions and discoveries of several scientists are so beneficial that they continue to contribute to modern society**.**    **In the Philippines, there are also many brilliant scientists and inventors who have made a significant impact on the lives of Filipinos. Through their hard work, these scientists made great contributions in their fields.**   **III. LESSON SUMMARY** - **Science** is the process of trying to find out about the world around you through the use of the scientific method. - A **scientist** is a person with some kind of knowledge or expertise in any of the sciences, like biology or chemistry. - There are various foreign and Filipino scientists who have made great inventions and made significant contributions in different fields of science. **Genesis 1** **IV. LESSON EVALUATION** A. **Match the following scientists to their famous discoveries and inventions: Write the** **letter of your answer in the blank provided before each number.** **Column A Column B** **\_\_\_\_\_ 1. Alexander Graham Bell a.  artificial coral reefs** **\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Angel Alcala b. bamboo incubator** **\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Fe del Mundo c. telephone** **\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Galileo Galilei d.   telescope** **\_\_\_\_\_ 5. Gregorio. Zara B. e.   videophone** B. **You have learned about some of the world\'s famous Filipino and foreign scientists. To show what you have learned, answer the following questions. Write your answer on the lines provided.** 1. **Name at least three Filipino scientists and their inventions.** a. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** b. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** c. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **Name at least three foreign scientists and their inventions.** a. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** b. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** c. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **How do inventions help you in your everyday life?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** C. **Share your thoughts. If you are going to invent one object, what could it be? Draw your invention below and describe its use or uses. How will it help you or other people? Write your answers on the lines provided under your drawing.**  **LESSON 2: Inventions around Us** **I. LESSON OBJECTIVES** **II. LESSON PROPER** **Here are some inventions you use every day. These inventions are products of the** **creative minds of scientists and inventors. They prove that science has an impact on our** **everyday lives.** **Refrigerator** **A refrigerator is an appliance used to keep food fresh and preserve it at a cold temperature. The first refrigeration machine was invented by Oliver Evans in the 19th century. The modern refrigerator that we know today was invented by William Cullen, a Scottish inventor, in 1820. The first commercial refrigerators were manufactured by companies such as General Electric, Westinghouse, and Kelvinator.** **Internet** **The internet is a huge network that connects computers and other devices all around the world. It helps you research your assignments and projects, find answers to questions, watch funny videos, and talk to people far away. The internet was not invented by a single person. A series of developments paved the way for what it is today. It was formerly known as the ARPANET, which originated as a US military project to improve communication systems. It used packet-switching technology to send messages to and from computers. Over time, it developed and expanded to include more networks, applications, and users. Some of the milestones in its development include the invention of email, the World Wide Web, and social media.** **Cellphone ** **A cellphone is a wireless, portable telephone that can do many things. It uses cellular network technology, which allows telecommunication within a defined area. It lets people talk to one another through calls or text messages, watch videos, play games, and find information online instantly with the help of the internet. The invention of the first ever cell phone is credited to Martin Cooper, an American engineer, and his team in the early 1970s. Since then, it has evolved to become a more portable and powerful device that has a wide range of uses. Cell phones use wireless technology to send signals between devices.** **Electricity** **Electricity is the magic power that makes your lights shine and your appliances and devices work to make your life and work faster and easier. The discovery of electricity is credited to Benjamin Franklin for his kite experiment in the 1700s. Since then, electricity has become a central foundation for technology and new inventions.** **Television** **A television is an electronic device with a screen on which you can watch fun shows, movies, programs, and news. The television has no single inventor, but notable names include Samuel F.B. Morse, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison, who took part in the development of telegraphs and telephones.** **Many things in our surroundings are created through science. The appliances, electric devices, and gadgets that people use were all invented by scientists and engineers. Think of a scientific invention that you use every day. Research on who invented that device.** **Can you name other scientists who made great inventions or contributions to science?** **How do you think they achieved their inventions and contributions?** **Do you have any of these scientific attitudes and values?** **These scientific attitudes and values are important when doing an experiment. When studying a phenomenon, scientists follow the basic scientific processes required to perform the scientific method.** **The scientific method has several steps:** **1. Observing a phenomenon and gathering information.** **2. Creating a Hypothesis** **3. Testing and experimenting** **4. Recording information** **5. Analyzing the findings** **III. LESSON SUMMARY** **Fill in the blank. Write your answer on the space provided.** 1. **The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a huge network that connects computers and other devices all around the world.** 2. **A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a wireless, portable telephone that can do many things.** 3. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the magic power that makes your lights shine and your appliances and devices work to make your life and work faster and easier.** 4. **A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an electronic device with a screen on which you can watch fun shows, movies, programs, and news.** **IV. LESSON EVALUATION** **A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer in each item.** **1. What is the internet?** **2. What was the internet originally known as?** **3. Which device allows you to watch shows, movies, and news on a screen?** **4.** **Why is electricity important for modern technology?** **5. What is the main purpose of a refrigerator?** **B. Illustrate a valuable invention in your everyday life, at home or school. Describe the uses and importance of this invention. Place your answer in the box below.** **Invention/s** **Uses and Importance** ----------------- ------------------------- **NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **CHAPTER TEST** **A. Read each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer.** a\. He invented the first electric light bulb. b\. He made manufacturing practical electric light bulbs possible. c\. He discovered the chemical properties of light. d\. He created the first solar-powered light bulb. a\. His interest in astronomy b. His mother and wife are deaf. c\. His experiments with electricity d. His studies in chemistry a\. Marie Curie b. Thomas Edison c. Nikola Tesla d. Galileo Galilei a\. Development of the first MRI machine b\. Improvement of X-ray technology c\. Invention of the stethoscope d\. Discovery of antibiotics a\. Benjamin Franklin b. Alexander Graham Bell c\. Thomas Edison d. Nikola Tesla a\. The properties of sound b. The nature of electricity c\. The study of celestial bodies d. The development of chemical elements **B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect** **C. Answer the following question. Write your answer in the space provided.(3 points each)** 1. **List down at least three inventions you use every day and give their uses.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **How do inventions help you in your everyday life?** **CHAPTER 2** **PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE** **LESSON 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter** **I. LESSON OBJECTIVES** *At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:* a. identify the physical and chemical properties of matter; and b. describe the chemical properties of materials including the tendency to get burned, react with other materials and be degradable or biodegradable. **II. LESSON PROPER** Matter undergoes changes. Changes in matter happen either slowly or swiftly, depending on specific conditions. These changes can be physical or chemical. **Physical changes** happen when the size, shape, color, weight, or state of matter change without any difference in the chemical composition of the material. Therefore, only the physical properties of the material change. For example, solid objects can change in size or shape when bent, pressed, hammered, or cut.  Another example of a physical change happens when matter changes in state or phase without changing its chemical composition. The presence or absence of heat can affect the state of matter. **Heat** determines the temperature of objects. For example, when changing the temperature of liquid water, it can change to a solid or a gas. Water solidifies into ice at freezing temperatures, but ice melts when it is heated. On the other hand, liquid water turns into water vapor or steam when boiled. When cooled, water vapor slowly turns back to liquid. Take note of the changes in the state or phase of matter. **Description of Phase Change** **Term of Phase Change** --------------------------------- -------------------------- solid to liquid melting liquid to solid freezing liquid to gas evaporation gas to liquid condensation **Chemical changes** happen when the chemical composition of matter changes and forms a new substance. The new substance cannot be changed back to its original form. It now has its own characteristics and properties. Tree leaves get their green color from chlorophyll. Chlorophyll reacts with sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose, which are the food of plants. This chemical reaction in plants is known as **photosynthesis**. **Chemical Properties of Matter** Some common chemical properties of matter include the following: 1. **Matter can be burned.** When exposed to fire or extreme heat, things like wood, paper, cooking oil, and rubbing alcohol can easily burn. This property is also known as ***flammability.*** 2. **Matter can react with other materials**. Some materials create a chemical reaction or form a different material when combined or exposed to each other. This chemical property is also known as **reactivity.**  For example, an iron metal that is exposed to oxygen will have the tendency to form rust. Rust can be seen on old chains and metallic materials outdoors. Another example is the combination of baking soda and vinegar, which produces carbon dioxide. Combining these substances also creates a white, acidic, and foamy liquid that may be used for cleaning some objects. 3. Matter is degradable or **biodegradable**. All matter is degradable. They can be broken down into simpler substances. Some are classified as **biodegradable**, which means that the matter decays or becomes spoiled. This happens when decomposers, like bacteria, feed on the matter. Plants, animals, fruits, vegetables, and other foods are examples of biodegradable materials. When a plant or an animal dies, its body decomposes and breaks down into simpler substances. Most biodegradable materials, like fruits and vegetables, can be reused as **compost**, a decaying matter combined with soil and used as plant fertilizer.  Though most matter is degradable, some materials are labeled as **nonbiodegradable**. These materials take a very long time to break down and can often be reused or recycled. **Plastic, metal,** and **glass** are some examples of non-biodegradable materials. They take hundreds to thousands of years before degrading, so they easily end up in landfills. For example, a single plastic bottle can take about 450 years to degrade completely. Over time, plastic can break down into smaller materials called **microplastics,** which pollute the environment and harm animals. When throwing away trash, it is best to segregate biodegradable and nonbiodegradable matter into different waste bins. **Segregating** nonbiodegradable matter further into different categories also allows easy collection of materials for recycling purposes. **III. LESSON SUMMARY** Matter has different properties. You may recall physical properties, such as size. shape, weight, and state of matter. When matter undergoes changes, these properties change as well. However, matter also has chemical properties. In this lesson, let us explore the chemical properties of matter and the changes they undergo. The chemical properties of matter include combustibility, reactivity, and degradability or biodegradability. **IV. LESSON EVALUATION** A. **Put a check mark ( / ) if the materials will undergo decay and mark ( X ) if not.** **Materials** **Undergo decay or not** ------------------- -------------------------- 1\. banana 2\. sayote leaves 3\. cellophane 4\. leftover food 5\. rotten mango 6\. pandesal 7\. tires 8\. guava twigs 9\. lettuce 10\. glass B. **Write on the blank provided [B] for biodegradable wastes and [NB] for non-biodegradable wastes.** 3\. Plastics \_\_\_\_\_ 6. Wood wastes \_\_\_\_\_ 9. Metals \_\_\_\_\_ C. **Identify the following examples if it is a physical or chemical change. Put a check** **Physical Change** **Chemical Change** -------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- 1\. pounding rice 2\. decaying leaves 3\. cooking fried eggs 4\. melting ice cream 5\. cutting barbecue stick 6\. roasting meat over campfire 7\. folding paper into peace birds 8\. drying salt beds from sea water 9\. colorful lights and sounds from firecrackers 10\. breaking of glass or ceramic **D. Read carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer in each item.** **1. Which material is most likely to get burned easily?** **a. Metal b. Wood c. Glass d. Water** **2. What happens when a material reacts with another material?** **a. It becomes colder b. It changes into a new material** **c. It disappears d. It floats** **3. Which of the following is a biodegradable material?** **a. Plastic b. Banana peel c. Glass bottle d. Aluminum can** **4. What do you call a material that can break down naturally in the environment?** **a. Non-degradable b. Inflammable** **c. Biodegradable d. Synthetic** **5. Which of these is an example of a non-degradable material?** **a. Paper b. Leaves c. Plastic bag d. Apple core** **LESSON 2: Changes in the Properties of Matter** **I. LESSON OBJECTIVES** *At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:* a. describe the effects of changes in temperature on the properties of materials. **II. LESSON PROPER** **Properties of Matter** **Heat** is an important form of energy that affects the temperature changes of materials. It can raise the temperature to make an object hot or lower it to make it cold. **Temperature** is the average measure of the kinetic energy of the particles in an object. It is the measure of the hotness or coldness of an object. It is measured with a **thermometer**, a specialized liquid-in-glass device that may display a **Celsius**, **Fahrenheit**, or **Kelvin** scale. When the materials are exposed to different temperatures, their properties change. An object is made up of tiny particles called **molecules** that can vibrate fast when there is heat. If an object\'s molecules vibrate rapidly, the object possesses more kinetic energy, which indicates a high temperature. If the molecules vibrate slowly, the object has less kinetic energy, which means a low temperature. Temperature may either **increase** or **decrease** depending on the heat or the total kinetic energy a material contains. Temperature changes can affect changes in the properties of matter. Of these properties, the state of matter is the most commonly affected by changes in temperature. In your previous grade, you learned the following changes in the properties of matter: solids changing into liquids by melting, liquids changing into solids by freezing, liquids changing into gases by vaporization, gases changing into liquids by condensation, and solids changing directly into gases without passing the liquid state by sublimation. These changes happen to materials when they are exposed to different temperatures. **Physical Change Due to Heat** Changes in temperature can cause a physical change. **Phase Change**- is also a physical change. Water undergoes a phase change due to addition or removal of heat. Example: melting of ice undergoing the liquid phase during sudden change in temperature. Example: mothballs 6\. **Deposition**- It is the process by which gas transform into solid without passing the liquid phase. Example: dry ice **During a chemical change, a new material is formed. This material has a different composition from the original material. Materials that undergo chemical change may change color, taste, or smell. They also cannot be changed back to their original form or, in the case of mixtures, distinctly separated to extract the individual materials.** **High temperatures cause the molecules of a substance to vibrate rapidly, which in turn makes the substance expand. The increase in the volume of the substance due to heat is called thermal expansion. Materials that are made up of metals expand when heated. They can increase their length, width, and height, but their mass and weight remain the same. On the contrary, metals contract when cooled. Most liquids and gases expand when heated. Heated air becomes very light as its molecules vibrate faster and occupy more space. This explains why a hot air balloon rises as the air is heated. Liquids that expand when heated increase their volume, but the mass remains unchanged. However, it is important to note that water differs from other liquids because it expands at 4°C and 0°C as it cools.** **III. LESSON SUMMARY** **Heat is an important type of energy that influences temperature variations in materials. It has the ability to either raise or drop the temperature of an object. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an item. It is used to determine whether an object is hot or cold. Materials\' characteristics alter as they are exposed to different temperatures. If an object\'s molecules vibrate rapidly, it has higher kinetic energy, indicating a high temperature. If the molecules vibrate slowly, the object has less kinetic energy, implying a low temperature. Temperature can rise or fall based on the amount of heat or kinetic energy in a material.** **There is an appointed time for everything, and a time for every affair under the heavens. A time to give birth, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to uproot the plant.** ***Ecclesiastes 3:1-2*** **IV. LESSON EVALUATION** **NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **A. Check what you have learned about the changes in the properties of matter when** **exposed to different temperatures. Write your answers in the blanks.** 1. **What is temperature?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 2. **How does chemical change differ from physical change?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **Which property of matter is commonly affected by changes in temperature?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 4. **What happens to materials when there is a chemical change?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 5. **Why do materials like metals expand when heated?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **B. Observing the Effect of Changes in Temperature on the Properties of Matter:** **Let\'s do it this way:** 1. **Observe the block of ice in the given picture. Compare it** **with the ice cubes you have in your freezer.** 2. **Suppose you removed the ice cubes from the freezer and placed them on a table plate. What do you think will happen to the ice cubes?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 3. **Infer what will happen if you do the same with the block of ice.** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Answer the following observation questions: Write your answers in the blanks.** **1. What is the state of matter in the block of ice? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **2. What material makes up the block of ice? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **3. How would you describe the temperature of the block of ice?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **4. What will happen to the block of ice if it is exposed to the heat of the Sun?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **LESSON 3: Harmful Changes in Materials** **I. LESSON OBJECTIVES** *At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:* a. identify the harmful changes materials undergo; enumerate ways to prevent the harmful changes in materials; and b. demonstrate proper handling of reactive materials. **II. LESSON PROPER** The changes that happen in materials can have both beneficial and harmful effects. Most of the harmful effects of physical and chemical changes affect the environment and the safety of people. Humans have changed the environment in many ways because of the pollution caused by human activities. Some of these include the **burning of fossil fuels**, the **burning of waste**, and the **constant use of harmful chemicals like pesticides**, **cleaners**, and **aerosol sprays**. What other human activities cause harmful changes in materials and the environment? How do we minimize their effects? **Although they have beneficial effects, changes in matter can also produce biodegradable and nonbiodegradable waste. If not properly controlled, these wastes can have harmful effects on people and the environment, including the spread of diseases.** **It is important to identify which physical and chemical changes affect the environment and bring potential harm to living things.** **Some of the physical changes that affect our environment include the following:**  1. **Changes in Earth\'s Structure** **The surface of Earth is constantly changing. Mountains, hills, volcanoes, and other landforms can change in shape when natural disasters occur. Most natural disasters can be caused or worsened by environmental problems.** **Physical changes in the Earth\'s structure may be caused by the following:** **1. landslides 4.  volcanic eruptions** **2.  soil erosion 5. flooding** **3. earthquakes 6.  deforestation and loss of animal habitats.** **These events can bring harm to living things in the environment.** 2. **Microplastics** **Have you ever heard of microplastics? These are tiny pieces of plastic that come from degraded plastic materials. They are about 5 mm in size and can degrade into smaller particles, polluting aquatic and terrestrial habitats.** **Microplastics pollute the soil and different bodies of water, thereby contaminating crops and seafood from these sources. These can affect people and animals consuming the food.** **For example, when plastic materials thrown into the ocean or land break down into tiny particles, some aquatic animals consume them. Then, humans or larger animals consume the aquatic organisms polluted by microplastics, creating a cycle of unsafe material consumption.** **Apart from physical changes, chemical things chemical changes can also bring harm to life. Some activities or materials that involve harmful chemical changes includes:** **1. The Burning of Garbage and Other Waste Materials** **The burning of garbage and other waste materials releases carbon dioxide and toxic chemicals into the atmosphere. These substances---burning garbage, plastic, paint, treated wood, and other waste materials---pollute the environment. Polluted air can also be deposited in soil and surface water. Thus, they can also be inhaled by humans, animals, plants, and aquatic life.** **2. Daily Usage of Household Chemical Substances** **Every day, people use different household substances, such as medicines, cooking oil, pesticides, laundry soaps and detergents, fabric conditioners, dishwashing liquids, aerosol sprays, and alcohol. If not properly handled, these chemical substances may cause harm to one\'s health and pollution of the environment.**  **These materials may contain hazardous or reactive ingredients, which means they can cause harmful or poisonous chemical reactions. Chemical substances are often classified as corrosive, noncorrosive, and flammable.** **Corrosive products contain chemicals that can burn the skin, while noncorrosive products are safer to use but must be stored and disposed of carefully. On the other hand, flammable items catch fire easily. The following symbols may be found on the packaging of chemical substances.**  **Proper Storage, Disposal, and Handling of Materials** **Here are some tips to follow in the storage of hazardous household materials.** **Here are some recommended ways to dispose of hazardous household materials:** **Here are some tips to follow in the handling of decaying materials.** **III. SUMMARY LESSON** **Physical and chemical changes in materials may have harmful effects on people and the environment. Both biodegradable and nonbiodegradable wastes can cause pollution. Hence, waste management is important. Some physical changes that can harm us include the changing structure of the Earth and the exposure to microplastics. Microplastics are small, degraded pieces of plastic materials that can pollute the environment and harm aquatic life. k. Some chemical changes that may cause harm include the burning of waste materials, like plastic, paint, treated wood, and other wastes, and the improper handling, storage, and disposal of chemical substances in the household. Practicing ways to lessen environmental problems and being prepared for natural disasters are some of the primary ways to minimize the harmful effects of changes in materials.** **IV. LESSON EVALUATION** **NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **ACTIVITY 1. Write [True] on the blank provided if the statement is correct and [False] if it** **is not.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. The common water pollutants | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | are oil, decaying matters and | | | plastics. | | +===================================+===================================+ | 2\. Uncollected garbage and | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | piles of wastes are the major | | | causes of | | | | | | land pollution. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. Polluted air is harmful to | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | our health. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. Carbon monoxide is a | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | pollutant that is released from | | | the exhaust of vehicles. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Air pollution causes the | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | deterioration of the quality of | | | the soil. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 6\. Pollutants are substances | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | that causes soil, water and air | | | pollution. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 7\. Smoke pollutes the water. | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 8\. Pollution cannot be | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | controlled. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 9\. The presence of particles in | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | the air can cause health | | | problems such as asthma. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 10\. Air pollution can damage | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | the ozone layer. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 11\. Too much evaporation can | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | cause the land to dry and | | | cracked. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 12\. Acid rain is good for | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | plants and aquatic animals. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 13\. Global warming is the | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | increase in the temperature. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 14\. Materials containing CFC's | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | is the main cause of ozone | | | depletion. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 15\. Spoilage of food is one | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | good effect of physical change. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **ACTIVITY 2. Put a check mark ( / ) on the column if it refers to a physical or chemical change** **and whether** **it indicates good or bad. The first two are done for you as examples.** **Effects of Change** **Physical Change** **Chemical Change** ---------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------- ---------- --------- **Good** **Bad** **Good** **Bad** 1\. rusting of metal fence / 2\. drying of clothes / 3\. decaying tooth 4\. crushing empty cans 5\. tarnishing of metal spoon and fork 6\. soothing smell of vapor rub 7\. spoiling leftover food 8\. smelling the aroma of hot coffee 9\. cooking of egg 10\. painting on the wall 11\. making a toy from clay 12\. cooking hard-boiled egg **NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **CHAPTER TEST** **A. Identify the following as a chemical (C) or physical property (P):** **B. Read each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer.** **1. Which of the following is a physical property of matter?** **2. What is the term for a material\'s ability to be stretched into a wire?** **3. Which of the following is a chemical property?** **4. What happens to a material when it burns?** **5. Which property describes how easily a material can be scratched?** **6. What is the term for the ability of a material to dissolve in water?** **7. Which of the following materials is biodegradable?** **8. What type of change occurs when iron rusts?** **9. Which is an example of a physical change?** **10. Which property describes how a material reacts with oxygen?** **11. What happens to metals when they are when they are heated?** **  a.  Metals expand when heated.  b.  Metals freeze when heated.** **c. Metals contract when heated. d.  Metals melt when heated.** **12. At what temperature does a solid change into a liquid?** **  a.  boiling point b. melting point c. freezing point d. saturated point** **13. What is the process by which water at boiling point changes to gas?** **a. evaporation b. freezing c. melting d.  condensation** **14. What happens to melted iron when it is cooled?** **a.  It changes into a liquid. b.  It changes into gas.** **c. It changes to water. d. It changes to solid.** **15. What type of change occurs when you make a pancake?** **a.  physical change b. chemical change** **c. change in state d. change in temperature** **C. Write [True] on the blank provided if the statement is correct and [False] if it is not.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 16\. Too much freezing and | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | melting deforms plastic wares | | | and other | | | | | | household materials. | | +===================================+===================================+ | 17\. Decomposition of living | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | things is made possible by | | | chemical change. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 18\. Only humans and animals use | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | chemical change. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 19\. Chemical change has no | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | effect to our environment. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 20\. Physical and chemical | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | change may bring good effects | | | as well as | | | | | | bad effects. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **CHAPTER 3** **ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES** **LESSON 1: Solving Environmental Issues** **I. LESSON OBJECTIVES** *At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:* a. identify the common environmental issues and concerns in the community; enumerate ways to address the environmental issues and concerns in the community. b. apply science process skills, including grouping, classifying, and communicating, in conducting a guided survey about environmental issues and concerns; and c. demonstrate proper care and conservation of the environment. **II. LESSON PROPER** Earth\'s environment there are more things that you is filled with various things to explore and observe. Surely, the ones listed in the previous activity may want to know about all scientific knowledge and observation. This observation can help. Previously, there was a scientific glimpse of what excellent scientists valued. Our conversation about the environment started with a simple pose. Plenty of questions that guide our scientific attitudes and values have been discussed, providing a starting point for budding scientists to learn to apply fundamental science today and their scientific attitudes and values over time as they process skills and the scientific method. These skills are particularly significant in solving various environmental problems. There are various environmental issues today that affect the planet on which we live and the health of living things. Some of these are improper waste disposal and pollution. How would you describe the problem shown in the picture? What can you infer from the image? Based on our observations, what predictions do you have for the environment and the community in the picture? Does the same problem happen within your community? Evaluate how improper waste disposal, pollution, and other environmental concerns pose a threat to the environment and the safety of living things. Perform the following hands-on activity: Remember that the best investigations apply fundamental science process skills.  **Search In** **Environmental Issues and Concerns in the Community** **Matter is everywhere. With the aid of technological advancement, we have it all around us. However, the irresponsible use and improper handling of materials can now produce more useful products by making use of the materials, causing alarming environmental problems that affect us in many ways.** **Air Pollution** **The burning of fuels by vehicles and factories produces smoke that contributes mainly to air pollution. In a similar way, some appliances release harmful gases that pollute the air, such as carbon monoxide and freon from air conditioners, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from refrigerators, and formaldehyde from gas stoves. Household products such as detergents, hair spray, fresheners and paints may also be harmful to the air.** **When the surrounding air becomes dirty and contaminated with toxic gases, it not only causes an unpleasant smell but may also cause respiratory diseases in humans and animals.** **Land Pollution**  **Land pollution is a result of excessive garbage collected from communities. Garbage piles up like mountains on dump sites. When different kinds of waste are mixed together, they may release harmful gases that may spread in the air and soil.** **The bacteria in the decaying materials can also pollute the soil. It may prevent plants from growing properly and making their own food. Plants that absorb bacteria in the soil may not be safe for people and animals to eat.** **Water Pollution** **Human activities such as throwing garbage and dynamite fishing may contribute to the contamination of bodies of water. The irresponsible disposal of waste materials from different establishments puts marine plants and animals in danger. Harmful and toxic materials can also creep into the soil and contaminate the groundwater, the source of drinking water.** **Spread of Diseases Harmful** **Animals like flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, and rats breed in dirty environments. They are known to transmit many types of diseases to people they come into contact with within the community. Similarly, bacteria and viruses may thrive in contaminated places. Harmful microorganisms may creep into foods, water, and air and easily spread infection to the living organisms in the area.** **Protection and Conservation of the Environment** **Land, air, and water play important roles in the lives of living things. They serve as shelters for different organisms and provide their basic needs for growth and survival. It is important to help protect and conserve these environments.** **Waste treatment**  **Pollution is caused by the accumulation of waste in the environment. We can help prevent it by using waste treatment methods. Waste treatment refers to the responsible management and disposal of waste products in a safe manner. As stewards of nature, you can start by helping manage the waste that your household produces by following the 3Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle.** **Reduce** **You can help waste reduction by limiting the amount of trash you throw away. Buy only what you need. Choose household products that are packed in recyclable containers. You are fixing an old chair to reuse it and recycle materials.** **Reuse** **You can reuse other materials for other purposes. Empty jars and plastic containers can be used as storage for small materials at home. You may reuse plastic containers for your drinking water or lunch box for school. Reuse shopping bags for other purposes. Some boxes, papers, tin cans, and other metal containers can be used for art, crafts, and storage. Instead of regular batteries, buy rechargeable batteries to power your battery-operated toys and gadgets so you can use them repeatedly.** **Recycle** **Nonbiodegradable materials, such as plastic, glass, and metal. Paper and foam, as well as some biodegradable materials, can be recycled by reprocessing them into new or similar materials. Recycling is the most environmentally friendly way of managing household waste, but it requires expensive technology to process the materials. Food wastes, cattle and carabao manure, plant products, and other Christmas lanterns made of plastic bottles and bottle caps---everyone should be responsible for the proper disposal of waste to conserve the environment. Classify your waste materials as biodegradable and nonbiodegradable so that it will be easier for you to reduce, reuse, and recycle them if necessary. Do you know what you need to do? Which garbage bin is the right place for each piece of trash? Biodegradable wastes can be recycled as fertilizer by composting.** **IV. LESSON SUMMARY** **How do you help protect and conserve the environment?** **The Environment faces issues and concerns \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It can be protected and conserved by waste treatment methods such as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.** **Matthew 6:19-** ***"Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal; but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys and where thieves do not break in and steal.*** **IV. LESSON EVALUATION** **NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **A. Read each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer.** **1. What is one common environmental issue in many communities?** **2. Which of the following is a way to reduce air pollution?** **3. What can people do to help reduce water pollution?** **4. Why is littering harmful to the environment?** **5. Which of these is a renewable source of energy?** **6. How can we save water at home?** **7. What should you do with old newspapers?** **8. What is deforestation?** **9. Which of these actions helps reduce waste?** **10. Why is it important to protect endangered animals?** **B. Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer then write this in the space on the right column.** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1\. Which causes pollution? | | | | | | A. Burning fossil fuels in cars | | | and trucks C. Oil spills in | | | the oceans | | | | | | B. Spilling chemicals in | | | rivers D. All of the choices | | +===================================+===================================+ | 2\. There are instances wherein | | | fog combines with smoke from | | | vehicles. What is this | | | pollutant called? | | | | | | A. acid rain B. greenhouse | | | effect C. photochemical D. | | | smog | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3\. What happens when people | | | dump wastes from homes or | | | factories into oceans, lakes or | | | rivers? | | | | | | A. It flows to other parts of | | | the world. C. It causes water | | | pollution. | | | | | | B. It kills marine animals and | | | plants. D. All of the choices | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 4\. How do we contribute to land | | | pollution? | | | | | | A. wasting water C. spilling oil | | | on the seas | | | | | | B. littering everywhere D. | | | smoking | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 5\. Which is the best way to | | | reduce pollution? | | | | | | A. Spill oil in our water | | | forms. C. Burn fossil fuels | | | like riding in a car or bus. | | | | | | B. Throw garbage everywhere. D. | | | Ride a bicycle. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **CHAPTER TEST** **A. Read each item carefully. Circle the letter of the correct answer** **1. What can you do to help keep your community clean?** **2. Which of these materials is biodegradable?** **3. Why should we avoid using plastic bags?** **4. What is one effect of climate change?** **5. Which of these practices helps conserve energy?** **6. How can you reduce your carbon footprint?** **7. What is composting?** **8. How does planting trees help the environment?** **9. Which of these is a greenhouse gas?** **10. What is recycling?** **B. Identify the kind of pollution shown by the following examples. Write on the blank provided whether [LAND], [WATER] or [AIR].** 1\. Garbage thrown in the river. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2\. Burying waste \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3\. Oil spills \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4\. Using too much fertilizers on the plants \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5\. Burning plastics and rubbers \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 6\. Smoke from factories and cars \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 7\. Using dynamite and cyanide in fishing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 8\. Uncollected garbage \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 9\. Destroyed computer parts piled at the backyard \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 10\. Smoking cigarettes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_