Health and Hygiene PDF

Chapter 5 Health and Hygiene Chapter bjectives you willlearn about: in this chapter,...

Chapter 5 Health and Hygiene Chapter bjectives you willlearn about: in this chapter, r diseases Harmful eects of tobaco, cchd and Communicable First aid Preventive measures for diseases Vaccination and immunisatíon interrelated? Let us learn how. Are health and hygiene INTRODUCTION hurnans ae cassitied Diseases that are seen in the broad sense means that The termn health in heads-non-comunicable nd under two fit and there is a generalwell-being. the body is diseases. Non-comnicable Organization's (WHO) communicable not pased on from The World Health those that are ís a state diseases are and definition ofhealthis as follows:Health to person, such asbeart ailments, camcers well- person mental and social complete physical, diabetes. of or an absence of discase spread frome being and notmerely are arethose that under Communicablediseases health can be categorised person trydirect comtad infirmity.Thus, an infected personto a healtty health and mental two broad heads-physical such asair, uater, insects and food orby agents physical health health. As the name suggests, diseases spread through various mental health is Communicable body, while means baving a healthy most comnon wzys of sprezd the mind means. Onc ofthe fitnessorwell-being of fies the emotional is via insects such 2s mosquitoes, of disease health are: breed andthrive factors that affect insects The and cockroaches.These can infetour 5. Healthy habits Flies Nutrition in unhygienic surroundings. practice to 6. Community it is a good Balanced diet food items and hence 2. car hygiene at all times. Mosquitoes keep food covered 3Properexercise 7. Protection against and dengue such as malaria and adequate rest pass on diseases, areals diseases they suck our blood. Cockroaches when 4. Personal hygiene to control t It is imperative carriers of germs. such insects so that the spread DISEASES breeding of the body dsease is minimised. Disease is an abnormal condition in wbich to functionproperly due or its parts are not ableto many reasons. attention or action Imperative: Requiring Communicable diseases spread in the following ways: 1. Air we inhale 2. Direct contact 3. Insectsor pests 4. Contaminated food and water Through Air we Inhale Fig. 5.2 Chickenpo% Can spread through irectcotact A person suffering from the disease may Sneeze or cough and release water droplets in Through Insects the air that contain thegerms of the disease. This Diseases like malaria, dengue, etc., sprezd air when inhaled by a person is capable via insects. The insects carry germs that of producing the infection in that person as and measles are inieeshet transmittedfrom an intected person to a heal Well. Influenza, cold person.Such insects are called vectors. spreadthrough air. Fig.5.3 Mosquitoes spread malaria and dengue Contaminated Food and Water Fig. 5.1 Sneezing and coughing spread the germs Typhoid, cholera, dysentery and othe diseasesspread through contaminated food c Through Direct Contact water. Food can get contaminated by flies ar Diseases such as conjunctivitis, scabies and other insectsor when unclean and unhygien chickenpox are known to spread by direct handling methods are followed. Water c physical contact between the person get contaminated infected when an infected perS and a healthy individual.They are known as is bathing or washing near a source of wat contagious diseases. These diseases may also This water could get mixed with drink? spread a healthy person comes in physical if water and affect a person who consur contact with certainthings used by the infected it. Hence, it is important to keep food person such as hand towel, drinking glass or water covered at all times and stored in cl pillow. containers. 86  the diseaes ar 54 r Table lists sorne of VECTORS throuch various animals that spread thern. Communicable discases spread Table 54 Some aninals and the diseaR they means., One of themost conmon ways ofspread of discase is via insects such as mosquitoes, Diseases Anirmals spreadine thediseas flies and cockroaches. These organisrns are called vectors, as they carry disease-spreading Malaria, flariass, breed and dengue, yellow fever pathogens in their body. These insects Typhoid, amoebic Housetiy thrive in unhygienic surroundings. Mosquitoes typhoid, dysetery. have been vectors of malaria and ycllow fever, cholera, onjuncis dengue and chikungunya, viral encephalitis. Plague Bat flea Mosquitoes can pass on diseases, when they Rabies suck our blood. Kala-szar Sandtly Fleas are wingless insects that feed on blood and most commonly infest domestic rats, dogs murine typhus and PREVENTION OF DISEASES and cats. Fleas may carry bubonic plague. Someflies,includingcommon Disezses can be prevented by folloing te houseflies and sand flies, do not bite. However, gven suggestions: their presence may be a sign of uncleanliness. Maintainíngpersonal and comrunáty ee Although it does not bite, the housefly is Staying zway from a person who is ka stilla disease vector for bacteria which causes be suffering fron contagious isezsessuch z dysentery and typhoid fever. Flies can infect our chickenpo,mezsles or conjunctivitis. food items and hence keep food covered at all times. ít is a good practice to Making sure that there 2re no opern gg dumps or stagnant water near vour hose,so Cockroaches are also carriers of germs. It is that insectsdo not breed in them imperative to control the breeding of such Keeping food and drinks covered times insects so that the spread of disease is minirnised. andnot exposed Not sharing personal articles such 2s tome and combs. Drinking boiled or filtered water 2tll im Mosquito Housefly Washíng hands frequently and keeping y body parts clean. Covering your mouth and nosewtále snee or coughing so that you do not sprad Cockroach infection. Spraying insecticideswhenever requi Fig. 54 Sormecommon vectors eliminate mosquitoes and fhes. 90 Teaching Tip: The plague) an bediscUssed caUSES, in Syptormsand treatrnent of thedsezses such as murinetyphus dass d bu  that pronotes health through organiscd efforts VACCINATION and inforned choices of society, oryanisations, is better than cure' is a well-known Prevention 1here are various ways in which spread communitiesand individuals, be prevented. For some It includes issues such as air and watcr quality proverb, discases can the cffects on health and safety of masses. of Vaccinations are available that help and its covers are seasonal health discases, hody in tighting against the germs. Most Other issues it coines are given in the form of injections to problems,waste managernent and prevention of Today, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, epidemics. tadlers polio, measles and a number of ruberculosis, INFO HUB diseases can be controlled by vaccination. other World Health Day: 7 April World No Tobacco Day 31 May JMMUNISATION World Yoga Day 21 June is the process by which the body Immunisation immune or resistant to certain diseases/The hecomes can be natural or acquired. SUBSTANCES immunity ADDICTIVE healthy are given Some measures to remain Addiction here: when a is a condition that results Addiction Cleaning or disinfection of daily used articles 1 that can and person takes or consumes a substance such as clothing, handkerchiet, towel of which be pleasurable but the continuation toys. with their becomes compulsive and interferes of the room with 2 Cleaning of floorand walls work, relationships and health. disinfectant. Nowadays,a large part of our young generation and vaccination to the 3. Proper medication drugs cigarettes,tobacco, for fast recovery. is getting addicted to children their labels All these, as written on or filtering before and alcohol. 4. Purify water by boiling also, are injurious to health. drinking and cooking. diseases, They can cause cancer, cardiovascular 5. Keep the toilet clean and flush before and failure, etc/Smoking respiratory ailments,organ after every use. but also all the affects not only the smoker, repellent 6. Use a mosquito net or mosquito him. It is called passive persons around during night. drugs or alcohol, the smoking. After taking enter the house. Let sunlight and fresh air persons body becomes 7. to control system of the and woollen clothes decision-making ability is 8. Expose mattresses weak. An individual's to time. these drugs sunlight from time affected. Apart from health issues, to also cause social and economical problems and Health Social or Public Hygiene their addicts. Public health is the science of preventing life. It is a form of art diseases and prolonging in class. be discussed (lnfo Hub) can various world days of celebrating/observing Teaching Tip: The importance  Alcohol type of effect it produces, slowsdown vital functsos,resltsg speech,unsteady rnvesest 2nd and prpetiy in react quickiy ne The se f even caue to benzve aLggevy. harthe Overdose of alcoh) cosurpson isedee severe depresant effecs, Sorre inability to feel paár, toiy,iere Fig. 5.5 Differernt types of addictive substarices vornits theposon, zrd finally A i In wore casES, ven deatn rets injeci Tobacco toxác overdoe. drast Tobacco intheform of cigarcttes, cigars, bookahs Moreower, the effects on an and chewing gutlas is one ofthe most addíctíve be detrirnental and have AIT drugs uscd world over. lasting The primary componentof can be. tels.Rei D tobacco is nicotine and is the main rcason behind Increased rísk of it being an addiction. developing cerán CancerS Tobaccosmoke affects the respiratory tract and results Liver disezse in breathingdisorders. Darnage to thebrain In addition to nicotine, cigarette smoke also Weakened inmune contains tar. It gets accurmulated in the systen lungs and exposes the user to increased risk Cardíovascular problerns of lung Cancer. Drugs One of the evident cffccts of smoking is 1 druZ 15 any chemical substance that ca colouratíon of tecth and leathery texture of Physvologual change in the body, chen inbalei skin around the face.Chewing tobacco leads to 11jected, smoked, T Consumed otheruise De cancer of the mouth.The other health effects of addiction is a chronic disease characterise smoking are: by drug seeking and use that is compuls or Increased phelgem production difficult to control, despite harmfl consequences. Increased heart rate and blood pressure Drug abuse can obviously lead to heh Decreased problems involving the liver and other maic physical performance organs. However, there are other dangersthe Persistent cough can come from the abuse of drugs thnat many Phelgem: | Saliva mized with tongue Detrimental: Causing harm or injury discharges frorn the respiratory |Physiological:Relating | passages Slurred:Spoken así with atic to branch oi bioogy that deas 92 with the normal functionsof living organisrns  dvals do not conee FoE nstane, 1 Rinse the cut or wond with water rug abuse can lead an indiviual to make 2. lfthewound is rky doNisons that place them in dangerous sal,then aply omedircct preseure to the woand by bansdThiswitt bhelp situations, along iith those arvund thbem. stop the bleeding dame sigen risk ef hg a 3 Raise the injured part to reduce blood Tbe use of waine can Cuse stroCs, so small fow to the wound. hat theY oftengO unnoicd, but result in death. brain 4 Plae theperson atrest and quickly cover the tissae wound with dressings, and continuckecping Se ther etts of nug on users are as the pressure with bandage ot clean cloth. S. Before applving a bandage to the wound..An inividual who abuses substances bv check for circulation below the injury and injecting dìrntlr ànto muscle tissue or veins, then,bandage theinjury drasticalv increases their risk of infection, 6. After bandaging, check iralation below and shanng nedles can casily transmit HIV the injuy again to cnsure that blood fow AlDS and chronic hepatitis vinnses has not been restricted by bandaging. If - Drug abuse leads to mental disorders necessar, loosen the bandage enogh to A person suttes fiom body pain, diarhoca improve circulation. and nausea. 7. the dressing has got blood on lf it, do not Drg abuserssutterfrom poorjudgement and try to remove, and continue the pressure. impairod memory: Removing the dressings may frequently In somne cases, overdose ot drugs can rsult in isturb blood clots and expose thewound to further infection. death ofthat person. S. For severe bleeding, ahwars seek medial FIRST AID attention. First aid is the provision of iritial aare for anines oriary.It is usually performed by a non-expert or untrained person on a sick or injured person until the required medical treatment or ad arives. Ir generally consistsof a series ofsimple and potentiallylife-saving techniques that can be performed with minimal equipment. First Aid for Cuts It is natural to get cut anywhere. If the cut is severe, go to a hospital right away or if the person has to wait for an ambulance, begin this treatment. Fig 5.6 First ald for cuts Teaching Tip: HVIAIDS can be brefly discussed in ciass Chronic hepatitis: Inflammationof liver that lasts at least 6 months  can lead to infectio that rccesitates FirstAid for Burns he/she should treatrnent. a person's clothes catch fire. If follow the given instructions. 1. Try to rernove the stíng as sS2spnsibse 1. Do not try to run. Flarmes nced oxygen to 2. Wash the area carefully with sap 21i wer keep them burning. 3. Rub on with an ice pack wtaped ina ck them from or a cold, wet towel for fev trirutes, 2. Rolling on the ground will stop getting any oxygern and help put out fire. 4. Seek medícal care if you otíce a large sko 3. Wrap something (like woollen blanket) a rash or swelling around the stíng site ox around the person to smoothen the flarnes. swelling or pan persísts for triore thar thres.4. Take burned 5.Use off cold cool the any area clothes or jewellery of the body,before running water burn but do not use ice. for around the it swells. 20 minutes to days. 5.Get medical heip right of the followingsigns: inbreathing, tightness away it you nicticeAty heczáng ín throat swelling of the lips, tongueor face,diztices on dificly ox chest and nausea or vornítíng, First Aid for Anírmal Bites Animal bites and scratchesthat break the ds can sometines cause infectíon. Arúmal bte of dogs, rats, bats, raccoons and fozescan lead to rabies, a life-threatning disease. Follwig instructions should be followed. 1. Let the wound bleed, and then wzsth te wound in running water for three to fve minutes to rernove the animal saliv 6. Do Fig.5.7 not break First blisters. aid for burns Exposed blisters can 2. Wash the water. wound properiy with sop z get infectious or septic. If blisters break, 3. If the bleedíng hzs stopped, apply antíbotic gently clean the area with mild soap and ointment. water, apply an antibiotic ointment. 4. Consult a doctor ímnedíately. 7. Keep the person warm with extra clothes on the unhurt parts of the body. First Aid for SnakeBites Consult a doctor if the burn is severe. lH you are bitten by a venomous snake, immediately call the ambulance, especially i First Aid for Stings the aree changes colour, begins to swell or is Bug bites and stings generally cause uneasiness painful.Many hospitals stock antivenom drug. and extreme pain. However at times, they In case of a snake bite,follow these instructios Note: The first-aid measures given here areimmediatemeasures in case of an accident or inijuy Howee, t always advisable to consult a doctor.  L Remain calm and move beyond the First Aid for Poisoning snake's striking distance. All snakes are not Poisoning causes injury or death due to poisonous. swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting and tight clothing around various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases. Ifthe 2. Remove jewellery person is drowsy, immediately take medical help. thearea with bite, before it starts to swell. Take the following actions until help arrives. 3. Wrap a bandage or cloth 2-4 inches above the area which has been bitten. 1. If the person has swallowed poison, remove mouth. If anything remaining in the person's Get a doctor's assistance immediatcly. A cleaner, or the suspected poisonis a household other chemicals read the container's label and First Aid forFractures follow instructions for accidental poisoning. broken bone. If after an accident, isa, Afructure suspected, then do not nove the 2. Ifthe person has touched any harmful poison Cracture is on the skin, remove it using gloves and rinse to avoid further unless it is necessary person while theskin for 15 to 20 minutes. immediately Take these actions injury gently flush for medical help: 3. If poison has gone in the eye, waiting water. to stop any the eye with cool or lukewarm to the wound 1. Apply pressure or a clean 4. If the person has accidentally inhaled poison Hleeding with a sterile bandage area with of cloth. or gas, take the person into open piece bone fresh air as soon as possible. to realign the bonc or push a 2. Don't try that's sticking out back in. Immobilise the 5. Ifthe person vomits,turn his or her head to help the side to prevent choking. area completely. Padding the area can cloth to a piece of clean Always consult a doctor for medical assistance. relieve the pain.Use the limb. make a sling to immobilise First Aid for Heart Attack packs to limit swelling and help 3.Apply ice A heart attack generally causes chest painformore than relieve pain. 15 minutes. Don't ignore or attempt to tough out five attack for more than the symptoms of aheart hospital immediately. minutes. Call the nearest aspirin to the person to chew and swallow Give only if the person is not allergic to aspirin. Fainting the clothes, If aperson has fainted, loosen to allow fresh air open the doors and windows to enter and do not crowd around the person. the face to revive Sprinkle some cold water over the person. 5.8 Sling used to immobilise the fractured arm Fig. Immobilise: Prevent from noving