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6 Classification of Plants - CONCEPT MAP LIVING ORGANISMS Prokaryotic| Eukaryotic...

6 Classification of Plants - CONCEPT MAP LIVING ORGANISMS Prokaryotic| Eukaryotic Unicellular Multicellular Protista With cell wall Without cell wall Animalia Autotrophs Heterotrophs (Plantae) (Fungi) Cryptogams Phanerogams Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnosperms |Angios Perms e.g. Spirogyra, e.g. Funaria, e-g. Nephrolepis, e-g.Cycas, Thuja Ulothrix, Ulva, Marchantia, Marsilea, Pteris, Sargassum etc. Anthoceros, Lycopodium etc Riccia etc. Dicotyledonous Monocotyledonous e.g. Banayan tree e.g. Onion Cell structure Can you recall? Body Organisation "1) How have living organisms been classified? Mode of nutrition (Textbook Page no. 53) Ans. Reproduction () Organisms have been classified based on the (i) Organisms are also classified at kingdom lev: following: and groups and subgroups. (104) ClissitcationofPlants 105 pteridophyta MASTER KEY QUESTION SET-6 Ans. Nephrolepis: It belongs to division belong to division whereas the others.1. (A) 1. Fill in the blanks and rewrite the thallophyta. complete statements: (2) Funaria, Marchantia, Anthoceros, Equisetum Pteridophyta The five kingdom classification was proposed Ans. Equisetum: It belongs to division Bryophyta. 1) whereas the others belong to division by In 1883, classified plants in two (3) Nephrolepis, Marsilea, Cycas, Lycopodium others are 2) subkingdoms. Ans. Cycas: It is a gymñosperm, whereas ) Various types of fungi like yeasts and moulds Pteridophyta. (4) Spirogyra, Riccia, Ulva, Ulothrix vo included in the group are Ans. Riccia: It is abryophyte whereas the others 4) Brryophytes have root-like structure called thallophytes. (5) Corn, Rice, Wheat, Groundnut reproduce with the help of spores Ans. Groundnut: It is a dicotyledonous plant, 5) (ormed along the back or posterior surface of whereas others are monocotyledonous plants. their leaves. (6 Cycas, Pinus, Thuja, Hibiscus the Ans. Hibiscus: It is an angiosperm, whereas rest are 6) In reproductive organs cannot be gymnosperms. seen. Q.1. (A) 3. Complete the analogy: are mostly evergreen, perennial and woody. (1) Spirogyra : Thallophyta :: Riccia : (2) Moss : Bryophyta:: Selaginella : 8) Gymnosperms bear male and female flowers on different of the same plant. (3) Nephrolepis : Pteridophyta::Ulothrix: (4) Pteridophyta : Roots :: Bryophyta : the seeds are not enclosed by fruits. 9) In (5) Gymnosperms :naked seeds : : Angiosperms: 10) In the seeds are covered by fruits. 11) The plants whose seeds cannot be divided into (6) Dicotyledon : Reticulate venation:: equal parts are called Monocotyledon : (7) Bamboo stemn:Hollow::Onion Stem. Ans. (1) Robert Whitaker (2) Eichler (3) thallophyta Monocotylendon: Tap root:: Dicotyledon: (4) rhizoids (5) Pteridophyta (6) Cryptogams (8) (7)Gymnosperms (8) sporophylls (9) gymnosperms Ans. (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (3) Thallophyta (4) (10)angiosperms (11)monocotyledons Rhizoids (5) Covered seeds (6) Parallel venation O.1. (A)2. Find the odd one out: (7) Disc like (8) Fibrous roots ) Ulothrix, Ulva, Nephrolepis, Sargassum O.1. (A) 4. Match the proper terms from columns Aand Cwith the description in column B: ColumnA' Column B' Column 'C (1) Thallophyta (a) Seeds are formed in fruits. (1) Fern (2) Bryophyta (b) No natural covering on seeds. (ii) Cycas (3) Pteridophyta (c) These plants mainly grow in water. (ii) Tamarind (4) Gymnosperms (d) These plants need water for reproduction. (iv) Moss (5) Angiosperms (e) Tissues are present for conduction of water and food. (v) Algae Ans. (1-c- v), (2 -d-iv), (3 -e -i), (4-b- i1), (5 -a-ii)  Moster key Science and Technology (Std. (2)False. Fungi like ycasts and moulds are includ. in division thallophyta. (3) True (4) False. Bryoph (olumn 'A' Column 'B do not have specialised tissuesforconduction off ) Byoplhyta und water. (5) False. Plants belonging tothalloph gronpmay be unicellular or multicellular. (6) 7 (2) Marslea (b) Cymnosperm (7) True (8) True 9) False. Depending wheth (3) Marchantia ) Peridophyta sceds are enclosed in a fruit or nol, angiosper (4) Thuja ) hallophyta ure classified into monocoBs and dicots. (10) T (1) False. Gymnosperms bear male and fem Ans. (1-d), (20.(3a). (4b) flowers on different sporophylls of the same plani CÏlumn 'B' (12) True (13) False. DicoByledonous plants sho Column 'A' (2) (0) Dicotyledon parallel venation.(14) True(15) True. (1) Onion (b) Pteridophyta "0.1. (A) 6.Complete the sentences by filling in g (2) Cvcas blanks and explain those statements: (3) Mang0 () Monocotyledon (angiosperm, gymnosperms, spore, bryophya (4) Lycopodium (d) Gymnosperm thallopl1yta, zygote).Aplants have soft and fibre-like body Ans. (1-), (2-d), (3-a), (4-b) (1) 0.1. (A)5. State whether the following statements Ans. Thallophyta: These plants grow mainly in water i.e. fresh water as wellas in saline watex are true or false. Correct the false statements: therefore theyusually have a soft and fibre-lik ) Thallophyta are called as the amphibians of the (filamentous) body. plant kingdom.....is called the 'amphibian' of the plant (2) 2 Fungi like yeasts and moulds are included in kingdom. division bryophyta. need (3) Moss (Funaria) belongs to division bryophyta. Ans. Bryophyta: They grow in moist soil but water for reproduction. Therefore, they are (4) Bryophyta have specific tissues for conduction called 'amphibians of plant kingdom'. of food and water. (3) In Pteridophytes, asexual reproduction occurs (5) Plants belonging to Thallophyta group are formation and sexual reproduction only unicellular. by occurs by. formation. Pteridophytes have well developed roots, (6) stems and leaves. Ans. spore, zygote: Pteridophyta plants show alteration of generation. One generation Pteridophy tes reproduce with the help of reproduces by spore-formation and the next spores formed along the back or posterior generation reproduces sexually by zygote surface of their leaves. formation (8) Nephrolepis belongsto division Pteridophyta. (4) Male and female flowersof. are borne (9) Depending upon whether seeds are enclosed on different sporophylls of the same plant. in a fruit or not, phanerogams are classified Ans. Gymnosperms: As these plants do not take the into monocots and dicots. assistance of pollinators i.e. vectors, the male (10) Gymnosperms are mostly evergreen, perennial and female flowers are present on the different and woody. sporophyll of the same plant for successtul (11) Gymnosperms bear male and female flowers fertilisation. on different sporophylls of different plants. 0.1. (B) Choose and write the correct option: (12) In Angiosperms, the seeds are covered by fruits. (1) The five kingdom classification was proposed (13) Dicotyledonous plants show reticulate venation. by (14) Moncotyledonous plants have trimerous (ayRobert Whittaker (b) Robert Hooke flowers. (c) Eichler (d) Louis Pasteur (15) In dicotyledonous plants, the stem is strong and hard. (2) In 1883, classified plants into two Ans. (1) False. Thallophyta plants grow mainly in water. sub-kingdoms.  107 TlassificationofPlants (a) Monocotyledons (b)Dicotyledons (b) Alexander Fleming (á) Pteridophyta (a) Robert Whittaker (c) Gymnosperms the stem is (c) Eichler (d) Robert Hooke In monocotyledonous plants, (8) 3) Ulothrix, ulva, sargassum belong to (b) false (a) Bryophyta (bythallophyta (a) hollow (d) all of these. () Pteridophyta (a) Gymnosperms (c) disc-like is a bryophyte. Based on Practicals 4) (b) Nephrolepis (a) Ulva (c) Funaria (d) Equisetum (9) Lycopodium belongs to the seeds are naked. (a) Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta 5) In (b) Angiosperms (YPteridophyta (a) Pteridophyta (c) Gymno[perms show reticulate venation. (c) Gymnosperms (d) Bryophyta (10) Leaves of the flowers are reproductive (b) Ban¡na In (a) Bamboo 6) organs. (c) Onion ()Banyan (3) (b) (a) Angiosperms (b) Gymnosperms (a) Robert Whittaker (2) (c) Eichler Ans. (1) (c) Gymnosperms (5) (c) Pteridophyta (d) Bryophyta Thallophyta (4) (c) FunariaDicotyledons (8) (d) all the flowers are tetramerous or (a) Angiosperms (7) (b) 7) In (6) (10) (d) Banyan pentamerous. of these (9) (d)Pteridophyta O.2.1.Distinguish between: (1) Bryophyta and Pteridophyta: (Pteridophyta Ans. Bryophyta Pteridophytes grow in'soil. Bryophytes grew in soil but need(water for (1) () reproduction. Plant þody is differentiated into true roots, (ii) Plant body is without specific parts like trye (ii) stem and leaves. roots, stem and leaves. and water (iii) Conducting tissues for food and water (iii) Conducting tissues for food present. absent. Pteris, Marchantia, (iv) Examples: Nephrolepis, Marsilea, (iv) Examples: Moss (Funaria), Adiantum, Lycopodium etc. Anthoceros, etc. (2) Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. Gymnosperms Ans. Angiosperms have branches. (i) In Gymnosperms, the stems are without (i) In Angiosperms, the stems branches. Reproductive organs are flowers. (ii) Reprodcutive organs are cones. (i) enclosed in natåral coverings. (iii) Seeds are enclosed in natural coyerings, i.e., fruits.(iii) Seeds are nÍt (iv) Examples: Mango, Bamboo, etc. (iv) Examples: Cycas, Picea etc. (3) Cryptogams and Phanrogams. Ans. Cryptogams Phanerogams (iii) Their reproductive organs are hidden. (iii) Their reporductive organs are exposed. (i) They reproduce by forming spores. (ii) They reproduce by forming seeds. (ii) They are less evolved plants. (iü) They are highly evolved plants. (iv) They are ivided ihta Thallophyta) (iv) They are divided into Gymnosperms and Bryophyt, Pteridophyta. Angiosperms. 108 Master Key Science. and Technology *(4) Dicots and (Stå.y Ans. Monocots. Monocots Dicots Seed Two cotyledons Single cotyledon Root Welldeveloped, primary root (Tap root) Fibrous roots Stem Strong, hard. e.g. Banyan tree Hollow, e.g. Bamboo False, e.g. Banana Disc-like, e.g. Onion. Leaf Reticulate venation Parallel venation Flower Flowers with 4 or 5 parts or in their Flowers with 3parts or in multiples of thre, multiples (tetramerous or pentamerous) (trimerous). *Q.2.2. Sketch, label the figures of the following (ii) The plant body is flat, ribbon like long, with plants and explain them in brief: true roots, stem and leaves (1) Spirogyra. (iv) Instead, they have stem-like or leaf-like part Ans. and root like rhizoids. Cell wall Nucleus Pyrenoid (3) Fern (Pteridophyta): Ans. leaflets Spiral chloroplasts fig.6.1: Spirogyra (i) Spirogyra belongs to the division thallophyta. They are called as algae. (ii) It grows mainly in water. (iii) It does not have specific parts like root-stem roots leaves-flowers but are autotrophic due to the presence of chlorophyl. fig.6.3: Fern (iv) The plant body of Spirogyra is soft and fibre-like. They have well developed roots, stem and (v) It has spirally arranged chloroplasts in its cell. leaves for conduction of food and water. (2) Funaria and Marchantia (Bryophyta) (ii) They do not bear flowers and fruits. Ans. (ii) They reproduce with the help of spores present Capsule Capsule along the back or posterior surface of the leaves. Q.2.3. Answer the following: Stalk Stalk *(1) Which are the special cell organelles that leaf - differentiate plant cells from animal cells. like parts leaf - (Can you tell; Textbook Page No. 75) like parts Ans. Rhizoids (1) Organelles like cell wall and plastids ae Rhizoids present in plant cell whereas they are absent in animal cells. fig.6.2: Funaria and Marchantia (ii) Organelles like centrosome are absent in plant (i) These plants are called 'amphibians' of the cell whereas they are present in animalcells. plant kingdom because they grow mostly in *(2) What is the similarity between the plant soil and need water for reproduction. of the groups Thallophyta, Bryophyta ani They do not have specifictissues for conduction Pteridophyta irrespective of differences in (i) of food and water. their body structure? (Use your brain powe Textbook Page No. 77)  109 and discuss; Textbook PageNo. 76) tthe All and three divisions pteridophyta, thallophyta, bryophyta are autotrophic. They contain Ans. complexityand is hiorophvll.and can prepare this own (i) It shows considerable tissue food parts: a root and a photosynthesis differentiated into two main shoot. Allthese plantsreproduce by spore formation. variety of specialised tissues They are all called Cryptogams as their (1) They have a body. within these two regions of the nroducthve organs cannot be seen. seen throughout the :7 (Canptos hidden, gams: reproductive organs) (i) Same kind of cells are cells. whole body except reproductive the Open ended questions You may have seen ferns among "(2) garden. Take a leaf of ornamental plants in a 31Answerthe following questions: observe it carefully. a fully grown fernand 77) Searchforrapond with greenish water. Collect (Observe &discus; Textbook Page No. some ofthe green ibres from the water. Put Ans. oneofthefibres in a drop of water on a glass by the unrolling slide and spread it out straight. (Observe (i) New leaves typically expand in a tight spiral manner. Txtbook page no. 76) leaves can either be simple (ü) The anatomy of fern Ans. or highly divided. Thegreenish colour of the indicates presence formed along (i) They show the presence of sporestheir leaves. ofalgae. of the back or posterior surface Thefibre like structure when observed under Cycas, ) *(3) Observe all garden plants like microscope appeared to be spirogyra. Christmas tree, Hibiscus, Lily, etc. and compare differences ea Itcan be easily detected due to presence of spirally them. Note the similarities and you artanged thread like chloroplast in its cell. among them. Which differences did o0 Collect a Monocot and dicot plant available notice in gymnosperms and angiosperms? in your area. Observe the plant carefully and (Observe &discuss; Textbook Page No. 78) describe them in scientific language. Ans. CyCas and Christmas tree are gymnosperms, Ans. Monocot Plant: Lily whereas Hibiscus and lily are angiosperms. 0 Its roots are fibrous. (i) Similarities: These plants have special structures ) Itsstenm is hollow. for reproduction and produce seeds. During i) Its leaves show parallel venation. germination of the seed, the stored food is used i) Flowers with 3 parts or in multiples of three for the initial growth of the embryo. (trimerous). (ii) Differences: In gymnosperms, reproductive Dicot Plant: Hibiscus organs have cones whereas in angiosperms ) Its seeds can be divided intotwo equal halves. reproductive organs have flowers. In Mü) lt has welldeveloped roots. There is a primary gymnosperms seeds are without natural root (tap root) and many secondary roots arise coverings whereas in angiosperms seeds are from the primary roots. enclosed in natural coverings called fruits. ui) Its stem is strong and hard. *(4) Soak the seeds of corns, beans, groundnut, ir) Its leaves show reticulate venation. tamarind, mango,wheat, etc. in water for 8 to ) Its flowers have five petals (Pentamerous). 10 hrs. After they are soaked, check each seed to see whether it divides into two equal halves Activity based questions or not and categorize them accordingly. (Try 32. Answer the following questions: this; Textbook Page No. 78) Ans. Monocots: corn, wheat (it carnnot be divided You may have seen a lush green soft carpet on old walls, bricks and rocks in the rainy season. into equal halves) SCrape it gently with a small ruler, observe it Dicots: beans, groundnut, tamarind and mango under a magnifying lens and discuss. (Observe (it can be divided into two equal halves) 110 Master Key Science and Technology (Std. Q.4. Answer in detail: Pteridophyta. (1) Write the Ans. characteristics of Thalophyta. (ii) They have well developed roots, stem and leaves but do not bear flowers and fruits. () Thallophyta plants grow mainly in water.. (iii) They have separate tissues for conduction.. (i) food and water. The group of plants,which do not have specific parts like root-stem,Beaves-flowers but are (iv) They reproduce with the help of spores forme autotrophic due to he presence of chlorophyll along the back or posterior surface of th are called algae. leaves. (ii) Algae show great diversity. They may be unicellular (v) They reproduce asexually by spore formatin, or multicellular and microscopicor large. and sexually by zygote formation. (iv) Someof these are found in fresh water while *(5) Write the characteristics of the plant. some are found in saline water. belonging to division Bryophyta. (v) Various types of fungi like yeasts and moulds Ans. which do hot have chlorophyll are als0 (1) Bryophyta group of plants are called the included in/this group. amphibians of the plant kingdom because (vi) Examples: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, etc. they grow in moist soil but need water for (2) Write the characteristics of Gymnosperms. reproduction. Ans. (ii) These plants are thalloid, multicellular and (i) autotrophic. Gymnosperms are mostly evergreen, perennial and woody. (ii) They reproduce by spore-formation. (ii) Their stems are without branches. (iv) Their plant body structure is flat, ribbon-like (iii) The leaves form a crown. long, without true roots, stem and leaves. (iv) These plants bear male and female flowers on (v) Instead they have stem-like or leaf-like parts and root-like rhizoids. different sporophylls of the same plant. (v) Seeds of these plants do noe have natural (vi) They do not have specific tissues for conduction of food and water. coverings, i.e. these plants do not form fruits and are therefore called gymnosperms (gmnos: (vii) Examples:Moss (Funaria), Anthoceros, Riccia etc. naked, sperms: seeds) *(6) Which criteria are used for the classification (vi) Examples: Cycas, Picea (christmas tree), Thuja, of plants? Explain with reason. Pinus (deodar), etc. Ans. Criteria for classification of plants: *(3) Write the characteristics of subkingdom (1) If plants do not bear flowers, fruits and seeds Ans. Phanerogams. they are non-seed bearing plants. If they bear flowers, fruit and seeds, they are seed bearing (i) Plants which have special structures for plants. reproduction and produce seeds are called (ii Presence or absence of conducting tissues Phanerogams. Plants such as pteridosphytes, gymnosperms (iü) In these plants, after the process ofreproduction, and angiosperms which posses conducting seeds are formed which contain the emnbryo tissues are included in vascular plants whereas and stored food. thallophytes and bryophytes which do not (üi) During germination of the seed, the stored food possess conducting tissues are included under is used for the initial growth of the embryo. non-vascular plants. (iv) Depending upon whether seeds are enclosed (ii) Depending upon whether the seeds are in a fruit or not phanerogams are classified into enclosed in fruit or not, plants are classified as gymnosperms and angiosperms. gymnosperms (naked-seeds) and angiosperms (seeds covered by fruit) *(4) Write a paragraph in your own words about (iv) Depending upon the number of cotyledons in the ornamental plants called ferns. Ans. seeds, plants are classified into dicotyledon: and monocotyledons (i) Ferns belong to the group of plants called