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Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 This condenser was separate from the cylinder that TOPIC 1: History of Technology Timeline...

Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 This condenser was separate from the cylinder that TOPIC 1: History of Technology Timeline moved the piston, which meant that the engine was much more efficient. Evolution of Technology The steam engine became one of the most important refers to the gradual development and improvement of inventions of the Industrial Revolution. tools, techniques, machines, and systems 1804: Railways ongoing for thousands of years and has accelerated improved James Watt’s steam engine and used it for rapidly in the past few centuries, particularly since the transport. built the first railway. Industrial Revolution. 1807: Steamboat Robert Fulton put the steam engine on water. 1844: Telegraph Samuel Morse was a successful painter who became interested in the possibility of an electric telegraph in the 1830s. He patented a prototype in 1837. 1876: Telephone Once it was possible to send information through a wire in the form of dots and dashes, the next step was actual voice communication. 1876: Internal- combustion engine Unlike the steam engine, it used the burning of fuel inside the engine to move a piston. 3.3 million years ago: The first tools This type of engine would later be used to power begins even before the beginning of our own species automobiles. Sharp flakes of stone used as knives and larger 1879: Electric light unshaped stones used as hammers have been After thousands of trials, American inventor Thomas uncovered at Lake Turkana in Kenya Edison got a carbon-filament light bulb to burn for 13 The tools were made 3.3 million years ago and thus were 1⁄2 hours. likely used by an ancestor such as Australopithecus. 1937: Computer 1 million years ago: Fire It would use binary numbers (base 2, in which all first used fire is still not definitively known, but, like the numbers are expressed with the digits 0 and 1), and its first tools, it was probably invented by an ancestor of data would be stored in capacitors. Homo sapiens 1942: Nuclear power Evidence of burnt material can be found in caves used by As part of the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic Homo erectus beginning about 1 million (and maybe even bomb, it was necessary to understand nuclear reactions 1.5 million) years ago. 1947: Transistor 20,000 to 15,000 years ago: Neolithic Revolution first public demonstration of the transistor, an electrical Also known as (Agricultural Revolution), was a period of component that could control, amplify, and generate transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture-based current. societies much smaller and used less power than vacuum tubes humans began to domesticate plants and animals, and ushered in an era of cheap small electronic devices. leading to the development of agriculture 1974: Personal computer 6000 BCE: Irrigation The first computers that emerged after World War II were irrigation systems emerged about around the same time. gigantic, but, with advances in technology, especially in A high level of social structure is evident in irrigation since putting many transistors on a semiconductor chip, it demands a great deal of labor. computers became both smaller and more powerful. 950: Windmill 1990s Technology Nearly 5,000 years after the first sailing ships, the wind Digital cameras, targeted Internet searches and the was first used to operate a mill. World Wide Web itself, emojis, cellphone even SnapChat The first windmills were in Persia. and Instagram are all built on the ideas that came about They were horizontal windmills in which the blades were in the 1990’s. set on a vertical shaft. 2000s Technology European windmills were of the vertical type. Gave us camera phones, USB flash drives, Bluetooth, It has been speculated that the windmill may have been iPods, the video gaming revolution, LinkedIn, and more. invented independently in Persia and in Europe. 2010s Technology 1250–1300: Mechanical clock The rise of everyday technology. Social media, cloud Hourglass and water clocks had been around for computing, and artificial intelligence radically changed our centuries day -to -day lives. First mechanical clocks began to appear in Europe and 2020s Technology were used in cathedrals to mark the time technologies like artificial intelligence, internet of things, 1765: Steam engine 5G, server less computing, blockchain, edge computing James Watt improved the Newcomen steam engine by and more, new capabilities and solutions in a adding a condenser that turned the steam back into liquid post-pandemic world. water. Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and motivating them, the teacher is the most important." Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 TOPIC 2: CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUE IN Economic Barriers: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Affordability issues related to the cost of internet services, devices, and software, creating economic barriers for Introduction certain populations. Information Technology (IT) refers to the use, Geographic Factors: development, and management of computer systems, disparities in technological innovations and investments software, and networks to process, store, and exchange across different parts of the country, that result in unequal data and information. opportunities and development. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Data Privacy and Protection: are being included into increasing numbers of involve safeguarding personal information from applications, from advanced analytics and natural unauthorized access, misuse, or breaches, ensuring language processing to autonomous systems and secure storage of personal data in accordance with personalized experiences. privacy laws and regulations. Internet of Things (IoT): Government Policies: are becoming increasingly common, and their uses Inadequate or ineffective policies related to digital ranging from smart homes and industrial automation to inclusion can continue the digital divide in some regions healthcare may not benefit from supportive government initiatives. Cloud computing COMPUTER ENGINEERING 1 A service that allows users to access and use computing resources, like servers, storage, and applications. over TOPIC 3: The Role of Mathematics and Physics in the internet, rather than relying on local hardware. Computer Engineering Education Edge computing Terminologies a technology that involves processing data near the Algorithms – a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for source where it is generated rather than relying on a solving a specific problem or performing a task. centralized data -processing warehouse. Boolean algebra – is a branch of mathematics that deals 5G network with variables that have two possible values: true or false. Accelerating offering faster speeds and lower latency, which enhances mobile connectivity and supports IoT Calculus - The mathematical study of continuous growth change, including rates of change (derivatives), accumulation (integrals), and optimization. Circuits – are interconnected components that form a complete path for electric current to flow. Discrete Mathematics - The study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. It covers topics like logic, sets, and combinatorics, which underpin digital circuits, algorithms, and data structures. Sustainability and Green IT Electromagnetic spectrum – is the range of all types of refer to practices and technologies aimed at minimizing electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves to gamma the environmental impact of information technology (IT) rays operations Electromagnetic waves – are waves of energy that Immersive technology travel through space at the speed of light. creates experiences that fully engage users through · Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) - is a tool simulated environments or enhanced sensory that provides a range of features to help developers write, test, interactions. and debug code. Examples include virtual reality (VR), augmented reality LED – is a semiconductor device that emits light when an (AR), and mixed reality (MR), which make users feel as if electric current passes through it. they are part of a different or enhanced world. Logic gate – They process binary inputs (0s and 1s) to produce a binary output based on logical operations like Issue in information technology AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR. Digital Divide Mediums – A material through which waves (sound, refers to the gap between individuals or communities who light) travel, like air, water, or glass. have access to and can effectively use modern digital Operating Systems - is system software that manages technologies and those who do not. computer hardware and software resources, and provides Educational Disparities: common services for computer programs. Unequal access to quality education resources and online Optimization – is the process of finding the most efficient learning opportunities, contributing to a knowledge gap or effective solution to a problem, often by maximizing or among different socioeconomic groups. minimizing specific parameters. INFRASTRUCTURE DISPARITIES Photo Diode – is a semiconductor device that converts Unequal distribution of broadband internet access, with light into an electrical current. rural and economically disadvantaged areas often lacking Resistors – are electronic components that limit or high-speed connectivity. regulate the flow of electric current in a circuit. Insufficient technology infrastructure in schools, libraries, and community centers, limiting access to digital resources. Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 Mathematics and Physics in Computer Engineering Education Circuit Involving Logic Gate (Hardware) Computer Engineering Education - Computer Engineering Education is a program that prepares students to understand and apply the principles of both computer science and electrical engineering. Physics and mathematics provide the fundamental principles that underpin the design, operation, and optimization of computer systems. Physics helps us understand the physical properties and constraints of hardware. Mathematics is crucial for algorithm design, data structures, and system efficiency. The Concept of Physics and Mathematics in Computer Figure 2. AND logic gate Engineering This diagram represents the transistor BC547 as an AND Electronics and Semiconductors – provides the principles logic gate. The gate consists of terminals ‘A’ and ‘B’ underlying the behavior of electronic components such as represented as BC547 terminals “collector” and “base” transistors and other essentials for circuit design. respectively. Resistors prevent disturbance in the flow and potential In order for output to flow to the ‘F’ terminal, both A and B heat damage to the transistor. terminals must be present of electrical current as to which Thermodynamics – provides a crucial understanding of it acts as an on switch in order to allow current to flow to thermal management and for designing effective cooling the terminal ‘F’. systems and managing heat in electronic devices. This triggers the whole circuit directing flow. Digital Logic Design – provides the fundamentals of This type of gate only outputs if both current is present on Boolean algebra and logic gates essential for designing both ends of inputs. and simplifying circuits and systems. With that, the gate will not work even if atleast of the Circuit Involving Semiconductor inputs is active. Thus, the BC547 acts based on the logic Functionality of an AND gate. Current flows to base BC547 if the Photo Diode Problems Relating to Hardware detects infrared light. 1. Heat Problems Semiconductor switches Heat can have a significant impact on the hardware’s on acting as logic gate performance and reliability. called AND. Elevated temperatures can cause components to LED lights up as it degrade faster, potentially leading to reduced lifespan or detects heat. even failure. Figure 1. Fire Alarm Circuit 2. Semiconductor Complicated Design Diagram Poor semiconductor circuit design can have a range of A circuit with a detrimental effects on electronic devices, impacting their semiconductor, a basic fire alarm circuit where the circuit performance, reliability, and overall functionality. triggers an alarm by lighting an LED when detecting Computer Engineering Education (Software) nearby heat. MATH The circuit is composed of a photodiode, BC547 Discrete Mathematics: Provides the basis for understanding transistor, LED as welandas resistors. algorithms, data structures, logic, and computability. In this circuit, when the photodiode detects nearby Calculus: Used in areas such as graphics, simulations, machine infrared light or heat, it produces electric charge that learning, and data analysis. flows into the utmost base terminal of transistor BC547. Linear Algebra: Essential for graphics programming, image transistors are semiconductors processing, machine learning, and natural language processing. It requires both inputs from the collector and base Statistics and Probability: Used in data analysis, machine terminals that acts as an AND logic gate that allows the learning, artificial intelligence, and algorithm design current to flow to the emitter, this acts as an on switch PHYSICS that lets the current flow as a whole throughout the circuit Electricity and Magnetism: Understanding electricity and which lights up the LED. magnetism is crucial for low-level programming, embedded Now, the circuit flows as long as the battery is charged systems, and hardware-software interactions. and infrared is detected, the tendency to overheat is very Mechanics and Thermodynamics: Can be relevant for software likely. involving simulations, gaming, robotics, and areas where physical This is where the resistors are used and placed before interactions are modeled. the components to ensure the components operate safely Signal Processing: Understanding wave propagation, filters, and to prevent heat building up damaging the components. transforms is important for software dealing with audio, video, and communication systems.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 Example of Softwares using Math and Physics: 1. Define a Problem Problem – a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome, harmful Operating Systems: and needing to be dealt with and overcome. manage hardware resources, provide a platform for running applications, and handle essential tasks like file Types of problem: social, personal, technological. management and user interfaces. All PROBLEMS ARE ALSO AN OPPORTUNITY. Mind Mapping – is a versatile tool that can be used for various purposes, including studying, planning, brainstorming, and note-taking. Who (needs) What (because) Why? A. Who has the problem or need? Integrated Development Environments (IDEs): B. What is the problem or need? provide tools for writing, debugging, and testing code, C. Why is it important to solve? streamlining the software development process. They often offer features like code completion, version 2. Do a Background Research control integration, and automated build processes. Target Users – Researching target ensures that the product or service you create meets their specific needs and expectations. By understanding what users want, you can design a product that solves their problems and is easy to use, increasing their satisfaction and likelihood of adopting it. Existing Solutions What products fill a similar need? Virtual Machines and Emulators: What are the strengths and weaknesses of products that Virtual machines allow multiple operating systems to run fill a similar need? simultaneously on a single physical machine, enabling What are the key features of products that fill similar testing and development in different environments. needs? Why did engineers that build these products design them Emulators simulate specific hardware platforms, enabling the way they did? software development for those platforms without the How can I improve my design over existing designs? need for the actual hardware. 3. Specify Requirements TOPIC 4: Developing Problem-Solving through Engineering Features Design Process A. Needed B. Feasible Terminologies C. Subject to change ★ Engineering design process – A series of steps that guides engineering teams as we solve problems. The Components – is a part or element that contributes to a larger design process is iterative, meaning that we repeat the whole. It can be a physical part, like a gear in a machine, or an steps as many times as needed. abstract part, like a factor in a decision. In essence, a component ★ Problem-solving skills – The abilities that help us is a building block that, when combined with others, creates a identify, analyze, and resolve challenges. complete system or entity. DIFFERENT KINDS OF Functions – is a specific action or capability that a system or 9 STEPS OF ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS software should be able to perform. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS MODEL Scope – refers to the extent or range of something, such as an activity, project, or discussion. It defines the boundaries, limitations, or parameters within which something operates or exists. 4. Brainstorm and Evaluate Multiple Solution Why do we need to create multiple solutions? Creating multiple solutions when solving a design problem is important because it helps explore different ways to solve the issue. If you focus on just one idea too soon, you might miss out on better options. Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 Ideation (idea generation) is the creative process of developing ideas. 9. Develop the Solution It starts after identifying a design problem and conducting FINAL STAGE background research, including analyzing existing If your solution to the problem has not yet been achieved, solutions. you should revisit and refine your design through an Researching existing solutions is crucial, as they provide iterative cycle. a solid foundation for generating new ideas. By continuously iterating, you refine the solution until it effectively addresses the problem and meets the desired Analogies – a comparison between things that have similar criteria. features, often used to help explain a principle or idea. How is my design problem like ____? How would I solve my problem using a ____? How would ____ solve my problem? SKETCHING – Sketching and doodling enables the visualization and connection of ideas. Even preliminary or undeveloped concepts should be drawn, as this practice can reveal new perspectives and inspire additional ideas. BRAINSTORMING – The action or process of making a concerted TOPIC 5: Integration of Software and Hardware in Computer attempt to solve a problem, usually by a group discussion of Engineering spontaneously arising ideas. Main components of Hardware Integration? 5. Choosing the Best Solution Questions that we need to consider: How will this solution solve the problem? Is the solution realistic with today’s society? Can the solution be implemented now? If not, when? Are there negative effects of the solution? If so, do they outweigh the benefits? External selection Internal selection Environmental impacts Resources available Function Main components Production Appearance Physical Hardware – This is the physical device that Safety provides the data that is monitored and analyzed. 6. Develop the Solution Sensors – These are monitoring devices connected to the physical hardware that receive data and transform it Refinement & Improvement into a format that can be processed by a computer. This involves making small adjustments to an existing Communication – The method through which the design to enhance its functionality, aesthetics, or usability. electronics communicate with the software. The Improvement involves substantial modifications or communication can be physical (USB cables, Ethernet additions to address identified weaknesses, integrate new cables, HDMI cables) or wireless (Wi-fi, Bluetooth and features, or better meet user needs. Bluetooth Low Energy). Software – These are applications that allow end-users 7. Prototyping to manage and control the physical hardware and the Prototyping – defined as the Conversion of an intangible idea data it gathers. either related to the physical or digital world into a tangible configuration to test its feasibility, validity or efficacy. Hardware Integration 8. Develop the Solution a process of merging various hardware systems or components to function as one Testing and Assessing the Solution Computers, sensors, controllers, and other physical Testing: equipment to interact and operate as a harmonious Based on the original criteria system, this may include connecting them Function/Performance/Durability Hardware integration aims to ensure that different Human Engineering components work well, and are connected, and to satisfy Economics performance criteria. Assessing: Based on the original design criteria Final conclusion of the designer May include tradeoff and substitution Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 Examples of Hardware Integration It permits different systems to communicate with each other, irrespective of their underlying structure or the Medical Devices programming languages in which they’re written. Integration of different medical hardware such as patient enables software applications to work together, providing monitors, imaging machines (CT, MRI), and infusion a scalable and reliable software integration solution. pumps into hospital networks. This allows doctors to access real-time patient data from Software Integration Examples multiple devices in one system. The software integration intends a seamless, streamlined Drones process, increased efficiency, and improved data Drones integrate cameras, GPS, gyroscopes, and control accuracy. systems to allow precise flight control, navigation, and Due to the various benefits of software integration, many data capture for various applications, from aerial large and small businesses are using it to automate photography to agriculture. workflow and make effective decisions based on an uncrewed aircraft or vessel guided by remote control customized details. or onboard computers: such as. a. : a small remotely-operated rotorcraft usually with a mounted Here are some software integration examples to understand how camera. enterprises implement software Integrations. Smart Home Systems integrating smart devices like thermostats, security Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Integration cameras, lighting, and home assistants into a centralized Business owners find it helpful to connect CRM software system. with other relevant software applications, such as email These devices work together, allowing you to control marketing tools or marketing automation software. everything from one app or voice command. You can directly create and manage email campaigns Software Integration right from your CRM tool, where you can view the is the process of connecting one software application with preferences, behavior, and interaction of users for another, typically through their application programming specific components at the same time. interfaces (APIs). Salesforce, HubSpot, and Zoho are primarily used for Once connected, the applications can share data and customer relationship management integration. provide updates to one another in, or near, real-time. eCommerce Platform Integration What are the components of Software Integration ? Using software integration in online business can help streamline the overall process of selling your products to customers. Regarding eCommerce platform software integration, the best apps to integrate with your eCommerce web application are payment gateways (Paypal and Stripe), inventory management tools, security license services, and shipping providers. Also, integrating eCommerce APIs like Shopify can help manage your online store smoothly. There are three fundamental components of software integration – Application Programming Interface (API), Middleware, and IT Service Management (ITSM) Integration Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Each component plays a an arduous process connecting the software with critical role in ensuring seamless communication between various numerous applications and tools to achieve the desired software systems. goals. The ITSM integration allows data exchange and API (Application Programming Interface) synchronization between devices such as IT asset a set of rules and protocols that allows different software management software, query ticketing software, systems to communicate with each other. performance & availability management, and assignment acts as a bridge, allowing two applications to share data management tools to automate service requests and and perform functions without knowing how each management of queries from internal and external users. software works. For example, Google Sheets API allows developers to Human Resource Software Integration read, write, and make changes to Google Sheets data To move forward and keep track of the onboarding from their applications. process of any employee in the organization, Human Middleware Resource software integration with other software A software module that connects software applications systems such as payroll processing, attendance, and and systems, enabling them to communicate and share performance management, or ITSM tool will be beneficial. data. Integrating your organization’s HRIS software with ADP, It acts as a translator, allowing data to move from one Gusto, Ciphr, and other HR management tools can help system to another in an understandable form. smooth the recruitment, onboarding, and management Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) process. a design pattern in software integration that facilitates the interaction of services over a network. Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 TOPIC 6: Ethical Decision-Making in Computer Engineering: Case Studies and Best Practices TOPIC 7: Teamwork in Computer Engineering Projects: Strategies for Success TOPIC 8: Communication Skills for Computer Engineers: Bridging Technical and Non-Technical Audiences TOPIC 9: Preparing Computer Engineering Students for the Industry: Internships and Co-op Programs TOPIC 10: Innovative Teaching Methods in Computer Engineering: From Theory to Practice TOPIC 11: The Impact of Emerging Technologies on Computer Engineering Education TOPIC 12: Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Computer Engineering: Working with Other Engineering Fields TOPIC 13: Challenges and Opportunities in Computer Engineering Research and Development TOPIC 14: Diversity and Inclusion in Computer Engineering Education TOPIC 15: The Importance of Professional Organizations and Certifications in Computer Engineering Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25 TOPIC 16: Designing Sustainable and Ethical Computing Systems TOPIC 17: The Role of Computer Engineering in Advancing Global Development Goal TOPIC 18: Mentorship and Peer Learning in Computer Engineering Programs TOPIC 19: Preparing Computer Engineers for Leadership Roles in Technology TOPIC 20: Continuous Learning and Adaptation in the Field of Computer Engineering Computer Engineering as a Discipline Mr. Dennis Zapanta | CpE 1 A | 1st Semester | 24 - 25