SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter PDF

SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn 6.1 | Cracks on Earth’s Surface 3. Shear Stress- rocks are pushed Earthquake- shaking and trembling perpendicular to the axis caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust P...

SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn 6.1 | Cracks on Earth’s Surface 3. Shear Stress- rocks are pushed Earthquake- shaking and trembling perpendicular to the axis caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust PIC EXAMPLE: (PHIVOLCS) Philippine Institute of - Volcanology and Seismology Fault- fracture or break in Earth’s crust Fault zone- a series of associated faults nn Stress- force applied to rocks —------------------------------------------------------ THREE TYPES OF STRESS Faults And Movements 1. Tensional Stress- rocks are Dip- when stretched or compressed rocks stretched away from each other break and form a fault plane at an angle. le PIC EXAMPLE: ▶ Dip-slip faults- the fault/fault plane that is formed by the dip - Can be NORMAL fault or REVERSE Fault so ADDITIONAL TERMS Hanging Wall- lies above the fault plane Foot Wall- lies below the fault plane THREE TYPES OF FAULTS 2. Compressional Stress- rocks are 1. Normal Fault- hanging wall has pushed toward each other moved downward in respect to the footwall PIC EXAMPLE: si - Forms when rocks are stretched - Creates TENSIONAL stress PIC EXAMPLE: SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn 2. Reverse Fault- hanging wall has Active Faults- faults that generated moved upward in respect to the earthquakes within the last 10,000 years footwall and may still continue to do so. - Forms when rocks are compressed - Shallow earthquakes occur on active faults. - Creates COMPRESSIONAL stress Inactive Faults- Are those without a record of having generated earthquakes in the last 10,000 years, but may possibly generate an earthquake in the future. nn ADD’L TERMS Creep fault- happens without any associated earthquake activity a. Thrust fault- a special type of reverse fault Trenches- long, narrow and usually le steep-sided depressions in the ocean - Dip less than 45º floor 3. Strike-slip Fault- slips in the direction of ▶Philippine Trench- is the deepest trench the strike in the country and the third deepest in (Strike- line of intersection between horizon the world so and planar surface, always horizontal The Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ)- a major - The horizon itself IF flat surface) tectonic feature that transects the whole Philippine archipelago from ▶ Shear- when both walls are forced to northwestern Luzon to southeastern move in parallel but opposite directions. Mindanao. 1200 km long and is composed of many TWO MOVEMENTS OF STRIKE-SLIP faults FAULT si 1. Left-lateral strike-slip fault The Central Mindoro Fault - Is marked by a 2. Right-lateral strike-slip fault break in slope between the mountains of Occidental Mindoro and the flatlands of EXTRA SLIP FAULT Oriental Mindoro. Oblique-slip faults - move along both dip and slip direction - Right-lateral - When shearing and compression or The Lubang Fault- Is found offshore tension combine between Batangas and Mindoro. Left lateral 6.2 | Active and Inactive Faults SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn Elastic potential energy- material is subjected to compressional or tensional 6.3 | Anatomy of An Earthquake stress. Focus/Hypocenter- breaking of the rocks - stress is released and the material first starts and seismic energy is does not break, released. Seismic Energy Seismic Waves 1. Fault Plane- which is the breaking surface underground. When the rocks This energy passes break along a fault, through rocks as the stored energy is seismic waves - where movement takes released nn place 2. Fault Line- is any edge of the fault ----------------------------------------------------- plane All About Tsunamis Tsunami- earthquakes that occur 3. Fault Scarp- is when the fault plane underwater is exposed above the ground le -large volume of water that reaches the - indicator that there is a surface fault in the area. CAUSES OF TSUNAMIS 4. Epicenter The earthquakes are 1. Underwater Earthquake so strongest at the epicenter than at 2. Volcanic Eruption any other point on Earth's surface, 3. Nuclear Explosion 4. Meteor - The point on the crust of 5. Underwater landslide Earth directly above the focus. STRONG TSUNAMIS RECORDED 1. Tohoku, Sendai (Japan) - March 11, Types of Earthquake According to Depth 2011 si of Focus - 9.0 magnitude TYPE OF DEPTH OF FOCUS EARTHQUAKE 2. Southern Chile- May 22, 1960 - Strongest earthquake, 9.5 Shallow-focus 300 km December 26, 2004 - 9.3 magnitude underwater earthquake  SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn —------------------------------------------------------- Intensity- Since the late 1700s, scientists Recording Earthquakes have used intensity as an estimate of the First “true” seismograph- invented in 1875 strength of an earthquake. - by Italian physicist and priest Rossi-Forel scale- developed between Filippo Cecchi. 1879-1883 - by Italian seismologist Michele - Although the machine was not very Stefano Conte de Rossi and sensitive, it was able to record Swiss scientist horizontal, vertical, and the Francois-Alphonse Forel. locationally motions correlated with nn time. Rossi-Forel scale John Milne- professor at the Imperial I. Microseismic tremor College of engineering in Tokyo II. Extremely feeble tremor III. Feeble tremor - The sensitive horizontal IV. Slight tremor pendulum seismograph in 1880. le V. Moderate tremor VI. Strong tremor Other related instruments were VII. Very strong tremor designed by two other Imperial VIII. Damaging tremor College engineers, James Alfred IX. Devastating tremor Ewing and Thomas Lomar Gray. X. Extremely high intensity so tremor Global Seismographic Network (GSN)- an extensive digital seismic network The PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale - comprised of over 150 permanent I Scarcely Perceptible sensors installed in key places on II Slightly Felt Earth’s surface III Weak IV Moderately Strong 6.4 | Intensity And Magnitude V Strong si VI Very Strong Intensity Magnitude VII Destructive Many Different One place VIII Very Destructive Places IX Devastating describes the total X Completely Devastating how much a certain amount of energy area was shaken that was released Determined by the Determined by public seismogram  SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn ▶Outer core- only liquid layer made out of Seismogra Seismomet Seismogram ph er iron and nickel - Denser than mantle’s rocks Record Modern Data manually seismograp recorded by ▶Inner core- densest layer, small iron with hs seismometers small nickel stronger the Record ground Seismologists use earthquakes to see electronica motion, the inside earth, they use its seismic waves lly taller the height or TWO KINDS OF SEISMIC WAVES amplitude nn 1. Body waves- form inside a. P waves or Primary- arrive first - longitudinal/ move back and forth Magnitude-devised in 1935 - pass through solid and liquid - quantitative way of comparing the layers of earth strength of earthquakes - by American seismologist and le b. S waves or Secondary- appear physicist Charles Richter second travel slower than P waves Richter Magnitude Scale- describes the - transverse/ zigzag perpendicular total amount of energy that is released motion by an earthquake at its source, but it is an - pass through solid layers of earth so open-ended scale. only - Each number on the scale rates the 2. Surface Waves- form outside strength of the earthquake, but it is a. R waves- “rolling” not the actual amount of energy. b. L waves- side to side - Moment Magnitude Scale- in 1979 ADD’L TERMS - Thomas Hanks and Hiroo Discontinuity- change in speed Kanamori - Physical boundary si 6.5 | Information from Seismic Waves Mohorovicic discontinuity- between crust LAYERS OF THE EARTH and mantle Crust- thinnest - Discovered by Andrija Mohorovicic - Solid rock layer, outer shell Gutenberg discovery-Between solid Mantle- thickest lower mantle and liquid outer core ▶ Asthenosphere- the thin and weak layer - P waves refract and form a P-wave of the mantle shadow zone. - If cannot detect S waves, S-wave Core- has two parts shadow zone is formed SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn 7.1 | How Typhoons Develop 2. Cumulus Clouds- Gray at the base TERMS and white on top Weather- is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. - fair weather Climate- for a long time 3. Cirrocumulus Clouds - Most likely to bring afternoon showers Meteorologists- scientists who study the atmosphere and the weather, observe that 4. Stratocumulus Clouds- Low-lying, weather occurs in patterns. lumpy clouds nn - No rain Storms Hurricanes Typhoons tropical occur over the are storms 5. Nimbus Clouds- Dark, heavy cyclones Caribbean that occur clouds Sea, Gulf of over the originates Mexico, North Northwest - Expect rain over warm Atlantic Pacific waters Ocean, or Ocean or le Northeast Pacific Ocean. west of the Internation al Dateline 6. No Clouds/Clear Sky -Fair weather SIGNS THAT RAIN IS COMING Dark clouds roll quickly across the sky. Air smells of compost coming from the so ground. Polluted creeks stink due to low air pressure Hair becomes frizzy due to high humidity Smoke swirls and does not rise up steadily Ants build steeper anthills. WEATHER INSTRUMENTS si Anemometer- Measures the speed of the wind Wind Vane- Shows the direction of the Nephology-study of clouds and clouds wind. formation Thermometer- Measures air temperature. TYPES OF CLOUDS 1. Cirrus Clouds- Thin, feathery Rain Gauge- Collects and measures the clouds amount of rain over a period of time - few clouds indicate fair weather SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn Barometer- Measures air pressure. 2. Differences in Air Pressure- As hot air rises, its molecule collide with —------------------------------------------------------- the cold air that comes from the TYPHOON DEVELOPMENT poles and is more compact or dense 1. Evaporation of water at ocean than the hot air surface temperature of 26.5°C or higher 3. Convergent Winds - Accumulation of highspeed winds moving toward 2. Warm, moist air rises from the a particular area.These create an ocean surface, creating a low increase in air pressure pressure area (LPA) near the ocean nn surface. Coriolis Effect- phenomenon where storm turns clockwise and counter clockwise 3. Air from surrounding high pressure - wind rotates around storm area (HPA) rushes toward the center lower pressure area. This air is initially dry and cooler, but near the ANATOMY OF TYPHOON ocean surface, the air is heated and le 1. EYEWALL- Maximum wind zone carries more water vapor from - Torrential rain continuous evaporation. - Seas reported as high as 70ft 4. As the warm air rises toward the 2. SUBSIDENCE ZONE- Strong cooler parts of the upper winds so atmosphere, it cools off and the - Little to no precipitation water vapor begins to condense - Heavy seas to form clouds 3. OUTER BONDS- Gusty and 5. More clouds form and wind picks up inconsistent winds as the Coriolis effect causes the - Heavy, intermittent precipitation air to spiral as it rises. As the winds rotates faster, the LPA near 4. EYE- Calm wind the ocean surface becomes a - Confused seas si tropical depression and may eventually turn into a typhoon 7.2 |Typhoon-Prone Philippines Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)- is CONDITIONS FOR TYPHOON an area where the Northern and Southern FORMATION Hemisphere winds convergence 1. Continuous Evaporation and Water Cycles - Heat causes water - located between 10 degrees north to evaporate, saturating the and south of the equator clouds and making them heavy with moisture to eventually fall - it is also the place where storms back to Earth as rain commonly form within the SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn western Pacific. Such as the 3. Signal 3- Severe Tropical Storm Philippines, about 20 typhoons - Moderate to Significant EVERY year 4. Signal 4- Typhoon Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, - Significant to Severe Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) - government agency 5. Signal 5- Super Typhoon responsible for monitoring typhoons and - Extreme Threat weather disturbances, weather forecasting, flood control, and astronomy 7.3 |How Landforms and Bodies of research. Water Affect Typhoons nn Orography- study of the formation and Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)- topography of mountains and hills This imaginary line links the following ▶Orographic Lifting- air flows over coordinate points: 25N, 120E; 25N, 135E; mountains and is forced to rise 5N, 135E; 5N, 115E; 15N, 115E; and 21N, ▶Orographic Precipitation- rain and snow 120E. over mountains - bounded by an imaginary red line le drawn around the Philippines, including HOW OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION the bodies of water that surround the FORMS country. 1.Wind coming from the sea is heavy with ▶ Weather Warning System- traditionally moisture from evaporation and rises up the so uses the tropical cyclone warning signal mountain. ystem to advise the public about an upcoming tropical cyclone 2. Condensation and cloud formation - Recent changes in rainfall patterns 3. Cool air descends but dries up through that include heavy rains brought evaporation, resulting in little or no rain. about by southwest monsoon or habagat ADD’L TERMS si Sierra Madre- Philippines’ Longest Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) Mountain Range is formerly a four-warning level system used by PAGASA to describe the intensity Windward- part of mountain exposed to the of an upcoming storm. prevailing winds UPDATED TCWS Leeward- part of mountain protected by 1. Signal 1- Tropical Depression prevailing winds - Minimal to minor 2. Signal 2- Tropical Storm - Minor to moderate SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn 8,1 | Asteroids: Planetary building 8,2 | Comets: Occasional Visitors blocks Comets-snowball nucleus with a tail of Asteroid- refers specifically to the small light that points away from the sun. celestial bodies - frozen leftovers from the formation - usually rocky and/or metallic of the solar system ▶Asteroid 951 Gaspra- is the first asteroid - composed of dust, rock, and ices. to be photographed at close range by the Galileo probe on its way to Jupiter in 1991 ▶Halley- most famous comet. - Discovered by: Edmon Halley nn Asteroid belt -The majority of known - Last seen: 1986 asteroids are found within and between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter APPEARANCE OF COMETS Ice- mainly water but may also contain Trojans -These asteroids share an orbit carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, and with a large planet or moon other compounds. le Near-Earth Asteroids- There is a high possibility of one of them colliding with Earth since their orbits are close to that of Earth. Some comets may have a rocky nucleus remnants of the gas, dust, ice, so Planetoids- these asteroids that are big INSIDE A COMET enough that a spaceship can land on them, Coma- released dust and gas form a and people can walk on their surface. huge, extremely unstable atmosphere - rich in iron, nickel, and other COMETS COLLIDING WITH PLANETS metals, Comet Shoemaker Levy 9- struck Jupiter but was shattered into smaller pieces NAMING ASTEROIDS thrown back into space si Ceres- the first asteroid named was discovered in 1801. · NAMING COMETS are named after the person who At first, Latin names were given, such as discovered them. 8 Flora or 17 Thetis. 8,3 | Meteoroids: Metal rocks Later on, they were named after persons Meteoroids- small pieces of rocks that who have made contributions to science orbit the sun as a way of honouring them. - do not produce their own light but merely reflect the light of the sun. SCIENCE Rev, 2nd Quarter Gawa ni solennlenn Micrometeoroids/Cosmic dusts- Very tiny meteoroids Meteor- Their glowing tail , or colloquially as shooting stars, falling stars, - bulalakaw in some localities of the Philippines. Fireballs- Meteors that appear to glow brighter than planets nn Bolider- when fireballs explode Bondoc meteorite- One of the largest meteorites ever recovered from the Philippines Meteoroid space le Meteor atmosphere Meteorite land/earth so si