Running Events PDF

Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness III (PATHFit III Athletics)  Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness III (PATHFit III – Athletics) CHAPTER I History and its Development History of Athletics Facilities and Equ...

Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness III (PATHFit III Athletics)  Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness III (PATHFit III – Athletics) CHAPTER I History and its Development History of Athletics Facilities and Equipment CHAPTER II Running Events Rules Developmental Activities CHAPTER III Throwing Events Rules Skills Developmental Activities CHAPTER IV Jumping Events Rules Skills Developmental Activities HISTORY OF ATHLETICS  HISTORY OF ATHLETICS ATHLETICS IN PREHISTORIC TIMES Many events of track and field are directly related to the survival skills of primitive humans. Prehistoric people jump over bushes and streams while hunting food. Hunters dashed after prey or ran long distances to escape predators. Rocks and spears KEY POINTS were early weapons were 1. Survival is the main purpose of hurled through the air like athletics in prehistoric times. the modern shot-put and 2. There is no organized athletic javelin. competition.  HISTORY OF ATHLETICS ATHLETICS IN ANCIENT GREECE Did you know? (776 B.C. – 394 A.D.) In Ancient In ancient Greece, sporting Greece, celebrating events became so popular Olympics that special athletic contestis their way was started in 776 B.C. to honor Greatest athletes from their god, Zeus. Greece came to a place called Olympia to compete. The competition was called the Olympic Games. However, after Rome conquered Greece in 146 B.C they became less of a sport and more like organized combat. This continues until Roman Emperor Theodosius I finally ordered the Olympic Games halted in 394 A.D.  HISTORY OF ATHLETICS ATHLETICS IN MODERN OLYMPICS In 1896, Olympic Games were finally begun again after a 1,500-year absence. Baron Pierre de Coubertin helped organize the first modern Olympics. The games were Did you know? held in April 1896 at Athens, Greece. The motto of modern Olympics is “Swifter, Higher, Stronger!”. The Olympic logo symbolizes 5 different continents of the world namely the Africa, Asia, America, Australia Baron Pierre de Coubertin and Europe. was a French educator and historian, founder of the International Olympic Committee, and its second president. He is known as the father of the modern Olympic Games.  FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT  TRACK STADIUM ABOUT TRACK STADIUM 100 meters A running track is oval shaped made up of two long straight sections connected together by 100 meters 100 meters two curved sections. The track is 400 meters in measure. There are lines painted & Discus Throw on the surface of the track to separate it into 8 100 meters lanes. Each lane measures 1.22m. TRACK STADIUM PLACE FOR FIELD EVENTS LONG JUMP The long-jump area has a long, narrow, all-weather runway that leads to a large & Discus Throw rectangular pit filled with sand. TRACK STADIUM PLACE FOR FIELD EVENTS HIGH JUMP The high-jump area is a large, clear area paved with rubberized asphalt. A huge & Discus Throw foam rubber pit breaks the fall of the jumpers. TRACK STADIUM PLACE FOR FIELD EVENTS SHOT-PUT & DISCUS THROW Special, circular areas of dirt or rubberized asphalt are used as launching areas for & Discus Throw the shot-put and discus. The shot-put and discus are then tossed out onto grass or sod. TRACK STADIUM PLACE FOR FIELD EVENTS JAVELIN THROW Javelin is thrown on a large, open field. & Discus Throw UNIFORM  TRACK SHOES For track runners wear special shoes Track shoes should be very light. A track shoe has four to six sharp metal spikes on its sole. The spikes grip the track’s surface to give the runner better traction. 4-6 spikes  STARTING PISTOL Firearm used by a judge to signal the start of a race by firing blanks into the air.  STARTING BLOCK Starting blocks are a device used in the sport of track and field by sprint athletes to brace their feet against at the start of a race so they do not slip as they stride forward.  BATON Baton is a small stick that is passed from one runner to the next during a relay race. The relay baton is a smooth, hollow, one-piece tube made of wood, metal or another rigid material 28 - 30 cm length 12 -13 cm in circumference 50 grams  HURDLES Barrier used as an obstacle in certain track events; it is placed at regular intervals on the circuit and its height varies depending on the event. MEASUREMENT MEN WOMEN 110-meter 400-meter 100-meter 400-meter 1.067 m.914 m.838 m.762 m STEEPLE CHASE HURDLE A barrier used in steeple chase. MEASUREMENT MEN WOMEN Length Height Length Height 6.96 m.914 m 6.96 m.762 m  POLE The fiberglass equipment used to propel the vaulter up and over the bar. 20 pounds LENGTH: 3.05 m - 5.30 m  JAVELIN The javelin is a light spear made of alloy. MEASUREMENT WOMEN Length Weight U18 - 500g U20/SENIOR 2.2m – 2.3m 600g MEN Length Weight U18 - 700g U20 - 800g SENIOR 2.6m - 2.7m 800g  HAMMER The hammer is composed of a ball (competition balls are made of turned or stainless steel), a rotating (ball-bearing) swivel, a hammer wire and a handle, normally aluminium, which can be straight or curved according to the thrower’s preferences. WOMEN MEASUREMENT Length Weight U18 - 3kg U20/SENIOR 119.5cm 4kg MEN Length Weight U18 - 5kg U20 - 6kg SENIOR 121.5cm 7.260g  DISCUS A circular disk usually wooden with a metal rim and thicker in the center than at the edge, for throwing for distance in athletic competition. MEASUREMENT WOMEN Diameter Weight U18 - 1kg U20/SENIOR 18cm 1kg MEN Diameter Weight U18 - 1.5kg U20 - 1.75kg SENIOR 22cm 2kg  SHOT A solid ball of smooth metal used in shot put. MEASUREMENT WOMEN Diameter Weight U18 - 3kg U20/SENIOR 95-110mm 4kg MEN Diameter Weight U18 - 5kg U20 - 6kg SENIOR 110-130mm 7.26kg RUNNING EVENTS Sprint Races Middle Distance Races Long Distance Races Hurdles Relays  Sprint Races A sprint race starts out with the runners in starting blocks in their lane. The official will say “on your marks”. At this point the races should be focused on the track, have their feet placed in the blocks, fingers on the feet placed in the blocks, fingers on the ground behind the starting line, hands slightly wider than shoulder width muscles relaxed. Next the official will say “Set”. At this point the runner should get their hips slightly above shoulder level, feet pushed hard into the blocks holding their breath and ready to race. Then there is the band and the race has started. The runner should exhale and run out of the blocks not jumping. The initial part of the race the runner is accelerating to top speed. Once top speed is achieved then endurance kicks in as the runner tries to maintain that speed for the rest of the speed. Sprinters should remain relaxed while running and move their arms in a straight back and forth motion. They should be focused on their lane and the track at the start and the finish line for the last half of the race or so. In short distance, the common lengths include: - 100 meters - 200 meters - 400 meters (Quarter Mile)  Middle Distance Races These races required different skills and tactics to win that the sprints. They rely more on endurance and pacing than just pure speed. Also, the runners don’t stay in a single lane for the entire race. They start out in staggered lanes to make the distance the same for each runner, but the race soon becomes open with no lanes and the runners must to pass around each other to gain the lead. In middle distance the common lengths include: - 800 meters (Half Mile) - 1000 meters (Metric Mile)  Long Distance Races These races are like the middle-distance races, but the emphasis is even more on correct pacing and endurance. In long distance, the common lengths include: - 3000-meter run - 5000-meter run - 10000-meter run  Hurdles A hurdles race is one in which obstacles are placed at intervals along the track that the runners must jump over on their way to the finish line. Timing, footwork, and technique are key in wining hurdle events. Of course you still need to be fast but jumping the hurdles in stride without much slowing down is how to win in the hurdles. In hurdles, the common lengths include: - 100-meter low hurdles (women) - 100-meter high hurdles (men) - 400-meter low hurdles (men and women) - 3000-meter steeplechase  Relay Relay races are where teams of runners compete against each other. There are typically 4 runners and 4 legs to the race. The first runner or lead-off man starts with the baton and runs the first leg handling off to the second runner. The hand off must typically take place within a given area of the track. The second then hands off to the third and the third to the fourth. The fourth runner run the final, or anchor, leg to the finish line/ in relay, the common lengths include: - 4x100 meter relay - 4x400 meter relay - 4x100 meter mixed relay - 4x400 meter mixed relay Rules and Regulations of Running Events 1. Sprinters should run in designated lanes and cannot cross lanes throughout the race. 2. In races with bunched starts, athletes can break inside. In 800 meter race, they start from staggered positions and can break inside after the first bend. 3. In longer races of 1500 meters, 5000 meters and 10000 meters, athletes can break inside after the start. 4. Sprinters shouldn't step on white lines that mark their lanes throughout the race. 5. Sensors are placed in the starting pistol and at the blocks. In case of a false start, the athlete is disqualified. Rules and Regulations of Running Events 6. Before giving the “set command” or before firing the starter gun, athletes cannot touch their hands or feet. 7. Athletes should not obstruct other athletes during the race. 8. If an athlete is obstructed, the referee may order the race to be held again, or he may ask the athlete to take part in the next round. 9. Athletes may leave the track voluntarily before the race ends, but they cannot come back to the track else they will be disqualified.