Rural Institutions UNIT 1 PDF

RURAL INSTITUTIONS  COURSE CONTENT  Rural Development Administration:  Ministry of Rural Development  Organizational Structure of DRDA, Features and working.  Panchayati Raj Institutions  History, Structure and Present Scenario  Rural E-Governance through Panchayati Raj Institutio...

RURAL INSTITUTIONS  COURSE CONTENT  Rural Development Administration:  Ministry of Rural Development  Organizational Structure of DRDA, Features and working.  Panchayati Raj Institutions  History, Structure and Present Scenario  Rural E-Governance through Panchayati Raj Institutions  Role of Voluntary Agencies  Non Government Organizations (In Rural Areas Particularly) : Aims & objectives  IT Kiosks In villages (Through leading Indian IT & Telecom Companies)  Rural Development Institutions  NCRI (National Council Of Rural Institutions): Origin, Model, Objective & Thrust areas  NABARD  IRMA- ANAND  Institute of Integrated Rural Development  National Institute of Rural Development  Khadi & Village Industries Commission  HISTORY Rural development refers to the economic development as well as greater social transformation. o Increased participation of people in rural development programmes. o Decentralization of planning. o Better enforcement of land reforms. o Greater access to credit Initially agriculture, industry communication, education, health & other such sectors were main area of concentration. Only when it was observed that involvement of people at grass root level with that of the govt efforts can only accelerate the growth, the thrust shifted.   Planning Commission Community Project Administration To administer program relating to community (March 31st 1952) development Ministry of Food & Agriculture Dept. of Rural Development Dept. shifted as Ministry of Rural Reconstruction Oct. 1974 (Oct 1979) Renamed as Ministry Of Rural Development (23rd Jan 1982) Dept. shifted under Ministry of Agri & Development (Jan 1985) Renamed as Ministry of Agriculture(1985) Dept. upgraded as Ministry of Rural Development (5th July 1991)  Ministry of Rural Development Dept. of Watershed Development(2nd July 1992) This dept was renamed as Ministry of Rural Areas & Employment with 3 departments. Ministry of rural Areas & Employment  Department of Rural employment & Poverty Alleviation  Rural Development  Watershed Development In 1999 Ministry of Rural Areas & employment was renamed as ministry of Rural Development & has been acting as an enzyme(accelerator) affecting the change in rural areas through implementation of wide spectrum of programs which are aimed at poverty alleviation, employment generation, infrastructure development & social security.  Ministry's main objective is to alleviate(eliminate) rural poverty & ensure a better quality of life especially for rural. these objectives are attained through formulation, development & implementation of programs related to rural activities from income generation to environment replenishment.  To ensure that the outcome of economic reforms are shared by all sections of the society. Elements of economic & social infrastructure critical to the quality of life in rural areas were identified as  Health  Education  Drinking Water  Housing & Roads  To support the efforts of these sectors, government launched Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) & the ministry of rural development was entrusted with the role of implementing drinking water, housing and rural roads components of PMGY.  During the 9th plan period, several anti poverty programs have been restructured to enhance the efficiency of the programs for providing increased benefits to the rural poor.  self employment programs were rebuild by merging the Integrated Rural Development Programs (IRDP), the Development of Women & Children in Rural Areas(DWCRA), the Supply of Improved Toolkits to Rural Artisans (SITRA), the Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment(TRYSEM), the Ganga Kalyan Yojana(GKY) & the Million Wells Scheme into a self employment scheme called Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). [Million Wells Scheme: Free of cost open well irrigation to poor & small farmers]  Panchayati Raj Institutions have been involved in the program & there institutions constitute the core decentralized development of planning & implementation.  On 25th Dec 2002, under drinking water sector, a new initiative, “Swajal Dhara” empowering the Panchayats to formulate, implement, operate & maintain drinking water projects, was launched by Prime Minister, initiated on 27th Jan 2003.  Project Hariyali was launched to strengthen & involve Panchayati Raj Institutions in the implementation of watershed management programs, namely –  IWDP- Integrated Wasteland Development Program  DPAP- Drought Prone Areas Program  DDP- Desert Development Program.  Acknowleding the importance of women empowerment for the development of rural India, a women’s component was introduced in the programs for poverty alleviation to ensure flow of adequate funds to this section. The constitutional amendment (73 rd) Act 1992, provides for reservation of selective posts for women.  Because of enormous responsibility in the panchayats, regarding the economic development programmes, women members & chairpersons of panchayats, who are basically new entrants, have to acquire the required skills to assume their role as leaders & decision makers.  State govt/Union Territory Administrations are responsible for the training of elected representatives.  Ministry of rural devp also extends financial support to the state/UTs with a view to improve the quality of training programs.  11th plan saw injection of huge resources from the union budget to the rural & farm sector. This formed the substance of Bharat Nirman Programme. MNREGA proved to be a major support,  Department of drinking water & sanitation has been separated from Min of Rural Devp from 13 July 2011, & renamed as Min of Drinking Water & Sanitation. Now in 2019 it is merged with Min of Water Resources, River Devp & Ganga Rejuvenation & renamed as Ministry of Jal Shakti (31st May 2019). Minister- Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Deputy min- Rattan Lal Kataria  Some major programs under Min of Rural Development  Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act for employment.  Indira Awas Yojana for providing housing to BPL households.  PMGSY for quality road construction.  National Social Assistance Programme for social pension.  National Rural Livelihoods Mission for self employment & skill development.  Integrated Watershed Management Programme for sustainablde mgt of national resources. They had schemes for capacity devp of rural functionaries , information, education & commission & monitoring evaluation.  Ministry of Rural Development Department of Rural Development Department of Land Resources  Department of Land Resources Main objectives of department are:-  To increase productivity of degraded land through the process of integrated watershed mgt.  To support the state/UTs for implementation of National Lands Records Modernization Programs 2008 (NLRMP)  Land Reforms & other matters related to land like administration of land acquisition Act 1894, National Registration & Resettlement Policy of 2007, Registration Act 1908 etc. o Land acquisition Act 1894, replaced by Land Acquisition Act 2013 as Right to Fair Compensation & transparency in land acquisition, Rehabilitation & Resettlement Act 2013, all India sans J&K. o Provides fair compensation for whose land is taken away. o Transparency to land acquisition process to set up factories, buildings & assures rehabilitation of those affected. o Applicable when land is acquired by govt for own use. o Transfer it to private companies for public purpose.  Bio-Diesel Mission. o Approved by GOI in 2009, this policy encourages the use of renewable energy resources as alternate for fuels to supplement transport fuels. They proposed a target of 20% biofuel by 2017. o National Bio-Diesel Mission was launched identifying Jatropha Curcas as the most suitable tree born oilseed for Bio-Diesel production.  Key Hurdles o Unavailability of sufficient feedstock & lack of Research & Development to evolve high yielding drought tolerant Jatropha seeds. o Smaller land holdings, ownership issues with government. o Lackluster progress by state govt o Negligible commercial production of bio-diesel. o Difficulty in initiating large scale cultivation of Jatropha. It started without any planned varietal improvement programs & use of low yielding cultivars made things difficult for small shareholders. o No specific market for seed supply hence middlemen exists  Department for Rural Development Established for poverty reduction, employment generation, rural infrastructure, habitant development, provision for basic minimum services etc. Important programs under the department are:-  PMGSY- 100% centrally sponsored scheme, launched in 2000, seeks to provide connectivity to all the locations in the rural areas having population of or above 500 in plain & 250 in hilly areas. It is complimented by Mukhya Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana in the states of Haryana, Gujarat, Bihar, Maharashtra etc.  SGSY- Single self employment program for rural poor. Families living below poverty line were organized into SHG which were established by aid from govt subsidy & credit from investment banks. Renamed as National Rural Livelihood Mission in 2011 & now in 2015 it was changed to DeenDayal Antyodaya Yojana.  Rural Housing- identified as one of the basic requirement for human survival, construction of houses was included as a major activity under the National Rural livelihood Program 1980. Indira Awas Yojana 1985 was launched under the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Act 1983. It continued as a sub scheme of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana & has operated independently since 1996.- - In 1998, GOI announced National Housing & Habitat Policy, aimed at facilitating the construction of 20 Lakh units in rural & urban areas. It was reconstructed as Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana for rural areas & Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana for urban areas in 2015 as housing for all by 2022.  Training Schemes- As training, research & development are closely associated, it is essential to continue the education of both policy makers & implementers. National Institute of Rural Development is conducting those training programs, schemes, seminars, campaigns etc. this was earlier named as National Institute of Community Development.  Monitoring & evaluation of development activities provides shareholders with better means for learning from past experience, improving service delivery, planning & allocating of resources & demonstrating results as part of accountability. The ministry of Rural Development & National Information Center provides with Disha Dashboard to help elected officials get the data & insights needed. Disha Dashboard helps the MPs, MLAs & district officials track the performance of all major flagship schemes in their constituencies. - National Level Monitoring Common Review Mission Internal Audit Report  Promotion of Voluntary Schemes & Social Action Program- Information, education & communication (IEC) plays a pivotal role in creating awareness, mobilizing people & making development participatory through advocacy & by transferring knowledge, skills & Techniques to people. Council of Advancement of People’s Action & Rural Technology (CAPART)1986 has been set up to encourage participation of voluntary agencies in rural development & assist them financially.  DRDA- Traditionally the principal organ at the district level to oversee the implementation of poverty programs of the ministry. It was in 1999 that DRDA was introduced as a separate entity to strengthen & make them professional in managing the anti poverty programs & be an effective link between the ministry & District, on the recommendation of Shankar Committee. DRDA is a supporting & a facilitating organization & needs to play a very effective role as a catalyst in development process. DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY In late 1952, govt initiated a new Community Development Programme by setting up a new administrative unit called ‘Block’. It was different from other units like Tehsil/Taluka. Block office was visualized as an umbrella within which different departments like agriculture, animal husbandry, cooperation, health, education etc. were to function. There were more than 500 national extension services by the end of 2 nd 5 year plan. In the early stages of 4th five year plan, it was observed that the green revolution isn’t benefitting the small & marginal farmers, who were the majority in rural poor. Small farmers development agency(SFDA) & marginal farmers & agricultural Labor Development Agency were set up in selected districts focusing on primary sectors. When the need for integration arose, integrated rural development  DRDAs were set up as registered societies to coordinate the implementation of new programmes. Self employment, wage employment, infrastructure schemes were entrusted to DRDAs.  Till date they are the principal organ to oversee the anti-poverty programmes of the ministry.  Administrative cost was met by setting apart certain %age for each Programme.  With effect from April 1st 1999, a new centrally sponsored scheme for strengthening the DRDAs was introduced. OBJECTIVES (Not an implementing Agency, but a catalyst in development process) To professionalize the DRDA to effectively enhance the quality of implementation of anti poverty Programme. To coordinate effectively with the line department, panchayati raj institutions, NGOs & technical institutions to gather support & resources required for poverty reduction efforts in the district. To deal only with anti-poverty programs. If entrusted with program of other ministries, they should have anti-poverty focus.  ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE Each district will have its own DRDA as a society registered under Society Registration Act. States where DRDA do not have a separate identity, a separate cell is to be created in Zilla Parishad with a separate identity & separate books of accounts, so as to conduct account audits separately.  STAFFING STRUCTURE Each DRDA is led by a project director, who should be the rank of an additional District Magistrate. He would be in charge of DRDAs activities & responsible for interactions with Dist./State administrations as well as Government. In case of having a separate cell with Zilla Parishad, the CEO of Zilla Parishad is the chairman of the governing body. That CEO could also be designated as the project director of the DRDA. There are positions for Additional & Assistant Directors, MPs, MLAs etc. 1/3rd of the Panchayats chairpersons to be nominated by rotation for 1 year, 1 must be from SC/ST, 1 from women. Chairmen –RRB,  FUNDINGS Salary & Administrative expenses of DRDA 75:25 Between central & State Gov. 90:10 for North-East States 100% for Union Territories. DRDA WINGS  Self Employment Wing Headed by a project officer, with an APO in the field of planning, social mobilization, credit & technology. APO Planning would look after district/block/village plans by guiding the BDOs, planning the infrastructure etc. by coordinating with district officials, banks etc. APO Credit who should be from the commercial banking sector, would coordinate with the banks in all matters relating to credit, including the interface between the bankers and the beneficiaries/ beneficiary groups, loan disbursements as well as loan recovery. APO Social Mobilization would look after the capacity building, group formation, release of funds, choice of activities of groups etc. APO Technology would look after issues concerning technology upgradation as well as transfer of technology.  Women’s Wing In order to ensure that women receive adequate attention in all the anti- poverty programmes, a Women's Cell should be sit up in each DRDA. This cell would establish necessity synergy with departments such as Women & Child Development, Education and health Departments to ensure that women not only receive their due share in the anti-poverty programmes but are also able to receive benefits of other programmes. The Women's wing will be headed by an Assistant Project Officer, who will function under the overall co-ordination of the Project Officer of the self employment wing.  Wage Employment Wing The central concern of the DRDA in the wage- employment programmes should relate to planning, monitoring and vigilance by a technical wing. The DRDA should not concern itself with the actual implementation and execution of works which can be done by the line department / engineers or the Panchayati Raj Institutions. At the same time, the magnitude of the wage employment wing, with a Project officer assisted by a small complement of staff.  Watershed Wing A Watershed Wing will be set up in the DRDA in all such districts where IWDP / DPAP /DDP is in operation. This wing should consist of a Project Officer, assisted by a small complement of staff. This staff would be independent of the Programme support in the form of PIAs or Watershed committees.  Engineering Wing Each DRDA should have a technical wing, which should also be responsible for innovations in design or use of materials, as well as training of the engineering personnel of the line departments or the PRIs. This wing should be manned by an Executive Engineer assisted by one or two Assistant / Junior Engineers.  Monitoring Wing These should be a separate Monitoring and Evaluation wing headed by a Project Economist and functioning directly under the supervision of the Project Director. Apart from monitoring the progress of all the programmes., this wing should also carry out evaluation /impact studies regularly by independent by independent institutions /experts including NGOs. The cost of such studies will be met from the respective Programme funds. This wing should also monitor issues relevant to poverty in the district.  Account Wing Wherever it has not been done, the DRDAs should shift over to commercial accounting systems from the existing government account system. They should publish an annual report along with the balance sheet. The accounts wing of the DRDA should be headed by a Sr. Accounts Officer, either on deputation or by engaging the services of a chartered accountant. He should be supported by an Accounts Officer each for self- employment programmes and wage employment programmes duly assisted by accountants. Wherever the Watershed programmes (IWDP/DPAP/DDP) are under implementation, an additional post of Accounts Officer may be sanctioned. For Indira Awaas Yojana, one Accountant at the district level should be available to monitor the progress of the Programme and the accounts. ii) One of the Accounts Officers should perform the role of internal audit.