Russell Biology 5th Edition Chapter 09 - Cell Communication PDF

Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 1. The system of communication between cells through signaling pathways is called homeostasis. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNI...

Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 1. The system of communication between cells through signaling pathways is called homeostasis. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 2. In the liver, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the breakdown of glucose. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 3. Steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, are polar signaling molecules. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 4. After the binding of a signaling molecule to a surface receptor, the signaling molecule does not enter the cell. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 5. An active phosphatase adds phosphate groups to other molecules. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 6. G-protein–coupled receptors are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 7. In plants, the IP3/DAG pathways control the organism's responses to water loss and changes in light intensity. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 8. Steroid hormones are nonpolar molecules derived from cholesterol. a. True b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 9. In breast cancer, ERα is often lost, which increases cell proliferation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 10. Cross-talk between second messenger pathways is probably involved in particular types of olfactory signal transduction in many animals. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication b. False ANSWER: True REFERENCES: 9.4 Integration of Cell Communication Pathways QUESTION TYPE: True / False LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.10 - Explain how divergence, convergence, and cross-talk introduce additional complexity and flexibility in cellular signaling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 11. In order for a target cell to receive a signal, it must possess a ____ specific to the signaling molecule. a. glycolipid b. glycoprotein c. receptor d. transfer protein e. hormone ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 12. Adjacent animal cells utilize ____ to rapidly communicate with each other. a. gap junctions b. plasmodesmata c. hormones d. desmosomes e. neurotransmitters ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 13. Adjacent plant cells utilize ____ to rapidly communicate with each other. a. gap junctions b. plasmodesmata c. transport proteins d. desmosomes e. neurotransmitters ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 14. How do cells in the body of a multicellular organism communicate with each other? a. by way of signaling molecules that interact with specific receptors b. through long projections that directly connect cells to each other c. through electrical signals passed between a cell and its external environment d. by the transport of ions between cells in different parts of the organism e. by the transport of ions in water ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 15. Substance B is synthesized in neurons, travels through gap junctions, and triggers the transduction of an electrochemical signal. This is an example of ____. a. autocrine signaling b. paracrine signaling c. long-distance signaling d. local signaling e. communication by direct contact ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.3 - Describe the different mechanisms used for cell signaling, depending on the distance between signaling and target cells. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 16. Substance A is synthesized in the liver, travels through the circulatory system bound to a carrier protein, and causes a change in gene expression in a target cell. This is an example of ____. a. autocrine signaling b. paracrine signaling c. long-distance signaling d. local signaling e. communication by direct contact ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.3 - Describe the different mechanisms used for cell signaling, depending on the distance between signaling and target cells. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 17. In order for a cell to respond to the signaling molecule epinephrine, it must have ____. a. ion channels b. a lipid bilayer through which epinephrine can pass Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication c. receptors with an epinephrine binding site on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane d. receptors with an epinephrine binding site on the plasma membrane surface e. nuclear membrane receptors ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 18. Receptors for polar molecules are found ____, while receptors for nonpolar molecules are located ____. a. on the cell surface; within the cell b. within the cell; on the cell surface c. on the cell surface; on the nuclear membrane d. on the nuclear membrane; on the cell surface e. on the cell surface; within the lipid bilayer ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 19. Nonpolar signaling molecules enter the cell by ____. a. facilitated diffusion b. simple diffusion c. osmosis d. active transport e. receptor-mediated endocytosis ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 20. An example of a nonpolar signaling molecule is ____. a. epinephrine b. insulin c. testosterone d. growth factors e. neurotransmitters ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 21. How does a cell surface receptor respond to the binding of a signaling molecule? a. The cell surface receptor denatures. b. The signal is transduced through the plasma membrane and into the cell. c. The receptor relays a signal to another location on the cell surface. d. The cell surface receptor flips through the membrane to the inside of the cell. e. Polarization of the cell surface changes. ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 22. The overall process by which information carried by a signaling molecule is translated into changes that occur inside the cell is called signal ____. a. digestion b. digression c. induction d. interaction e. transduction ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 23. You have recently identified a molecule you believe to be a signaling molecule associated with signal transduction. All you know about this molecule is that it is hydrophilic; therefore, you expect it to interact with a receptor ____. a. on the cell surface b. within the cytoplasm of the cell c. in the nucleus of the cell d. on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane e. associated with the endoplasmic reticulum ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 24. In the 1950s, Earl Sutherland and colleagues discovered that epinephrine ____. a. triggers the release of a second messenger that leads to the hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose b. triggers the release of a second messenger that lowers blood glucose by causing it to bind to liver cells c. interacts directly with the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase d. interacts directly with the cell membrane to help transport glucose into the cell e. is a signaling molecule that does not require a cell surface receptor Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 25. In general, a cell receiving a message undergoes three stages of cell signaling. What are these stages? a. paracrine, autocrine, and local b. signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response c. signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and apoptosis d. signal reception, cellular response, and cell division e. the alpha, beta, and gamma ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 26. Cell signaling pathways evolved ____. a. thousands of years ago b. in multicellular organisms c. hundreds of millions of years ago d. tens of billions of years ago e. 1 million years ago ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 27. In the process of quorum sensing, bacteria release signaling molecules in ____ concentrations as cell density ____. a. increasing; decreases b. increasing; increases c. decreasing; increases d. decreasing; decreases e. constant; increases ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 28. Quorum sensing ____. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication a. allows receptors from different parts of the cell to work together to elicit a response b. allows receptors from different parts of the body to work together to elicit a response c. uses multiple cellular pathways to elicit a specific response d. is a type of communication between unicellular organisms e. is a type of cell communication between multicellular organisms ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 29. Dictyostelium amoebas gather to form a fruiting body in a process similar to ____. a. G-protein—coupled signaling b. quorum sensing c. a phosphorylation cascade d. paracrine signaling e. autocrine signaling ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 30. The two major categories of extracellular signaling molecules that bind to cell surface receptors are ____. a. peptide hormones and steroid hormones b. steroid hormones and neurotransmitters c. neurotransmitters and vitamins d. growth hormones and vitamins e. peptide hormones and neurotransmitters ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 31. Neurotransmitters are molecules released by ____. a. gonads b. polar hormones c. peptide hormones d. cells in the blood e. neurons ANSWER: e Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 32. The surface receptors that recognize and bind signaling molecules are ____. a. glycoproteins b. glycolipids c. phospholipids d. promoters e. ligands ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 33. The recognition of a chemical signal by a receptor protein in the membrane is most similar to ____. a. mRNA specifying the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide b. binding of a specific substrate to the active site of an enzyme c. turning on gene transcription d. allosteric regulation of proteins e. an enzyme requiring a specific optimum pH and temperature for activity ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze 34. The last protein in a signaling pathway is called the ____. a. target protein b. final acceptor c. electron acceptor d. second messenger e. effector protein ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 35. Amplification of a signal increases as the ____. a. number of enzyme-catalyzed steps increases Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication b. number of enzyme-catalyzed steps decreases c. volume of the cell increases d. volume of the cell decreases e. rate of reaction of the rate-limiting reaction increases ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.9 - Explain how signal amplification and off switches determine the intensity and duration of a cellular response. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 36. In the first step of signal transduction, what is the trigger for the cellular response? a. target protein b. kinase c. ligand d. second messenger e. effector ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 37. What is the second step of signal transduction? a. reception b. transduction c. differentiation d. division e. response ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.2 - Describe the three steps in all signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 38. Protein kinases ____. a. add phosphate groups to proteins b. bind cGMP c. stimulate adenylyl cyclase d. polymerize amino acids e. hydrolyze proteins ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 39. The effects of protein kinases are reversed by another group of enzymes called ____. a. hydrolases b. catalases c. isomerases d. phosphatases e. proteases ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 40. Signaling molecules bind to the ____ region of a receptor tyrosine kinase. a. intracellular b. hydrophobic c. extracellular d. cytoplasmic e. intramembrane ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 41. The protein kinase activity of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is located ____ region of the protein. a. on the extracellular b. on the cytoplasmic c. within the hydrophobic d. in the nuclear e. in the inactive ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 42. During autophosphorylation, RTKs add phosphate groups to which amino acids? a. serine Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication b. glycine c. threonine d. tryptophan e. tyrosine ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 43. What happens immediately after a signaling molecule binds to an RTK? a. receptor dimerization b. receptor trimerization c. receptor denaturation d. receptor polymerization e. receptor hydrolysis ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 44. Structurally similar RTKs have been found in all multicellular animals, suggesting that ____. a. RTK genes are resistant to mutation b. RTKs evolved relatively early in the history of animals c. RTKs evolved from G proteins d. RTKs are not involved in vital processes in animals e. RTKs have evolved independently of each other in animals ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 45. The insulin receptor is an example of a(n) ____. a. G-protein-coupled receptor b. hydrophobic receptor c. hormone receptor d. receptor tyrosine kinase e. ion channel receptor ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 46. Substance E is made in the pancreas, travels through the blood, and binds to a surface receptor on a target cell. After dimerization and autophosphorylation, the receptor activates a signaling protein. Substance E is therefore the ligand for ____. a. a receptor tyrosine kinase b. a G-protein–coupled receptor c. a hormone receptor d. a ligand-gated ion channel e. guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 47. Arrange the events in the pathway activated by G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the correct order. 1. Activation of effector 2. Activation of protein kinases 3. Receptor binds first messenger 4. Production of second messenger 5. Activation of G protein a. 1→3→5→2→4 b. 2→3→5→4→1 c. 3→1→5→4→2 d. 3→5→1→4→2 e. 3→5→2→4→1 ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 48. Inactive G proteins are ____. a. bound to GMP b. bound to GDP c. bound to GTP d. phosphorylated e. unphosphorylated ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 49. Activated G proteins ____. a. trigger endocytosis of the G-protein–coupled receptor b. bind to second messengers c. separate into two parts d. activate a kinase e. inhibit guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 50. How many transmembrane domains are present in a G-protein–coupled receptor? a. one b. three c. five d. seven e. nine ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 51. Many of the different types of GPCRs in humans function to ____. a. distinguish different volatile molecules for odor recognition b. regulate metabolism by sensing and responding to changes in glucose levels c. regulate liver function by responding to different macromolecules d. aid in memory by binding to neurotransmitters in the amygdala e. trigger the fight of flight response by binding to hormones in the hypothalamus ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 52. More than 60% of all prescribed drugs target ____, due to their wide physiological impact. a. receptor tyrosine kinases b. hormone receptors c. guanylyl cyclase d. ligand-gated ion channels e. G-protein–coupled receptors ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 53. G proteins are inactivated when ____. a. GDP is converted to GTP b. GTP is converted to GDP c. the G protein rebinds the receptor d. the G protein is released from the receptor e. the receptor is broken down ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 54. Many signal transduction pathways utilize second messengers to ____. a. transport a signal through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane b. relay a signal from the outside of the cell to the inside c. relay a signal from the inside of the cell to the outside d. decrease the message once the signaling molecules have left the receptor e. relay the message from the inner surface of the plasma membrane throughout the cytoplasm ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 55. The amino acid targets of protein kinases in all GPCR pathways are ____. a. serine and glycine b. serine and tyrosine c. serine and threonine d. glycine and tyrosine e. glycine and threonine Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.4 - Describe the general principles of G-protein–coupled signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 56. Which molecule is a common second messenger? a. cGTP b. cATP c. PIP2 d. diacylglycerol e. Ras ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 57. In the cAMP pathway, the G protein activates ____. a. adenylyl cyclase b. diacylglycerol c. phospholipase C d. inositol triphosphate e. phosphodiesterase ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 58. Once activated, cAMP is quickly degraded to AMP by ____, switching off the signal pathway. a. adenylyl cyclase b. diacylglycerol c. phospholipase C d. acetylcholinesterase e. phosphodiesterase ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 59. In the IP3/DAG pathway, what is the effector molecule? a. IP3 b. DAG c. PIP2 d. phospholipase C e. calcium ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 60. Substance C is secreted from a neuron, and binds to its receptor on a nearby cell, triggering an increase in intracellular cAMP. Substance C is therefore a ligand for a ____. a. a receptor tyrosine kinase b. a G-protein–coupled receptor c. a hormone receptor d. a ligand-gated ion channel e. guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 61. Ras proteins are of interest to researchers because of their role in ____. a. reproduction b. linking plant hormones to germination c. the development of many types of cancer d. relieving cluster headaches e. eliciting the fight-or-flight response ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 62. Inactive Ras is bound to receptor tyrosine kinases by ____. a. G proteins b. adapter proteins c. phosphate bonds Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication d. peptide tethers e. GDP ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 63. Activated Ras ____. a. activates MAP kinase (MAP K) b. opens a calcium channel c. triggers gene transcription d. binds DNA e. triggers the secretion of growth factors ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 64. Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, binds to ____. a. receptor tyrosine kinases b. ligand-gated ion channels c. adenylyl cyclase d. MAPK e. G-coupled protein receptors ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 65. Which cellular response follows activation of a ligand-gated ion channel? a. direct regulation of gene expression b. generation of an electrical signal c. activation of a phosphorylation cascade d. activation of a second messenger pathway e. direct activation of a kinase ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 18 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 66. A neuron synthesizes and secretes substance D, which binds to a receptor on the neuron cell membrane, triggering an influx of calcium. Substance D therefore is a ligand for a ____. a. a receptor tyrosine kinase b. a G-protein–coupled receptor c. a hormone receptor d. a ligand-gated ion channel e. guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 67. Steroid and thyroid hormones do not bind to membrane surface receptors because they ____. a. are small enough to pass directly through the membrane b. are soluble in the lipid bilayer c. pass through special membrane channels d. are water-soluble e. dissolve in the cholesterol present in cell membranes ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 68. Steroid hormones ____. a. are proteins b. include testosterone, estrogens, and cortisol c. never activate second messengers d. never alter membrane transport of ions e. are large nonpolar molecules ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 69. Why are steroid hormones bound to carrier proteins in the blood? a. to prevent them from entering non-target cells Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 19 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication b. to keep them in an inactivate state c. to mask hydrophobic groups on the steroids to allow for circulation in the blood d. to help them bind to surface receptors and trigger a cellular response e. to help them bind to surface receptors and trigger endocytosis ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 70. How do cells distinguish between estrogen and testosterone? a. Only male cells respond to testosterone, and female cells respond to estrogen. b. Eestrogen is hydrophilic and binds to surface receptors, while testosterone is hydrophobic and binds to internal receptors. c. Eestrogen and testosterone have similar functional groups but different basic structures that are easily distinguished by their individual receptors. d. Estrogen and testosterone have the same basic structures, but different side chains that are easily distinguished by their individual receptors. e. Estrogen and testosterone bind to different carrier proteins, which help receptors distinguish between the two molecules. ANSWER: d REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 71. Estrogen receptor (ER) α typically ____, while ERβ typically ____. a. stimulates DNA binding; inhibits DNA binding b. stimulates cell proliferation; inhibits cell proliferation c. stimulates channel opening; inhibits channel opening d. inhibits DNA binding; stimulates DNA binding e. inhibits cell proliferation; stimulates cell proliferation ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 72. Researchers have determined that the growth of hormone-responsive breast cancer cells depends upon ____. a. the relative concentrations of ERα and ERβ in the tumor cells b. the ability of ERβ to stimulate cancer cell growth c. the ability of ERα to inhibit cancer cell growth Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 20 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication d. whether DNA binding sites exists for ERα, but not ERβ e. the relative concentrations of estrogen and testosterone in breast tissue ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 73. Hormone receptors are comprised of two domains, the hormone binding domain and the ____, which triggers the cellular response. a. gene activation domain b. DNA-binding domain c. phosphorylation domain d. kinase domain e. phosphatase domain ANSWER: b REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 74. Substance A is secreted by the liver, travels through the circulatory system bound to a carrier protein, and causes a change in gene expression in its target cell. Substance A is therefore a ligand for ____. a. a receptor tyrosine kinase b. a G-protein–coupled receptor c. a steroid hormone receptor d. a ligand-gated ion channel e. guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply 75. Nitric oxide (NO) binds to an ____. a. internal receptor and activates a second messenger cascade b. internal receptor and triggers a phosphorylation cascade c. external receptor and activates a second messenger cascade d. external receptor and triggers a phosphorylation cascade e. external receptor and opens a ligand-gated ion channel. ANSWER: a REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 21 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 76. NO can only function as a paracrine regulator because____. a. it is hydrophilic and cannot travel free in the blood b. it is hydrophobic and cannot travel free in the blood c. it is rapidly converted into nitrates and nitrites d. its receptors are rapidly turned over e. its receptors are immediately internalized when the ligand binds ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 77. How is the NO pathway manipulated by Viagra to treat erectile dysfunction? a. NO synthesis is decreased b. NO synthesis is increased c. the enzyme catalyzed by NO is stabilized d. the enzyme catalyzed by NO is inhibited e. the breakdown of cGMP is inhibited ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 78. NO binds to and activates____ to trigger its cellular response. a. receptor tyrosine kinase b. G-protein–coupled receptors c. MAPK d. adenylyl cyclase e. guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 79. Communication and integration of responses between simultaneously occurring cell signaling pathways is called Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 22 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication ____. a. mutualistic responding b. effector coordination c. cross-talk d. amplification e. signal transduction ANSWER: c REFERENCES: 9.4 Integration of Cell Communication Pathways QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.10 - Explain how divergence, convergence, and cross-talk introduce additional complexity and flexibility in cellular signaling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 80. Hormone-independent steroid hormone receptor activation is an example of ____. a. allosteric activation b. gene regulation c. receptor integration d. protein mutation e. cross-talk ANSWER: e REFERENCES: 9.4 Integration of Cell Communication Pathways QUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.10 - Explain how divergence, convergence, and cross-talk introduce additional complexity and flexibility in cellular signaling. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Answer the following questions using the accompanying figure. Match the types of cell communication shown in the figures with the descriptions below. Some choices may be used more than once. Figure 9.1 a. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 23 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication b. b c. c d. d REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Matching LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.3 - Describe the different mechanisms used for cell signaling, depending on the distance between signaling and target cells. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 81. cell communication by direct contact ANSWER: d 82. paracrine regulation ANSWER: a 83. autocrine regulation ANSWER: b 84. long-distance signaling ANSWER: c 85. communication used by neurotransmitters acting on neuron across a synapse ANSWER: a 86. communication used by cardiac muscle cells to synchronize heart contractions ANSWER: d 87. mediation of the fight-or-flight response by epinephrine ANSWER: c Match the type of cell communication with the correct description. a. Ras b. receptor tyrosine kinase c. ligand-gated ion channel d. nitric oxide e. hormone receptors f. signal transduction g. IP3 /DAG h. cAMP REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Matching LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. DYNS.RUSS.21.09.6 - Explain how Ras/MAP kinase signaling incorporates both receptor-tyrosine-kinase and G-protein signaling pathways. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 24 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition) Chapter 09 – Cell Communication DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. DYNS.RUSS.21.09.8 - List the steps used in cellular responses to steroid hormones and nitric oxide. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember 88. binds to and activates the enzyme guanylyl cyclase ANSWER: d 89. directly bind to DNA to affect transcription ANSWER: e 90. lithium reduces the activity of this pathway ANSWER: g 91. G protein activated by a receptor tyrosine kinase ANSWER: a 92. binds to acetylcholine ANSWER: c 93. pathway triggered by glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown ANSWER: h 94. defects in this receptor type can lead to diabetes and dwarfism ANSWER: b 95. converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular response ANSWER: f 96. Why is it necessary for cells to communicate with each other in a regulated way? ANSWER: Regulated communication is responsible for the controlled growth and development of an animal as well as coordinating the functions of tissues and organs. REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 97. Why is cell communication considered evolutionarily ancient? ANSWER: Some protein components of cell communication pathways are the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some entire cell signaling pathways are conserved between distantly related organisms, for example, Drosophila and humans. REFERENCES: 9.1 Cell Communication: An Overview QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.1 - List uses of cell signaling in single-celled and multicellular organisms. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 25 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)  for more ebook/ testbank/ solution manuals requests: email [email protected] Chapter 09 – Cell Communication 98. What is the function of signal transduction? ANSWER: Signal transduction refers to the process by which a cell converts a chemical signal from outside the cell into an intracellular signal typically through a series of biochemical reactions involving enzymes. This ultimately results in a specific cellular response occurring. REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.7 - Compare the signaling mechanisms used in pathways using internal receptors versus surface receptors. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 99. Amplification is an important characteristic of signal transduction pathways involving surface receptors. What is amplification and how is it accomplished in the cell? ANSWER: Amplification is an increase in the magnitude of each step in a signal transduction pathway. Amplification occurs because many of the proteins that carry out individual steps in the pathway are enzymes. Once activated, each enzyme can activate hundreds or thousands of proteins in the signal transduction cascade. REFERENCES: 9.2 Signaling Pathways Using Surface Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.9 - Explain how signal amplification and off switches determine the intensity and duration of a cellular response. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand 100. How does cAMP regulate glucose levels in mammals? ANSWER: Glucagon, which is released from pancreatic cells when blood glucose levels fall, triggers a cAMP receptor response pathway. In response, glycogen is broken down to glucose. REFERENCES: 9.3 Signaling Pathways Using Internal Receptors QUESTION TYPE: Subjective Short Answer LEARNING OBJECTIVES: DYNS.RUSS.21.09.5 - Compare the steps used in the cyclic AMP versus IP3/DAG second messenger systems. KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 26 Testbank for Biology: The Dynamic Science by Russell (5th edition)