Anatomy and Physiology - Respiratory System PDF

Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory System This slide deck contains animations. Please disable animations if they cause issues with your device. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Intro...

Anatomy and Physiology Respiratory System This slide deck contains animations. Please disable animations if they cause issues with your device. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Introduction The purpose of this presentation is to: 1. Describe the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. Explain the physiology of the respiratory system 3. Describe the events that cause inhalation, exhalation, and gas exchange 4. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2 Breathing and Respiration Respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells The combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur o Ventilation (breathing) o External (pulmonary) respiration o Internal (tissue) respiration The cardiovascular system assists the respiratory system by transporting gases Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3 Breathing and Respiration Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4 Components of the Respiratory System Structurally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 parts: 1. Upper respiratory system 2. Lower respiratory system Functionally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 zones: 1. Conducting zone 2. Respiratory zone Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5 Structures of the Respiratory System (1 of 2) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6 Structures of the Respiratory System (2 of 2) The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, and associated structures The lower respiratory system consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 7 Upper Respiratory Tract: Nasal Cavity, Sinuses, & Pharynx Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8 Overview: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 9 Overview: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea Function of nose & nasal cavity Produce mucus Immune functions and circulated by cilia Filter, warm, and moisten air Rich capillaries facilitate Speech resonance Smell Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10 Nasal Conchae and Meatuses Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 11 Pharynx The pharynx functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils—which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 12 Pharynx Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) located on posterior wall Skeletal muscles are important from a structural standpoint Over relaxation of muscles and swelling of the adenoids are issues with sleep apnea Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 13 Pharynx Skeletal muscles are important from a structural standpoint Issue with sleep apnea Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 14 Upper Respiratory Tract Inflammations Rhinitis Inflammation of nasal mucosa Can also spread to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses, causing blockage of sinus passageways, resulting in sinusitis (inflamed sinuses) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15 Lower Respiratory Tract: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, & Lungs Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 16 Lower Respiratory Tract Consists of two zones: Conducting zone: open airways that transport gas to and from external respiration sites Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange (AKA External Respiration) Consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 17 Larynx The larynx (voice box) is a open passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 18 Larynx The larynx contains vocal folds, which produce sound when they vibrate Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 19 Larynx Important Structures Thyroid cartilage: Large, shield-shaped cartilage that is the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricoid cartilage: Ring-shaped piece of cartilage Glottis Lumen of Larynx Epiglottis Piece of elastic cartilage to close glottis of larynx during swallowing Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 20 Structures of Voice Production Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 21 Larynx Inflammation Laryngitis: inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations Causes hoarseness up to speaking limited to a whisper Laryngitis is most often caused by viral infections but may also be due to overuse of the voice, very dry air, bacterial infections, tumors on the vocal folds, or inhalation of irritating chemicals Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 22 Trachea The trachea extends from the larynx to the two primary bronchi Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 23 Trachea Consists of C-shaped cartilage with a smooth muscle connect posteriorly At the bottom of the trachea exist the carina; when stimulated by a foreign object it triggers violent coughing Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 24 Bronchi At the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebra, the trachea branches into a right main bronchus that enters the right lung and a left main bronchus that enters the left lung Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 25 Bronchi Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left The main bronchi first divide into the Lobar (secondary) bronchi and then into smaller and smaller branches Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 26 Bronchi (2 of 3) Upon entering the lungs, the main bronchi further divide to form smaller and smaller diameter branches The terminal bronchioles are the end of the conducting zone Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27 Bronchi (3 of 3) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 28 Lungs The lungs are paired organs in the thoracic cavity Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 29 Lungs The lungs are enclosed and protected by the pleural membrane Pleural cavity contains fluid that provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 30 Lungs Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces Apex: superior tip, deep to clavicle Base: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 31 Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 32 Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs The 3 lobes of the right lung are divided into 10 segments The 2 lobes of the left side are divided into 8 to 10 segments An infection or cancer in 1 segment does not mean the other segment is necessarily affected Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 33 Alveoli When the conducting zone ends at the terminal bronchioles, the respiratory zone begins The respiratory zone terminates at the alveoli, the “air sacs” found within the lungs Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 34 Alveoli in a Lobule of a Lung Alveoli are sac-like structures Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 35 Pneumocyte cells (1 of 2) There are 2 kinds of pneumocyte cells, Type I and Type II Type I are thin simple squamous cells for gas exchange Type II secrete surfactant to allow for easier inflation of the lungs Macrophages patrol to remove debris and fight microbes The alveoli are surrounded by a rich capillary bed Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 36 Pneumocyte cells (2 of 2) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 37 Blood Supply to the Lungs Low-pressure, high-volume system Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (pulmonary circulation) and the bronchial arteries (systemic circulation) Blood exits the lungs via the pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins Ventilation-perfusion coupling o Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 38 Upper Respiratory Disorders/Disease Cilia Dysfunction Smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia Without ciliary activity, coughing is only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in lungs Pleurisy Inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia Inflamed pleurae become rough, resulting in friction and stabbing pain with each breath Pleurae may produce excessive amounts of fluid, which may exert pressure on lungs, hindering breathing Pleural effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 39 Respiratory Physiology Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 40 Pulmonary Ventilation In pulmonary ventilation, air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles Inhalation (Inspiration AKA Breathing in) Exhalation (Expiration AKA Breathing out) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 41 Boyle’s Law Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed, in part, by Boyle’s Law The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure AKA Lungs get smaller, air pressure builds, which pushes air out & vice versa Lungs expand, air pressure drops, which sucks air in Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 42 Muscles of Inhalation and Exhalation: DIAPHRAGM is PRIME MOVER of INHALATION Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 43 Position of the Diaphragm During Inhalation and Exhalation Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 44 Pressure Changes in Pulmonary Ventilation (2 of 2) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 45 Pressure Changes in Pulmonary Ventilation Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 46 Pressures in Pulmonary Ventilation Atmospheric pressure (Patm) Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body 760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere Respiratory pressures described relative to Patm Negative respiratory pressure: less than Patm Positive respiratory pressure: greater than Patm Zero respiratory pressure: equal to Patm Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) Pressure in alveoli Also called intra-alveolar pressure Fluctuates with breathing Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 47 Pressures in Pulmonary Ventilation Intrapleural pressure (Pip) Pressure in pleural cavity Always a negative pressure (