Science 10 Long Test #2 🧪🌍 Plate Tectonics PDF

AJM MCHS 👩🏻‍🔬 LT #2: REVIEWER (PLATE TECTONICS) SCIENCE 10 ★ TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PLATE TECTONICS II. IP: CHAPTERS III & IV...

AJM MCHS 👩🏻‍🔬 LT #2: REVIEWER (PLATE TECTONICS) SCIENCE 10 ★ TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PLATE TECTONICS II. IP: CHAPTERS III & IV A. Earth’s Internal Layer A. Data Gathering B. Seismic Waves B. Results and Discussion C. Theory of Plate Tectonics C. Conclusion and Recommendation D. Plates Boundaries D. Plagiarism and Bibliography NOTE: For IP Chapters III & IV, you may refer to this reviewer (CR: Angela Victoria S. Nilo): SCIENCE 10: Long Test #2 🧪🌍 IP Chapters III … 🌎 EARTH’S INTERNAL LAYER I. 4 EARTH’S ‘SPHERE ➔ Atmosphere ➔ Hydrosphere ➔ Biosphere ➔ Geosphere - Solid part of the Earth - Includes rocks, minerals, landforms & their process that shaped them EARTH’S LAYERS  CRUST - Outermost layer of the Earth - Thinnest layer (5-70 Kilometers) ↳ ROCK CYCLE Igneous - Formed from Magma and Lava Solidification (Hard, No Layers) Sedimentary - Formed from Sediment Compaction (Crumbly, Layered) A. CONTINENTAL CRUST (DRY LAND) Metamorphic - Formed from - Covers 40% of Earth Transformation of other Rocks - Thick part of the Crust (Relatively Hard, May/May not have - Older and more complex Layers) B. OCEANIC CRUST - Covers 60% of Earth - Denser and younger than Continental Crust MANTLE - Thickest layer of the Earth ↳ 80% ; 2,900 Kilometer - Located beneath the Earth’s Crust - Protects the crust from the immense heat of the Core = The Sun’s Temp. A. UPPER MANTLE a. LITHOSPHERE ○ Upper part of the Upper Mantle ○ Made up of various rocks; Solid ○ Cooler, More rigid b. ASTHENOSPHERE ○ Lower part of the Upper Mantle ○ Located below the Lithosphere ○ Softer, hotter, and semi-solid ★ NOTE: “PLATES” = Crust + Upper Mantle (Lithosphere) B. LOWER MANTLE - Layer between the Upper Mantle and the Outer Core - Regulates overall convection & heat transfer within Earth’s Interior Layer - Dense & Hotter  CORE - Innermost layer of the Earth - Situated beneath the Mantle ↳ Deepest and Hottest Layer - Made up of Iron and Nickel ↳ Metals in the Core are in constant motion + The Inner Core rotates faster A. OUTER CORE - Liquid = Molten Iron and Molten Nickel - Creates the Magnetic Field ↳ Earth’s protective layer against the Sun’s damaging solar winds B. INNER CORE - Central Part of the Core - Composed of SOLID Iron and Nickel - The “Battery” of the Earth Radius: 1, 200 Kilometer Temperature: 5,000 °C - 7,000 °C II. INTERFACES OF EARTH’S LAYERS ➔ MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY - Between the Crust & Upper Mantle ➔ GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY - Between the Lower Mantle & Outer Core ➔ LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY - Between the Liquid Outer Core & Solid Inner Core  🌎 SEISMIC WAVES I. WHAT ARE SEISMIC WAVES? - Wave of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rocks ↳ Within Earth or due to an explosion - Form of energy that travels through Earth ↳ Recorded on Seismographs by a Seismologist BODY WAVES SURFACE WAVES - Waves that travel through the Earth’s - It travels ONLY through the crust Inner Layer - Has lower frequency than body - Deep penetration (Crust-Core) waves. - Travels FASTER than Surface Waves ↳ Arrives after Body Waves - Causes MORE DAMAGE than Body a. PRIMARY WAVES (P-WAVES) Waves (Mostly responsible for the ○ First to ‘arrive’ at the Seismic damage and destruction Station associated with earthquakes) ↳ Fastest kind of Body Waves ○ Can move through Solid Rocks c. LOVE WAVES & Liquids Layers ○ Causes rocks to move ○ Also known as “Compressional horizontally (Perpendicular) Waves” to the direction of the MOVEMENT: traveling wave Parallel ○ Fastest Surface Waves Push & Pull ↳ Causes the most damage Left & Right with buildings and other infrastructures b. SECONDARY WAVES (S-WAVES) MOVEMENT: ○ Slower kind of Waves compared Perpendicular to the direction of the wave to P-Waves (Wave Propagation) ○ Can ONLY move through Solid Side-to-Side Rocks ↳ Property in which scientist d. RAYLEIGH WAVES discover that the Outer Core ○ Also called “Ground Roll” is Liquid ○ Causes rock particles to MOVEMENT: move in a circular motion Perpendicular to the direction of the wave as a wave passes through a (Wave Propagation) path that contains the Up & Down direction of the wave travel Side-to-Side ○ Can be felt even from hundreds of kilometers away from the epicenter or the origin of the earthquake MOVEMENT: Up & Down Bhuyan, S. (2020, April 11). Seismic Waves: Definition, Types, Examples, and diagram. Science Facts. https://www.sciencefacts.net/seismic-waves.html 🌎 PLATE TECTONICS  WHAT ARE PLATE TECTONICS? A. PLATES - Composed of the Earth’s Crust & Upper - Underneath the Earth’s oceans Mantle (Lithosphere) - A single plate often includes - Like an ‘eggshell’ compared to the total continental & oceanic region thickness of the Earth - Solid rock shells, includes; ↳ Do NOT extend all the way to the ↳ Dry Land center ↳ “Land” underneath the ocean - Constantly moving ↳ Slowly ; Tenths of centimeters to B. CONTINENT a few centimeters per year - Embedded in the plates - Slides on top of an underlying mantle - Mostly refers as the the “Dry Land” only layer Asthenosphere: Contains little NOTE: Plates are NOT Continents Magma (Molten rocks) They also do NOT just float above the water I. CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY ALFRED WEGENER German Meteorologist, Geophysicists, & Polar Researcher ↳ 1915: Published “The Origin of Continents & Oceans” outlining his theory of Continental Drift - Wgener’s theory of Continental Drift was met with skepticism by many scientists ↳ His theory was rich in evidence and was a good hypothesis. ↳ However, he himself could not explain the unknown force causing the plates to move and separate from one another. a. 1ST EVIDENCE: PANGAEA - Supercontinent ; 1st Continental Structure of Earth - Roughly 225 million years ago ↳ It is believed that this supercontinent broke into smaller pieces that slowly drifted away from one another. b. 2ND EVIDENCE: FOSSILS - Fossils that were found along the coastlines of South America & Africa - The said fossils belong to animals that are believed to not have been able to swum over the ocean (land animals) HARRY HESS American Geophysicists & Naval Officer World War II – Hess alongside other military troops were in-charge of mapping large areas of the ocean floor in search for any enemy submarines ↳ First ever recorded act of mapping the oceanic floors Naval maps showed huge mountain ranges that formed a continuous chain down the centers of the ocean floors. a. 1ST EVIDENCE: Mid-Ocean Ridges - New ocean floor was created at the mid-ocean ridges - Continents on either side would pushed apart during the process b. 2ND EVIDENCE: Sea-Floor Spreading - Hot magma rises to the crust’s surface, developing cracks in the ocean floor - Magma pushes up & out to form mid-ocean ridges ↳ Sea-Floor Spreading: Fault Lines where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other c. 3RD EVIDENCE: Age of Sea-Floor - “Magnetic Patterns” were discovered in the rocks on either side of the mid-ocean ridges ↳ Either side of a mid-ocean ridge, the oldest rocks were furthest from the ridge. ↳ ✅ Hess’ Geopoetry: New ocean floor is formed at mid-ocean ridge and the new floor moves away from the ridge as the time passes.  SEA-FLOOR SPREADING AGE OF SEA-FLOOR II. THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS 1960 - 1970s ↳ PLATES: “The lithosphere is broken into large, rigid pieces” ➔ Believes that plates move in different place/directions at different speeds (2cm - 10cm Per Year — Roughly about the speed in which your fingernails grow) 3 DRIVING FORCES OF PLATE TECTONICS a. RIDGE PUSH - Driving force caused by the magma that seeped out from a divergent boundary. ↳ Hot lava pushed the old plates away →  b. SLAB PULL - Driving force caused by the sinking of the denser oceanic crust. ↳ The sinking then pull the other plates down to the mantle c. CONVECTION CURRENT - A convection current in the mantle is also considered as driving force - When convection occurs in the mantle ; ↳ The crust above is pushed causing them to move relative to one another. 🌎 PLATE BOUNDARIES WHAT ARE PLATE BOUNDARIES? - Plates that make up Earth’s crust meet at the plate boundaries. ↳ When plates move, stress builds up at those boundaries. ↳ Stress, when released, caused movements in the crust. - This is the reason why volcanoes and mountains are usually formed and earthquakes occur near plate boundaries. CONVERGENT BOUNDARY DIVERGENT BOUNDARY - A boundary between colliding plates - A boundary between plates that - Plates only move a few centimeters separates from one another each year, leading for collisions to be - As plates separate along the boundary, slow and can last for millions of years. the block between the faults cracks and ↳ Volcanic activities can occur at drops down the asthenosphere this type of boundary.  (Molten Magma) ↳ Volcanic activities can occur at this type of boundary. (Molten Magma) a. OCEANIC + OCEANIC a. UNDER THE SEA - Happens when both plates are made of - Most active divergent plate boundary oceanic crust between oceanic plates ↳ Zones of active sea-floor spreading can occur ↳ Mid-Oceanic Ridges behind the island arc (Back-arc Basins) ➔ Baikal Rift Valley (Russia) ↳ Associated with Submarine Volcanoes - Rifts form between the Eurasian Plate to the west & the Amur Plate to the east. - Has a body of water in the middle of the two formed rifts. b. OCEANIC + CONTINENTAL b. ON LAND - When oceanic crust converges with c. Boundary within continents initially continental crust produced riffs; ↳ Denser oceanic plate plunges beneath the ↳ Rift Valleys continental plate ➔ East African Rift ➔ SUBDUCTION: Occurs at the oceanic - The African Plate, in the process of trenches. splitting into two tectonic plates ➔ The entire region is known as a - The Somali Plate & Nubian Plate Subduction Zone, which experiences intense earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (Ex: Pacific Ring of Fire) c. CONTINENTAL + CONTINENTAL TRANSFORM BOUNDARY - When both crusts are too light to - Occur when two plates slide past each subduct (no dense plates) other horizontally. - This creates large mountain ranges. - These boundaries can cause rapid ↳ Ex: Himalayan Mountain Ranges earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau  ➔ Formed as a result of the collision ➔ No Volcanic Activity (No course between the Indian Plate & Eurasian of action to cause any volcanic Plate (50 Million years ago, and eruption) ➔ The San Andreas Fault is a continues today.) continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) through California. EVIDENCE OF PLATE TECTONICS ☝🏻 ➔ GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) ➔ CONTINENTAL MARGIN ➔ AGE OF SEAFLOOR ➔ EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES