SAM MIDTERM REVIEWER PDF

The best method of preventing ESD is to use an SAM MIDTERM REVIEWER ESD wrist strap, grounding mat, or grounding workbench. Performing Computer Hardware Services PC HARDWARE TOOLS Toolkit for PC Hardware Servicing...

The best method of preventing ESD is to use an SAM MIDTERM REVIEWER ESD wrist strap, grounding mat, or grounding workbench. Performing Computer Hardware Services PC HARDWARE TOOLS Toolkit for PC Hardware Servicing - Most tools used in computer system servicing are hand tools. These can be part of a computer Wrist strap repair toolkit as well. - Alternatively referred to as an antistatic strap or antistatic Hardware tools are grouped into these four wrist strap, a wrist strap is a categories: strap that wraps around your 1. Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) tools wrist like a bracelet with a cord 2. Hand tools that attaches to the computer. The wrist strap 3. Cleaning tools keeps the user grounded, which helps prevent 4. Diagnostic tools electrostatic damage to a computer or any other electrostatic sensitive device. The picture Electrostatic discharge (ESD) shows a wrist strap with detachable strap - is the sudden flow of electricity between two around a wrist. electrically charged objects caused by contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. Preventing ESD Zero potential - Most importantly, make sure you and the computer are at zero potential by continuously touching an unpainted metal surface of the chassis or the computer power supply case. Standing - Always be standing when working m Antistatic mat inside the computer. If you are sitting on a chair - Alternatively referred to as a grounding mat, or the floor, it can generate more electrostatic. an antistatic mat is a floor or table mat that reduces the risk of electrostatic discharge while Cords - Disconnect everything from the back of working with electrostatic sensitive equipment. the computer (e.g. power cord, monitor, and USB cables) Clothes - Make sure not to wear any clothing that conduct an electrical charge, such as a wool sweater. Weather - Electrical storms can increase the ESD risk; if it can wait, try not to work on a computer during an electrical storm. Hand Tools Accessories - To help reduce ESD and help - A hand tool is a device for performing work on prevent other problem, it is also a good idea to a material or a physical system using only remove all jewelry. hands. Hand tools can be used manually or electrically powered, using electrical current. Surface - You should be standing on a hard surface, and the computer or other electrostatic sensitive device should be on the table.  Diagnostic Tools - Computers are easier to use and more dependable with each new generation of hardware and operating system update, but that does not mean they are problem-free. Occupational Health and Safety Procedure  Always ground or discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer  Do not work alone so that there’s someone who can take care of you in case of accident or emergency.  Be careful with the tools that may cause short circuit.  Always full the cable connector on the handle and not on the cable itself. Cleaning Tools  Use only rubber shoes when standing on the ground or in a concrete floor. - Having the appropriate cleaning tools is  Make sure that the pins are properly essential when maintaining or repairing aligned when connecting a cable computers. Using these tools ensures that connector. computer components are not damaged during  Always power off and unplug the cleaning. computer before working on it.  Take away any liquid such as mineral water or soft drinks near your working area or near computers.  Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies are recognized.  Personal protective equipment is correctly used in accordance with organization OHS procedures and practice.  Hazard/risks in the workplace and their corresponding indicators are identified to minimize or eliminate risk to co workers, workplace and environment.  Take necessary precautions to protect the PC DISASSEMBLY component of the computer from damaged cause by Electrostatic Discharge - Before starting computer disassembly, make (ESD). sure you have the tools you need and they're all  Hold the components by edges and do not close by and handy and be sure to have a touch the IC’s. container to keep the screws in so you have  Read and follow instruction on the manual them when you want to put things back carefully. together.  Do not use excessive force if things don’t quite slip into place.  Always handle electronic components by a non-conducting (non-metallic) edge. Don't touch the pins or other connectors.  Do not eat, drink or smoke while assembling the computer.  When working on a computer avoid places that are damp, subject to temperature extremes, dirty, or dusty.  The table should be clean and non-metallic to avoid short circuits.  Always disconnect a computer from the AC power and from any powered peripherals Step1. Unplugging while you are working on it.  Never plug an ATX power supply into AC - The first thing you do is to unplug every cable power while adding and connecting cards that is plugged in to your computer. That of motherboard. includes the cables such as Power, USB, Mouse, Keyboard, Internet, Ethernet, Modem, AM\FM 5’S Antenna, Cable TV, etc. Just unplug all the cables for safety purposes. 1. Sort – Clearly distinguish needed items from unneeded and eliminate the latter. Step2. Opening the Outer Shell/Case 2. Straighten – Keep needed items in the correct place to allow for easy and - First, unscrew the four screws at the back of immediate retrieval the computer. On most computer cases, there 3. Shine – Keep the workplace neat and clean will be large knobs that you can unscrew by 4. Standardize – The method by which sort, hand or by screw driver on the back-right side straighten, shine are made habitual. of the computer. The left side has small screws 5. Sustain – Maintain established procedures. because on that side you can't access much on the inside. 10’S Once the screws are removed, you can remove 1) SORT the side panels. On most computers, they just 2) SANITIZE slide off. Start with the left side panel (the side 3) SWEEP that once had the knobs), slide it towards the 4) SYSTEMATIZE back of the computer. Now you can remove the 5) SELD DESCIPLINE left panel. Just like the other side, slide it 6) SUSTAIN towards the back of the computer. 7) SAFETY 8) SEPARATE 9) STANDARD 10) SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT Step3. Removing the System Fan Step6. CD/ DVD Drive(s) - First, unplug the fan from the motherboard. - First, unplug the ribbon from the back of the You can find the plug by following the wire drive. Once that is completed, pull on the tab from the fan. It should be labelled "SYS_FAN1". securing the drive in place, then push it out Next, you will have to unscrew the fan from the from the inside. outside. You should now be able to lift the fan out of the PC. Step7. Hard Drive - First, unplug the connector at the back of the Step4. Removing the CPU Fan slot, and unplug the other end from the motherboard. Also unplug the SATA cable from - The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU the motherboard and the hard drive. The heat sink, which is a large piece of metal with portable hard drive slot is secured the same fins on the top. The CPU fan plugs into the way the CD/DVD drive is, with a tab. Pull on motherboard in an awkward place, that is hard the tab, then slide the slot out. to access. But just follow the wires and you should easily find it. It is labelled "CPU FAN1". To remove the fan from the heat sink, remove the four screws securing it in place. Step8. Memory (RAM) - To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding the RAM in place, which are located Step5. Power Supply at both ends of the RAM. - The first thing to do is unplug every wire coming from the power supply. You must disconnect the motherboard (very large connector/plug), CD/DVD drive(s) power, internal hard drive power and portable hard drive slot power. Step9. Motherboard Once everything is unplugged, unscrew the four screws holding the power supply in place, on - The motherboard has seven screws holding it the back of the computer. Next, push the to the frame, which are indicated by large power supply from the outside, and then lift it white circles around them. Remove them and out. then lift the motherboard out of the frame. PC ASSEMBLY ❹Locate the socket where the microprocessor must be installed. Socket Processor. If you are installing a ZIF socket processor into the computer, begin first by moving the metal arm (lever) located on one of the sides of the socket to a vertical position. Step 1. Prepare your workplace 1. Take Inventory 2. Make Space, Make Time 3. Prepare Grounding Protection 4. Have the Drivers Ready Step 2. Prepare the Motherboard ❺ Raise the lever - review the motherboard manual, to make Now, raise the small metal arm (or plastic sure you are familiar with the motherboard perhaps) on the CPU socket and push it all the layout and understand which socket is which. way up. Also, take notice to the pin layout. See Manuals are extremely helpful, usually easy to how on the socket in the corner near the read, and include illustrations. hinging mechanism, there are 2 pin holes missing? That's so you know the orientation of the CPU. This principle applies to both Intel and AMD CPU's and motherboards. Find your motherboard's documentation. ❻ Align notch on the microprocessor with the STEP3: INSTALLING CPU alignment notch on the motherboard ❶Check the voltage requirement from the - Remember the gold triangle? This is where motherboard and the microprocessor you need to remember it ;) That triangle should documentation. be pointed towards the hinging mechanism on ❷Place the motherboard on the work desk the CPU socket. If you turn over the CPU, there ❸Take the microprocessor out from the plastic should be 2 pins missing there. That should case by holding the microprocessor at the match up the layout on the socket. Carefully edges. place the CPU in the socket. I can't over emphasize "carefully". ❼ Gently, place the microprocessor in the socket. Place the CPU in the socket, and let it fall into place, don't force it. Press gently on the ZIF socket to make sure it is fully seated. Place the heatsink onto the CPU and let the clips on the sides just hang over the retention clip. Pull the heatsink off again and make sure there is good contact between the CPU and its heatsink. Place the heatsink back on, and now put a little pressure on the heatsink clips to Next, hold the CPU down in the socket, and engage them onto the retention clip. You can lower the locking lever. There are a few points simply put some pressure right on the top of the of resistance when lowering the lever. Don't be clips where the white levers are, just push there scared, just be on either side and it should just *pop* into place. Also make sure the clips are in place in the holes. ❽ press the microprocessor firmly in the socket keeping in mind that no damage is cause to the pins. ❾ Put the flap first then push the lever back Begin CPU fan installation by making sure that down such that it is parallel to the all four push pins are facing the correct motherboard and lockets in place ,taking care direction. The grooves on the push pins should not to break the lever while lowering it be facing the center of the CPU fan. STEP 4: INSTALLING HEAT SINK AND FAN - Thermal interface material (TIM), also known To install a CPU fan andheat sink, you will need as thermal compound, paste, or grease fills tiny toalign the four push pins of the heat sink spaces between the CPU and its cooler to assure (circled inyellow above) with the four pin holes optimal heat transfer. Most stock CPU coolers on the motherboard (circled in yellow below): have a stiff factory-applied TIM that becomes soft when heated by the CPU, but other coolers require the manual application of thermal transfer grease or paste.”  RAM memory are installed into the DIMM slots Once everything is aligned, place your thumbs (RAM sockets) on your motherboard. To see on the two diagonally opposite push pins and what a DIMM slot looks like, please refer to press down on both pins at the same time until the image below. you hear a "click" sound. Just like RAM memory modules, DIMM slots have little notches as well (circled in yellow below). Together they form a foolproof design such that you can only insert your RAM memory in one direction. Now we are down to the final step of installing a CPU fan: Plug the CPU fan power connector into the 4-pin CPU fan header on the motherboard. On most motherboards, this header will be located near the CPU socket: While installing RAM memory requires you to apply moderate pressure, avoid excessive force or you may end damaging it. If both retaining clips don't snap in, check if the RAM memory has been inserted in the correct direction. STEP5: INSTALLING RAM Before touching a RAM memory stick, ground STEP 6: Place the motherboard into the case yourself first by touching a metal object such as your computer case. The correct way to hold a 1. Some PC cases have a removable RAM memory is grip it by the sides with your motherboard tray. If yours does, remove the index fingers and thumbs Avoid touching its screws holding it in place and pull it out of the golden contacts at all times. case. If you look closer, you will see that your RAM memory has a small notch (circled in yellow below). Don't underestimate this little nnotch - It's there to make sure you align your nmemory in the correctdirection during RAM installation. 2. Note the pattern of the holes in your motherboard and screw brass standoffs into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations (ALWAYS check the manual and follow their instructions to the letter).  4. Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB and FireWire ports to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. The needle-nose pliers are useful for manipulating small pieces. 3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard, and confirm that the ports on your motherboard's back panel match the holes on the case's Input/Output (I/O) shield that is installed in your case. If necessary, remove the old I/O shield by tapping it firmly a few times with the butt-end of a screwdriver, STEP 8: INSTALLING VIDEO CARD and then replace it with the shield that came with the new motherboard. 4. Carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs line up all the holes, and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the motherboard. If you are using a removable tray in your system, slide the tray and motherboard back into the case and then secure the tray. STEP 7: Connect the Power Supply 1. First, plug the large ATX power connector from your power supply into the matching port on your motherboard. 2. Locate the smaller, square processor power connector (you cannot miss it - it is the one STEP 9: INSTALLING HARD DISK 3. sprouting the yellow and black wires) and attach it to the motherboard. Note: your Primary and Secondary IDE Interfaces: connector is usually located near the processor. Primary and Secondary IDEinterfaces are also As always, refer to your motherboard's manual called as IDE connectors or PATAconnectors. IDE for the exact locations. full form is Integrated Device Electronics. It supports IDE devices, such as Hard disks and CD and DVD drives. 3. use your motherboard user manual and find the description about front-panel connectors.  CONNECTING PERIPHERALS TO PC SATA Connectors: SATA connectors are also called as Serial ATA connectors. SATA full form is Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. These are connect with serial ATA devices, such as Hard disk drives and CD or DVD drives. STEP10: INSTALLING LAN CARD  BIOS settings allow you to run a boot Performing Computer Software Services sequence from a hard drive, a CD-ROM drive, the network, or an external device. BIOS SETUP You may configure the order that your Configuring the BIOS computer and searches these physical devices for the boot sequence. The BIOS (pronounced as "bay-os") or the basic input/output system of the computer, is responsible in making sure that all the other chips, hard drives, ports, and the CPU function together. The BIOS basically sets up your computer - it loads your drivers and boots the operating Entering the BIOS on Startup system. Step1: The BIOS is a software usually built onto the Turn on your computer. You'll only be able to motherboard that shows the major hardware access the BIOS upon startup. If your computer component of your computer with the is already on, you'll need to restart your operating system. computer. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on Step2: the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is Press Del or F2 to enter setup. You can press another type of ROM. and hold or repeatedly press this button. The setup button is usually Del or F2, but this could When you turn on your computer, the BIOS vary depending on your device. does several things. The sequence is as follows: Step2: Here's a list of some of the most common setup 1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings keys by manufacturer: 2. Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers Acer: F2 or DEL 3. Initialize registers and power management ASUS: F2 or Del 4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST) Dell: F2 or F12 5. Display system settings HP: ESC or F10 6. Determine which devices are bootable Lenovo: F2 or Fn + F2 7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence Lenovo Desktops: F1 Lenovo ThinkPads: Enter + F1. MSI: DEL for motherboards and PCs Microsoft Surface Tablets: Press and hold the volume-up button. Origin PC: F2 Samsung: F2 Sony: F1, F2, or F3 Toshiba: F2 Step2: Step2: It's best to start pressing the setup key as soon as the computer begins to restart. If you see Change your settings carefully. When adjusting "Press [key] to enter setup" or something settings in your BIOS, be sure that you certain similar flash across the bottom of the screen what the settings will affect. Changing settings and then disappear, you'll need to restart your incorrectly can lead to system or hardware computer and try again. failure. If you don't know what you want to change coming into the BIOS, you probably Look at your computer model's manual or shouldn't change anything. online support page to confirm your computer's BIOS key. Step3: Step3: Change the boot order. If you want to change what device to boot from, enter the Boot menu. Wait for your BIOS to load. After successfully From here, you can designate which device the hitting the setup key, the BIOS will load. This computer will attempt to boot from first. This is should only take a few moments. When the useful for booting from a disc or flash drive to loading is complete, you will be taken to the install or repair an operating system. You'll BIOS settings menu. typically use the arrow keys to go over to the Boot tab to start this process. Adjusting BIOS Setup Step4: Create a BIOS password. You can create a Step1: password that will lock the computer from Familiarize yourself with the BIOS controls. booting unless the correct password is entered. Since BIOS menus don't support mouse input, You can always reset your BIOS password later. you'll need to use the arrow keys and other computer-specific keys to navigate the BIOS. You can usually find a list of controls in the bottom-right corner of the BIOS homepage.  BOOTABLE DEVICE Step5: Change your date and time. Your BIOS’s clock WHY IS BOOTING REQUIRED? will dictate your Windows clock. If you replace your computer's battery, your BIOS clock will Hardware doesn’t know where the operating most likely be reset. system resides and how to load it. Need a special program to do this job Bootstrap loader. (e.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System) Bootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads it into main memory and starts its execution. In some systems, a simple bootstrap loader fetches a more complex boot program from disk, which in turn loads the kernel. Booting is a startup sequence that launches the operating system of a computer when it is turned on. A boot sequence is the initial set of operations Step6: that the computer performs when it is switched on. Every computer has a boot sequence. Change fan speeds and system voltages. These A boot device is any device or drive that has options are for advanced users only. In this the required boot files that allow the computer menu, you can overclock your CPU, potentially to start. allowing for higher performance. This should be In this case, if we are building a PC from performed only if you are comfortable with scratch, usually there is still no operating system. your computer’s hardware. With this, an operating system can be booted or installed from a boot device. A boot drive commonly used is the hard drive. Usually, an operating system like Microsoft Windows is installed in a hard drive to load Windows. How to Create a Bootable USB Using Rufus A “bootable USB” is a regular USB storage device (like a USB stick or nexternal hard drive) that has an “ISO image” of an operating system Step7: saved on it. Save and exit. When you are finished adjusting An ISO image is an archive file that contains all your settings, you will need to save and exit by the information found on an optical disc, such using your BIOS' "Save and Exit" key in order for as a CD or DVD. This could, for example, be a your changes to take effect. When you save and Windows installation CD. restart, your computer will reboot with the new settings. Check the BIOS key legend to see which key is the "Save and Exit" key.  Click on the “SELECT” button to browse your Normally, whenever you start up your computer and find the ISO file for the operating computer, it boots from the operating system system you want to make bootable (e.g., stored on your internal hard drive. By running Windows, Linux). the bootable USB however, you can boot up your computer using the USB’s ISO image instead. This can be useful if you ever need to recover, repair or install an operating system on your computer. Rufus is one of several programs that allow you to create an “ISO image” on a USB stick. To create a bootable USB using Rufus, all you need is: our ISO of choice, e.g. Windows 10 The latest version of Rufus (available online from https://rufus.ie) Step 6: Configure Partition Scheme A spare USB stick (an 8GB USB should be plenty for Windows 10 but make sure you have For most modern PCs, choose “GPT” under one that’s large enough for the ISO you’re the “Partition scheme” and “UEFI(non-CSM)” using). under the “Target system.” For older BIOS systems, select “MBR” under Step 1: Download Rufus “Partition scheme” and “BIOS (or UEFI-CSM)” under “Target system.” Go to the Rufus official website and download the latest version of Rufus. Step 7: Select File System and Cluster Size Rufus is a lightweight, portable tool, so it doesn’t require installation. Simply download Ensure the “File system” is set to NTFS and run the.exe file. (default for Windows) or FAT32 if required for compatibility. Step 2: Insert Your USB Drive Leave the “Cluster size” at the default setting. Plug in the USB drive you want to use as the Step 8: Start the Process bootable device. Click the “START” button to begin the process. Ensure that the USB has enough storage (at Rufus may prompt you to download additional least 8 GB is recommended) and that all files. Click Yes to continue if this occurs. important data is backed up, as the process will A warning will appear about the destruction of erase all data on the drive. all data on the USB. Confirm by clicking OK. Step 3: Open Rufus Run Rufus by double-clicking the downloaded file. You should see the Rufus interface, which is straightforward and user friendly. Step 4: Select Your USB Drive Under “Device,” select the USB drive you have inserted. Ensure the correct drive is selected to Step 9: Wait for Rufus to Complete avoid accidentally formatting another Rufus will now create the bootable USB. This drive. may take several minutes, depending on the size of the ISO file and the speed of your USB Step 5: Choose Boot Selection drive. Once completed, you’ll see the message Click on the “Boot selection” dropdown READY in Rufus, indicating that the USB drive is and choose “Disk or ISO image (Please select).” now bootable. Step 10: Eject the USB Safely Close Rufus and safely eject the USB drive from your computer. Step 11: Boot from the USB To use the bootable USB, insert it into the target computer. Restart the computer and enter the BIOS/UEFI settings (usually by pressing a key like F2, F12, DEL, or ESC during startup). Change the boot order to boot from the USB first. Save the changes and restart the computer; it should now boot from the USB. INSTALL WINDOWS 10 Requirement for Installing Windows 10 Installing Device Drivers 1. Manufacturer’s DVD Installer – Provided upon buying a computer, laptop, device. 2. Driverpack Solution – A free tool which automatically finds proper drivers for a computer, then downloads and installs it without wizards or installation prompts.  Local Area Network A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. A local-area network (LAN) - share a common communication medium such as cabled or wireless connection. Checking Device Driver Installation After installation, you would want to see if you've installed the correct device drivers to avoid any issues that may hinder the component from running in its full performance. In this simple procedure, we are looking if there drivers are already installed. If the device driver is installed, updating it through the device manager would prompt to say that the drivers are installed. A local-area network (LAN) are connected to a 1. Open the Control Panel. central connecting device, like a hub, switch or 2. Select System and Security. router. 3. Click System and select Device Manager from the left side. 4. Click “Monitor” and you will see that a genetic monitor is installed. What devices make up LAN’s? Host Central Connecting device SET-UP COMPUTER NETWORKS Communication Medium Host - can be any device that has an IP Address/ Central Connecting device - Are responsible for connecting hosts transmitting data. LAN Connectivity Devices: HUBS A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. - The HUB receives data from the HOST then broadcast that data to all other connected hosts on the network. - A hub is an obsolete device. - HOSTS send data to a SWITCH - Switches direct data to its intended destination. - Unlike hubs, switches can send and received data simultaneously. - Switches are the most common device used to connect hosts to a network. With hubs, the more devices you connect to the hub, the more collisions there will be on the network. With switches, there are zero collisions because only the two devices that are communicating will be sending data back and forth. hub is a half-duplex device whereas a switch is a full-duplex device. The more devices on a hub, the more bandwidth that has to be shared and therefore the network gets slower. With switches, the bandwidth does not have to be shared and all ports operate at full speed. HUB is Passive Device (Without Software) While SWITCH is an Active Device (With Software) & Networking device How do devices connect? INTERFERENCE – is anything that disrupts or modifies a signal travelling along wire. TYPES OF INTERFERENCE: Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) – any external effects that disturb electrical or electronics circuits by way of induction or radiation. - Also called radio frequency Interference (RFI) CROSSTALK - any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired capacitive, inductive, or conductive coupling from one circuit or channel to another. VLAN CONCEPTS Virtual Local Area Networks