Introduction to Bacteriology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY Major CHARACTERISTICS EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES characteristics of Major groups Algae, fungi, protozoa, pla...

INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY Major CHARACTERISTICS EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES characteristics of Major groups Algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals BACTERIA Eukaryotes and Size >5 um 0.5 – 3.0 um Prokaryotes Nucleus Classic membrane No nuclear membrane Chromosomes Strands of DNA diploid genome Single, circular DNA haploid genome Mitochondria, Golgi Bodies, ER + - Ribosomes 80S (60S + 40S) 70S (50S + 30S) Cytoplasmic membrane With steroid No steroids (exc. Mycoplasma) Cell wall (+) Fungi, (-) others Complex structure containing PROTIEN, LIPIDS, PEPTIDOGLYCAN Reproduction Sexual and Asexual Asexual (BINARY FISSION) Movement Complex flagellum Simple flagellum Respiration Via MITOCHONDRIA Via CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE Bacterial Shape Spherical (COCCI) Rod-shaped (BACILLI) and Size Diplococci S. pneumoniae Pneumonia Chain-like Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Tetrad Micrococcus Armpits to stink Salmonella enterica Typhoid luteus Streptococci S. pyogenes Strep throat Tennis-rocket Clostridium botulinum Botulinum (chain-like) shaped Staphylococci S. aureus Sinus infections (Grape like and food clusters) poisoning Coccus – single Spiral-shaped (SPIROCHETES and OTHERS) Diplococci – in pairs Vibrio cholerae Cholera Tetrad – group of 4 Helicobacter pylori Ulcer Sarcina – cube-like shape Treponema pallidum Syphilis Streptococci – Chain like Staphylococci – Grape like Essential Cell wall Components of Cytoplasmic Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols Bacteria membrane Site of oxidative and transport enzymes Ribosome RNA and protein in 50S and 30S subunites Protein synthesis Nucleoid DNA – genetic material Mesosome Invagination of plasma membrane Participates in cell division and secretion Periplasm Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane  Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including BETA LACTAMASES Capsule Polysaccharide Protects against phagocytosis Pilus or fimbira Glycoprotein Attachment and conjugation Glycocalyx Polysaccharide Mediated adherence to surfaces Flagellum Protein Motility Spore Keratin like coat, dipicolinic acid Resistance to heat, and chemicals Plasmid DNA Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins Granule Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates Site of nutrient in cytoplasm Other components of bacteria Mesosome – for invagination Bacterial Cell Wall All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan EXCEPT: Mycoplasma Peptidoglycan – sugar backbone (glycan) + peptide side chains (peptido) crosslinked by transpeptidases CELL WALL AND PEPTIDOGLYCAN STRUCTURE CELL WALL Gram positive COMPARING ○ Thick peptidoglycan GRAM POSITIVE For protection (a) AND GRAM Reason why gram positive is bluish in color NEGATIVE (b) Gram Negative BACTERIA ○ Outer membrane contains endotoxin Endotoxin contains IL, TNF; which are responsible for cytokine storms ○ Thin peptidoglycan ○ Unique characteristics: Lipopolysaccharide A – gram positive; B – gram negative A – gram positive; B – gram negative Bacteria with Mycobacteria - arabinogalactan polymer and + mycolic Alternative Cell acid, cord factor, wax D and sulfolipid Wall Structures Corynebacterium and Nocardia !"#$%&'(%")%(*"'(+(*, ○ Due to cord factor on the surface Mycoplasma"!"-&"+.+/(*&0'$%)-"%.''"1)'' Coat: responsible for virulence and antiphagocytic property of mycobacterium Teichoic Acid Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid: polymers of ribose or glycerol ○ Glycerol: connected by phosphates  Sugars, choline, or d-alanine: ○ providing antigenic determinants ○ Attached to hydrophilic ○ Distinguished by antibodies and may determine the bacterial serotype Lipopolysaccharid Gram negative e (LPS) Connected in peptidoglycan " 2)%3"456"3),"47578"9")-*"5:4;69