Saturated Hydrocarbons PDF

Prayer Biochemistry ED JOSHUA D. JATICO, LPT Instructor  Name Buzz! Direction: The teacher will show pictures and let the student guess the mystery word/s on each level. The correct answer will be equivalent to 2 points. Each level will be. given 1...

Prayer Biochemistry ED JOSHUA D. JATICO, LPT Instructor  Name Buzz! Direction: The teacher will show pictures and let the student guess the mystery word/s on each level. The correct answer will be equivalent to 2 points. Each level will be. given 10 seconds to guess the correct word. There will be hits or descriptions of the mystery words if no one got the answer after a 3 trials!  LEVEL 1 + −𝑡 Compounds With C Not Synthetic ORGANIC  LEVEL 2 + + Properties Flammable Burning Combustible  LEVEL 3 + + + Linear and cyclic Structure and Naming Combustible Hydrocarbons  LEVEL 4 + + −𝑥 Great in Hydrogen Atoms No more can be added. Saturated  LEVEL 5 + + + Free from or not divided Methane, Ethane…Octane and so on. Unbranched  Biochemistry: Lesson 2 Hydrocarbons: Saturated ED JOSHUA D. JATICO, LPT Instructor  Learning Objectives Formulate the structures of alkanes and cycloalkanes Name some alkanes and cycloalkanes Understand the sources, properties and uses of hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives.  Organic Chemistry The study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds. Studies the chemistry of carbon compounds (other than simple salts)  Characteristics of Organic Compounds A. Contain complex structures and have high molecular weights. B. Soluble in organic solvents but mostly insoluble in water. C. Mostly includes only 4 elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen D. Combustible in nature E. Most properties of these compounds are depended on the functional group attached to them.  Two (2) Major Classes of Organic Compounds: 1. Hydrocarbons – are compounds that contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen. 2. Hydrocarbon derivatives- are those compounds that contain carbon, usually hydrogen, and some other atom. 3. Functional groups- structural units within organic compounds that are defined by specific bonding arrangements between specific atoms  General Concept Map Hydrocarbons of Hydrocarbon Aliphatic Aromatic Saturated Unsaturated Cycloalkane Cycloalkene Cycloalkyne Alkane Alkene Alkynes Hydrocarbons Linear or Open Chain Aliphatic Contain only single bonds between carbon Saturated atoms. Characterized by single bonds between Alkane carbon and carbon, or between carbon and hydrogen  Alkanes a) General Formula: CnH2n +2 b) Naming for unbranched alkanes: IUPAC stands for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an international organization that oversees the naming of chemical substances. Each name is composed of two parts: stem and suffix. A. stem indicates the number of carbon atoms in a molecule B. suffix tells what class of organic compound the molecule belongs to. C. The alkanes are designated by the suffix -ane. Prefixes used in naming alkanes: Number of carbon atoms Name of Prefix (Parent) Name of Alkane 1 meth Methane 2 eth Ethane 3 prop Propane 4 but Butane 5 pent Pentane 6 hex Hexane 7 hept Heptane 8 oct Octane 9 non Nonane 10 dec Decane  Alkanes c) For branched alkanes: I. Identify the longest continuous chain of Carbon ( C ) atoms. II. Note that the longest chain may not be drawn in a straight line. III. Identify the branches, or substituents (Alkyl Group), on the main chain.  Alkanes c) For branched alkanes: IV. The name of the substituent is combined with the parent name of the hydrocarbon without spaces V. The longest chain of the hydrocarbon must be numbered, and the numerical position of the substituent must be included to account for possible isomers. As with double and triple bonds, the main chain is numbered to give the substituent the lowest possible number. Example: 1. CH3CH2CHCH3 CH3CH2 2. CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3  Alkanes d) For more than one substituent: I. If the substituents are different, then give each substituent a number (using the smallest possible numbers) II. List the substituents in alphabetical order, with the numbers separated by hyphens and with no spaces in the name. III. If the substituents are the same, then use the name of the substituent only once, but use more than once, but use more than one number, separated by a comma. IV. Put a numerical prefix before the substituent name that indicates the number of substituents of that type.  Example of branched alkanes: Note (Write the skeletal formula of the following examples)  Let’s Test It! Direction: On ½ crosswise, copy the table and provide what is needed on the following:  Sources of Hydrocarbons The chief sources of hydrocarbons are petroleum and natural gas. Petroleum is a very complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons plus a few compounds of other elements. Natural gas is primarily a mixture of alkanes 1 to 4 carbons atoms, liquid if they contain between 5 and 16 carbons atoms, and solid if they contain more than 16 carbon atoms. Fractional distillation is the process by which oil refineries separate crude oil into different, more useful hydrocarbon products based on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower.  Sources of Hydrocarbons One of the chief products of fractional distillation of petroleum is gasoline. One measure of the quality of gasoline is the octane number. The octane number of gasoline refers to how smoothly it burns. A high–octane gasoline delivers power smoothly to the pistons. A low-octane fuel burns too rapidly and causes the engine to “knock”. Isooctane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, which has excellent combustion properties, was arbitrarily assigned an octane rating of 100. Normal heptane, n-heptane (C7H16), which causes considerable engine knocking, was assigned an octane rating of 0. Mixtures of these two compounds were burned in test engines to establish an “octane scale”. That is if a sample of gasoline has the same amount of knock as an 87% isooctane- 13 percent heptane mixture, then that gasoline has an octane rating of 87.  Properties of Hydrocarbons In general, as the number of alkane carbon atoms increases, the boiling point and density increase. These changes are due to the large surface areas and increased intermolecular forces. Branching lowers the boiling point since the molecules become more compact and the intermolecular forces are lessened.  Properties of Hydrocarbons Alkanes are nonpolar compounds and generally are soluble in nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and insoluble in polar compounds such as water. Reaction of the Alkanes. 1. Combustion. Alkanes react with air or oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. CH4 + 2O2 ---------→ CO2 + H2O + energy The incomplete combustion of alkanes can produce carbon monoxide (CO). 2. Halogenation. All alkanes react with halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, or I2) by a process called substitution in which a halogen atom substitutes for a hydrogen atom. This type of reaction is called halogenation, and the products are haloalkanes (alkyl halides).  Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) Trichloromethane Tetrachloromethane (chloroform) (carbon tetrachloride) A hydrocarbon derivative is used as an anesthetic such as halothane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoethane. The compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of alkanes by halogen atoms and are called halogen derivatives of alkanes (Note that the groups attached to the carbons are named in alphabetical order and the lowest numbers re used.) 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (Halothane) Halothane’s main advantage over other anesthetics formerly used is that it is nonflammable and is not irritating to the respiratory passages. Halothane is usually used in conjunction with nitrous oxide and muscle relaxants to provide general anesthesia for surgery of all types, but it can be administered alone.