Imaging Science And Informatics RT 101 PDF

IMAGING SCIENCE AND INFORMATICS RT 101 LOVELY MONICA H. MENDOZA, RRT, LPT  INTRODUCTION IMAGING SCIENCE - is the study of science, computing, and engineering theories behind the technology that goes into creating images, the integration of this technology...

IMAGING SCIENCE AND INFORMATICS RT 101 LOVELY MONICA H. MENDOZA, RRT, LPT  INTRODUCTION IMAGING SCIENCE - is the study of science, computing, and engineering theories behind the technology that goes into creating images, the integration of this technology into imaging system, and the application of those systems to gather information and solve scientific problems. INFORMATICS - interdisciplinary science and includes computer science, information science, decision science , management science, cognitive science and organizational theory, all motivated by the need for new solutions to enhance the quality and safety of patient care.  INTRODUCTION Informatics is a process of passing information from one person to another or from one place to another. Technically every aspect of the radiologist’s workday involves some form of communication; calling a colleague for patient history, calling a technologist to apply a protocol or check an image, reviewing images with a clinician, teaching a trainee, producing a formal report, justifying an examination to a third- party payer. All of these events fall under the purview of imaging informatics, and all of them , along with the image interpretation itself, can become more efficient , more effective and more reliable with the proper tools.  INTRODUCTION Although radiologists may be the major beneficiaries of imaging informatics, all personnel in the radiology department should be familiar with informatics. Radiologic Technologists need to understand the communication tools and infrastructure that enable them to perform their jobs efficiently and effectively and to correct problems with image quality.  INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE: Nurses need tools to provide them with complete patient histories and to allow them to efficiently document the results of their interventions. Schedulers and billing personnel recognize the benefit of coordination between the referring clinician and the interpreting radiologist in subjects such as the reason for an examination.  COMPUTERS The word computer refers to any general-purpose-stored-program electronic digital computer. The word computer today identifies the personal computer (PC) to most of us, which is configured as desktop, laptop or notebook.  COMPUTERS Decades ago, digital computers replaced analog computers, and the word digital now is synonymous with computer. Analog refers to a continuously varying quantity; a digital system uses only two values that vary discretely through coding. Analog and digital meters are used in many commercial and scientific applications. Digital meters are easier to read and can be more precise.  COMPUTERS An analog clock is a mechanical and has A digital watch contains a computer hand that move continuously around the chip and indicates time with numbers. dial face.  COMPUTERS Computer application in radiography also continue to grow. The first large-scale radiology application was Computed Tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance imaging and diagnostic ultrasonography use computers similarly to the way other imaging system do. Computer control high-voltage x-ray generator and radiographic control panels, making digital fluoroscopy and digital radiography routine.  COMPUTERS Telecommunication system have provided for development of Teleradiography, which is transfer of images and patient date to remote locations for interpretation and filing. Teleradiography has changed the way human resources are allocated for this task.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The earliest calculating tool, the abacus was invented thousand of years ago in China and is still used in some parts of Asia.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS In 17th century, Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz, built mechanical calculators using pegged wheels that could performed the four basic arithmetic functions of add, minus, times and divide.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS In 1842, Charles Babbage designed an analytical engine that perform general calculations automatically. Herman Hollerith designed a tabulating machine to record census data in 1890. Hollerith’s company grew to become IBM (International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational information technology company headquartered. The company produces and sells computer hardware, middleware and software, and provides hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS In 1939, John Atansoff and Clifford Berry designed and built the first electronic digital computer In December 1943, the British built the first fully operational working computer, called Colossus. Colossus which was designed to crack encrypted German military codes.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The first general-purpose modern computer was developed in 1944 at Harvard University. Originally called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) it is now known simply as Mark I. It was an electromechanical device that was exceedingly slow and was prone to malfunction.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The first general-purpose electronic computer was developed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. This computer, called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) contained more than 18,000 vacuum tubes that failed at an average rate of one every 7 minutes.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Neither the Mark I nor the ENIAC had instructions stored in a memory device. In 1948, scientist led by William Shockley at the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the transistor. A transistor is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signal to pass. It made possible the development of “stored program’’ computer and thus the continuing explosion in computer science.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The transistor allowed Eckert and Mauchly of the Sperry- Rand Corporation to develop UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) which appeared in 1951 as the first commercially successful general purpose, stored program electronic digital computer.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Neither the Mark I nor the ENIAC had instructions stored in a memory device. In 1948, scientist led by William Shockley at the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the transistor. A transistor is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signal to pass. It made possible the development of “stored program’’ computer and thus the continuing explosion in computer science.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The transistor allowed Eckert and Mauchly of the Sperry-Rand Corporation to develop UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic Computer), which appeared in 1951 as the first commercially successful general-purpose, stored program electronic digital computer.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS This Celeron microprocessor incorporates more than 1 million transistors on a chip of silicon that measures less than 1 cm on a side  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Computers have undergone FOUR GENERATION of development distinguised by the technology of their electronic devices First-generation computers were vacuum tube devices (1939-1958) Second-generation computers, which became generally available in about 1958, were based on individually packaged transistors. Third-generation computers used integrated circuits (IC’s), which consist of many transistors and other electronic elements fused onto a chip - a tiny piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. These were introduced in 1964. The microprocessor was developed in 1971 by Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation.  HISTORY OF COMPUTERS The Fourth-Generation of computers, which first appeared in1975 was an extension of the third generation and incorporated large-scale integration (LSI); this has now been replaced by very large- scale integration ( VSLI), which places millions of circuit elements on a chip that measures less than 1 cm. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS A timeline showing the evolution of today’s computer.  COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE A computer has two principal parts: The hardware is everything about the computer that is visible -- the physical components of the system that include the various input and output devices. Input Processing memory storage output and communications  COMPUTER LANGUAGE To give a computer instruction on how to store and manipulate date, thousands of computer languages have been developed. All computer languages translate what the user inputs into a series of 1s and 0s that the computer can understand. Although the computer can accept and report alphabetic characters and numeric information in the decimal system, it operates in the binary system. In the decimal system, the system we normally use, 10 digits (0-9) are used.  COMPUTER LANGUAGE The word digit comes from the Latin word for "finger" or "toe". Note : Computers operate on the simplest number system of all --- the binary number system. It has only two digits, MKHGG 0 and 1. HJH NB - one binary digit - "bit" - 8 bits - "bytes" Computer capacity is expressed by the number of bytes that Can be accomodated.  COMPONENTS Central Processing Unit(CPU) The central processing unit in a computer is the primary element that allows the computer to manipulate and MKHGG carry out software instructions. HJH NB Example of currently available CPUs are the Intel Core i5 and AMD phenom II. In microcomputer, this is often referred to as the Microprocessor.  COMPONENTS The Pentium processor is designed for large, high performance, multiuser or multitasking system. A computer's processor MKHGG HJH NB (CPU) consist of a control unit and an Arithmetic/ Logic Unit ( ALU)  COMPONENTS These two computers and all other components are connected by an electrical conductor called a bus. These control unit tells the MKHGG HJH NB computer how to carry out software instructions, which direct the hardware to perform a task.  COMPONENTS Microcomputer processing speeds usually are defined in megahertz (MHz), where 1 MHz equals to 1 million cycles per second. Today's MKHGG HJH NB microprocessor commonly run at up to several gigahertz. 1 GHz = 1000 MHz  MEMORY Computer memory is distinguised from storage by it's function. Whereas memory is more active, storage is more MKHGG HJH NB archival. The active storage is referred to as memory, primary storage, internal memory, or Random Access Memory R.A.M/ RAM  MEMORY Random access means data can be stored or accessed at random from anywhere in main memory MKHGG HJH NB in approximately equal amounts of time regardless of where data is located.  TYPES OF RAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM)and Static RAM DRAM chips are more widely use, but SRAM chips (SRAM) are faster. SRAM retains its memory even if power to the computer is lost but it is more expensive MKHGG than DRAM and requires more space and power. HJH NB Note: Main Memory is the working storage of a computer  MEMORY Read-only Memory (ROM) Read-only memory contains information supplied by the manufacturers, called firmware that MKHGG HJH NB cannot be written on or erased. Three variation or ROM chips are used in special situations: PROM, EPROM and EEPROM  MEMORY PROM/programmable read-only memory Chips are blank chips that a user, with special equipment can write programs to. After the program is written, it cannot be erased. EPROM/erasable programmable read-only memory Chips MKHGG HJH NB are similar to PROM chips except that the contents are erasable with the use of a special device that express the chip to ultraviolet light. EEPROM/electronically erasable programmable read-only memory Can be reprogrammed with the use of special electronic impulses MKHGG HJH NB  MOTHEBOARD The motherboard or system board is the main circuit board in a system unit. This board contains microprocessor, or MKHGG HJH NB any co-processor chips, RAM chips, ROM chips, other types of memory.  MOTHERBOARD All data processed by a computer pass through main memory. The most effecient computers therefore, have enough main memory to store all data and programs MKHGG needed for processing. HJH NB Usually, secondary memory is required in the form of CDs, Dvds, HDDs and SSDs. Secondary memory functions similarly to a filing cabinet-you store information there until you need to retrieve it.  Filing cabinet for MKHGG xray HJH NB  The word file is used to refer to a collection of data or information that is treated as a unit by the computer. Common files are program files such as data files, image MKHGG HJH NB files, audio files and video files Example: word file---- (.doc)  STORAGE Storage is an archival form of memory. A kilobyte/kb is 1024 bytes MKHGG HJH NB A megabyte/mb is millions of bytes A gigabyte/gb is 1 billion bytes A terabyte/tb is 1024 gigabyte  STORAGE Storage is an archival form of memory. A kilobyte/kb is 1024 bytes MKHGG HJH NB A megabyte/mb is millions of bytes A gigabyte/gb is 1 billion bytes A terabyte/tb is 1024 gigabyte  STORAGE OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES 1. CD/ COMPACT DISC -stores data and programs as tiny indentions or pits on a disc- shaped, flat piec of Mylar plastic. MKHGG HJH NB 2. DVDs and Blu-ray DISC -operate in the same manner as CDs but offer higher capacity.  STORAGE 3. HARD DISC DRIVES/HDDs -are thin, rigid glass or metal platters. Each side of the platter is coated with a recording material that can be magnitized. HDD are tightly sealed in a hard disc drive, MKHGG HJH NB and data can be recorded on both sides of the disc platters. It is typically located inside the computer but can also be attached externally.  STORAGE 5. Solid-state drive/ SSD These drives are typically of a lower capacity that HDDs and more expensive. However, they store data based on solid state principles and therefore allow for MKHGG much faster access to data and are more durable than HJH NB traditional HDDs.  STORAGE REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISC/ RAID - A redundant array of independent discs/RAID system consists of two or more-disc MKHGG drives in a single HJH NB cabinet that collectively act as a single storage system. RAID systems have greater reliability because if one-disc drive fail, other can take over.  OUTPUT DEVICES Output hardware consists of devices that translate computer information into a form that humans can understand. Flat panel displays/ liquid crystal displays/LCD MKHGG HJH NB - are thinner and lighter and consume less power than CRTs. These displays are made of two plates of glass with a substance between them that can be activiated in different ways. Flat panel displays are most prevalent form of display in radiology departments todays.  OUTPUT DEVICES PRINTERS Are another form of output device and are categorized by the manner in which the print MKHGG HJH NB mechanism physically contacts the paper to print an image.  OUTPUT DEVICES Laser printers -operates similarly to a photocopying machine. Images are created with dots on a drum, MKHGG are treated with a magnetically HJH NB charged ink like substance called toner., and then then are transferred from drum to paper.  OUTPUT DEVICES Laser printer used MKHGG for medical HJH NB imaging  OUTPUT DEVICES Inkjet Also form images with Printers little dots. These printers electrically MKHGG HJH NB charge small drops of ink that are then quieter and less expensive and can also print in color.  INPUT DEVICES -converts data into a form that the computer can use. 1. Keyboard -includes standard typewriter keys that are used to MKHGG HJH NB enter words and numbers and function keys that enter specific command.  OUTPUT DEVICES Snanners Translate images of text, drawings, or photographs into a MKHGG HJH NB digital format recognizable by the computer.  OUTPUT DEVICES Audio input device Translate analog sound into digital format. Similalrly, video images, MKHGG such as those from a HJH NB camcorder, are digitized by a special video that can be installed in a computer.  OUTPUT DEVICES Sensors -collects data directly from the environment and transmit them to a computer. Sensors are use to detect things such as wind speed or temperature. MKHGG HJH NB Human biology input devices - detect specific movements and characteristics of the human body. Security systems that identify a person through a finger print or a retinal vascular pattern are example of these.