RRB JE BOOK SAMPLE.pdf

 RRB JE & SSE PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION BANK By S.Sorout  RRB PREVIOUS YEARS PAPER DETAILS S.N. Exam Year 1. RRB JE Works 2023 (P) 2. RRB JE Works 2023 (P) 3. RRB J...

 RRB JE & SSE PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTION BANK By S.Sorout  RRB PREVIOUS YEARS PAPER DETAILS S.N. Exam Year 1. RRB JE Works 2023 (P) 2. RRB JE Works 2023 (P) 3. RRB JE P.Way 2023 (P) 4. RRB JE Bridge 2023 (P) 5. RRB JE Work 2023 (P) 6. RRB AE 2022 (P) 7. RRB JE Works 2022 (P) 8. RRB JE P.Way 2022 (P) 9. RRB JE Works 2022 (P) 10. RRB JE Works 2021 (P) 11. RRB JE P.Way 2021 (P) 12. RRB JE Works 2021 13. RRB JE WORKS 2021 14. RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) 15. RRB JE Works 2020 (P) 16. RRB AE 2020 (P) 17. RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) 18. RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) 19. RRB AE 2020 (P) 20. RRB JE CBT 2, 19/09/2019 21. RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Morning Shift 22. RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Evening Shift 23. RRB JE CBT 2, 29/08/2019 Evening Shift 24. RRB AE 2018 (P) 25. Konkan Railway STA 2017 26. RRB ADEN 2016 (P) 28. Konkan Railway SSE 2015 29. RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 1 30. RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 2 31. RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 3 32. RRB JE 27 Aug 2015 - Shift 1 33. RRB JE 27 Aug 2015 - Shift 2 34. RRB JE 27 Aug 2015 - Shift 3 35. RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 1 36. RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 2 37. RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 3 38. RRB JE 29 Aug 2015 - Shift 1 39. RRB JE 29 Aug 2015 - Shift 2 40. RRB JE 29 Aug 2015 - Shift 3 41. RRB JE 30 Aug 2015 42. RRB SSE 1 Sep 2015 - Shift 1 43. RRB SSE 1 Sep 2015 - Shift 2 44. RRB SSE 1 Sep 2015 - Shift 3 45. RRB SSE 2 Sep 2015 - Shift 1 46. RRB SSE 2 Sep 2015 - Shift 2 47. RRB SSE 3 Sep 2015 - Shift 1 48. RRB SSE 3 Sep 2015 - Shift 2 49. RRB SSE 3 Sep 2015 - Shift 3 50. RRB JE 2014 - Green Paper 51. RRB SSE 2014 - Green Paper 52. RRB JE 2014 - Red Paper 53. RRB SSE 2014 - Yellow Paper 54. RRB JE P.Way 2013 (P) 55. RRB Jammu Section Eng. 2013 56. RRB Chandigarh SSE 09.09.2012 57. RRB Jammu SSE 09.09.2012 58. RRB Allahabad JE 09.09.2012 59. RRB JE P.Way 2012 (P) 60. RRB Chennai Section Engineer, 12.02.2012 61. RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer (Civil), 26.02.2012 62. RRB RRB Patna/Allahabad ESM-II, 30.01.2011 63. RRB Bhubneshwar JE-II 19.12.2010 64. RRB Allahabad JE 19.12.2010 65. RRB Mumbai JE 19.12.2010 66. RRB Mumbai SSE 19.12.2010 67. RRB Chandigarh Section Engineer, 15.03.2009 68. RRB Banglore Section Engineer (Civil) 01.02.2009 69. RRB Thiruvananthapuram Section Eng. (Civil), 04.01.2009 70. RRB Mumbai C&G JE 25.10.2009 71. RRB Gorakhpur RDSO SSE 25.10.2009 72. RRB Jammu JE 25.10.2009 73. RRB Malda SSE 25.10.2009 74. RRB Allahabad JE 25.10.2009 75. RRB Bhopal TM SSE 25.10.2009 76. RRB Patna JE 25.10.2009 77. RRB Bhopal TM SSE 25.10.2009 78. RRB Secunderabad Section Engineer (Civil) 29.06.2008 79. RRB Bhubneshwar JE II 29.11.2008 80. RRB Patna Technical Eng., 27.07.2008 81. RRB Mumbai JE 05.10.2008 82. RRB Chennai Technical (Eng.) 15.04.2007 83. RRB Secunderabad Technical (Eng.) 20.05.2007 84. RRB Bangalore 20.05.2007 85. RRB Allahabad Signal Maintainer-II, 22.01.2006 86. RRB Allahabad Junior Engineer-II [Civil DSL (C&W)], 08.01.2006 87. RRB Kolkata Jr.Engineer-II Civil DRG & Design, 11.06.2006 88. RRB Kolkata Technical-III, 20.08.2006 89. RRB Kolkata Civil Ass., 06.02.2005 90. RRB Kolkata Technical- III, 20.08.2005 91. RRB Ranchi Signal Maintainer Group-III, 20.11.2005 92. RRB Bangalore Material Engg. 21.11.2004 93. RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice Section Eng. 23.03.2003 94. RRB Bhopal Section Engineer 24.11.2002 95. RRB Bhubaneswar Section Engineer 19.08.2001 96. RRB Kolkata Apprentice Engg. 14.10.2001 97. RRB Kolkata Engg. (P.Way) 20.02.2000 For Your Updation For Your Updation For Your Updation  CONTENTS Competitive Exam: Quick Review (a) RRB JE/SSE Exam Pattern and Syllabus i-iv (b) Subject-Wise Analyis of RRB Papers v (c) Overall Exam Strategy v UNIT 1 : Building Material Construction 1 - 95 1. Cement 1 - 10 2. Concrete 11 - 29 3. Timber 30 -36 4. Brick 37 - 44 5. Lime & Mortar 45 - 48 6. Aggregates 49 - 50 7. STONE 51 - 57 8. Door & Window 58 - 61 9. Roof & Floor 62 - 67 10. Metal & Glass 68 - 70 11. Stairs 71 - 76 12. Paint & Varnish 77 - 83 13. Building Planning & By-Laws 84 - 85 14. Bitumen 86 - 88 15. Scaffolding & Shoring 89 - 90 16. Miscellaneous Topics 91 -95 UNIT 2 : Estimation-Costing 96 - 106 1. Basic Measurement & Work 96 - 99 2. Valuation 100 - 100 3. Estimation and Area Types 101 - 103 4. Material Calculation & other miscellaneous topics 1 104 - 106 UNIT 3: Soil Mechanics 107 - 157 1. Origin of Soil & Soil Water Relationship 107 -117 2. Classification of Soil 118 - 119 3. Compaction of Soil 120 - 121 4. Compressibility and Consolidation 122 - 122 5. Effective Stress, Capillarity and Permeability 123 - 124 6. Seepage Through Soil 125 - 125 7. Earth pressure and Retaining walls 126 - 127 8. Shear Strength of Soil 128 -129 9. Shallow Foundation 130 -146 10. Deep Foundation 147 - 154 11. Vertical stress & Slope Stability 155 - 155 12. Miscellaneous Topics 156 - 157 UNIT 4 : Highway Engineering 158 -165 1. Introduction 158 - 158 2. HighwayGeometric Design 159 - 160 3. Pavement Design 161 -161 4. Highway Material, Construction & Maintenance 162 - 165 UNIT 5 : Railway Engineering 166 -186 1. Basic of Railway and Rail Joints 166 - 171 2. Sleepers and Track Fasteners 172 - 174 3. Ballast and Track Alignment 175 - 176 4. Track Stress and Creep 177 - 177 5. Geometric Design of the track 178 - 179 6. Points and Crossing 180 - 182 7. Railway Station and Station Yard 183 - 183 8. Signalling and control Systems 184 - 184 9. Traction and Tractive Resistance 185 -186 UNIT 6: Solid Mechanics 187 - 202 1. Properties of Material 187 - 190 2. Simple Stress - Strain & Elastic Constants 191 - 192 3. Shear Force & Bending Moment 193 - 194 4. Deflection of Beams 195 - 196 5. Principal Stress-Strain & Theories of Failure 197 - 198 6. Bending & Shear Stress 199 - 200 7. Columns 201 - 202 UNIT 7: Reinforcement Cement Concrete 203 - 218 1. Basic of RCC 203 - 206 2. Beam and Slab 207 - 211 3. Shear, Bond and Anchorage 212 - 212 4. Wall, Column & Footing 213 - 215 5. Pre-Stressed Concrete 216 - 288 UNIT 8 : Design of Steel Structure 219 - 229 1. Structural Fasteners 219 - 224 2. Compression-Members 225 - 225 3. Beams, Plate-Girders & Industrial Building 226 - 229 UNIT 9 : Fluid Mechanics 230 - 248 1. Basic Fluid Properties 230 - 235 2. Hydrostatic, Buoyance & Floatation 236 - 237 3. Fluid Kinematics 238 - 238 4. Fluid Dynamics and Flow Measurement 239 - 241 5. Turbulent and Laminar Flow 242 - 242 6. Model Analysis 243 - 243  7. Flow Through Pipes 244 - 244 8. Open Channel Flow 245 - 245 9. Hydraulic Machine 246 - 248 UNIT 10 : Surveying 249 -277 1. Fundamentals of Surveying 249 - 253 2. Linear Measurement 254 - 257 3. Compass- Surveying 258 - 259 4. Theodolite & Tacheometry 260 - 261 5. Traversing 262 - 262 6. Levelling 263 - 265 7. Plane-Table Surveying 266 - 269 8. Contouring 270 - 272 9. Curve 273 - 273 10. Miscellaneous Topics 274 - 277 UNIT 11 : Applied Mechanics 278 - 287 UNIT 12 : CPM & PERT 288 - 295 UNIT 13 : Auto-Cad 296 - 301 UNIT 14: Irrigation Engineering 302 - 308 1. Irrigation Techniques & Water Requirement of Crop 303 - 302 2. Canal-Design 303 - 303 3. River Training Work 304 - 304 4. Dams, Reservoirs & Spillway 305 -308 UNIT 15: Environmental Engineering 309 - 355 1. Water Demand, Source & Conveyance 309 - 313 2. Quality Parameters of Water 314 - 325 3. Treatment of Water 326 - 330 4. Distribution System 331 - 332 5. Waste Water Characteristics 333 - 335 6. Design of Sewerage System and Sewer Appurtenances 336 - 338 7. Sewage Treatment 339 - 339 8. Solid Waste Management 340 - 340 9. Air & Noise Pollution 341 - 352 10. Miscellaneous Topics 353 - 355 UNIT 16 : Engineering Drawing 356 - 360 UNIT 17 : Miscellaneous Topics 361 - 368 (Bridge , Airport & Tunnel Engineering, Structure Analysis )  ? RRB JE EXAM PATTERN & SYLLABUS CBT -I → CBT-II → Document Verification/ Medical Examination CBT-I = Screening nature { marks not counted in final marks} CBT-II = Selection is made as per CBT-II merit. Negative Marking – 1/3rd CBT-I EXAM PATTERN :- SYLLABUS:- Mathematics : Number systems, BODMAS, Decimals, Fractions, LCM and HCF, Ratio and Proportion, Percentages, Mensuration, Time and Work, Time and Distance, Simple and Compound Interest, Profit and Loss, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Elementary Statistics, Square Root, Age Calculations, Calendar & Clock, Pipes & Cistern. General Intelligence and Reasoning : Analogies, Alphabetical and Number Series, Coding and Decoding, Mathematical operations, Relationships, Syllogism, Jumbling, Venn Diagram, Data Interpretation and Sufficiency, Conclusions and Decision Making, Similarities and Differences, Analytical reasoning, Classification, Directions, Statement – Arguments and Assumptions etc. General Awareness : Knowledge of Current affairs, Indian geography, culture and history of India including freedom struggle, Indian Polity and constitution, Indian Economy, Environmental issues concerning India and the World, Sports, General scientific and technological developments etc. General Science : Physics, Chemistry and Life Sciences (up to 10th Standard CBSE syllabus). i CBT-II EXAM PATTERN : SYLLABUS: General Awareness : Knowledge of Current affairs, Indian geography, culture and history of India including freedom struggle, Indian Polity and constitution, Indian Economy, Environmental issues concerning India and the World, Sports, General scientific and technological developments etc. Physics and Chemistry: Up to 10th standard CBSE syllabus. Basics of Computers and Applications: Architecture of Computers; input and Output devices; Storage devices, Networking, Operating System like Windows, Unix, Linux; MS Office; Various data representation; Internet and Email; Websites & Web Browsers; Computer Virus. Basics of Environment and Pollution Control: Basics of Environment; Adverse effect of environmental pollution and control strategies; Air, water and Noise pollution, their effect and control; Waste Management, Global warming; Acid rain; Ozone depletion. CIVIL Engineering :- 1. Engineering Mechanics- Force (resolution of force, moment of force, force system, composition of forces), Equilibrium, Friction, Centroid and Center of gravity, Simple machines. 2. Building Construction- Building components (substructure, superstructure), type of structure (load bearing, framed and composite structures). 3. Building materials- Masonry materials (stones, bricks, and mortars), Timber and miscellaneous materials (glass, plastic,fiber, aluminum steel, galvanized iron, bitumen, PVC, CPVC, and PPF). 4. Construction of substructure- job layout, earthwork, foundation (types, dewatering, coffer dams, bearing capacity). 5. Construction of superstructure- stone masonry, brick masonry, Hollow concrete block masonry, composite masonry, cavity wall, doors and windows, vertical communication (stairs, lifts, escalators), scaffolding and shoring. 6. Building finishes- Floors (finishes, process of laying), walls (plastering, pointing, painting) and roofs (roofing materials including RCC). ii 7. Building maintenance- Cracks (causes, type, repairs- grouting, guniting, epoxy etc.), settlement (causes and remedial measures), and re-baring techniques. 8. Building drawing- Conventions (type of lines, symbols), planning of building (principles of planning for residential and public buildings, rules and byelaws), drawings (plan, elevation, section, site plan, location plan, foundation plan, working drawing), perspective drawing. 9. Concrete Technology- Properties of various types/grades of cement, properties of coarse and fine aggregates, properties of concrete (water cement ratio, properties of fresh and hardened concrete), Concrete mix design, testing of concrete, quality control of concrete (batching, formwork, transportation, placing, compaction, curing, waterproofing), extreme weather concreting and chemical admixtures, properties of special concrete (ready mix, RCC, pre-stressed, fiber reinforced, precast, high performance). 10. Surveying- Types of survey, chain and cross staff survey (principle, ranging, triangulation, chaining, errors, finding area), compass survey (principle, bearing of line, prismatic compass, traversing, local attraction, calculation of bearings, angles and local attraction) leveling (dumpy level, recording in level book, temporary adjustment, methods of reduction of levels, classification of leveling, tilting level, auto level, sources of errors, precautions and difficulties in leveling), contouring (contour interval, characteristics, method of locating, interpolation, establishing grade contours, uses of contour maps), area and volume measurements, plane table survey (principles, setting, method), theodolite survey (components, adjustments, measurements, traversing), Tacheometric survey, curves (types, setting out), advanced survey equipment, aerial survey and remote sensing. 11. Computer Aided Design- CAD Software (AutoCAD, Auto Civil, 3D Max etc.), CAD commands, generation of plan, elevation, section, site plan, area statement, 3D view. 12. Geo Technical Engineering- Application of Geo Technical Engineering in design of foundation, pavement, earth retaining structures, earthen dams etc., physical properties of soil, permeability of soil and seepage analysis, shear strength of soil, bearing capacity of soil, compaction and stabilization of soil, site investigation and sub soil exploration. 13. Hydraulics- properties of fluid, hydrostatic pressure, measurement of liquid pressure in pipes, fundamentals of fluid flow, flow of liquid through pipes, flow through open channel, flow measuring devices, hydraulic machines. 14. Irrigation Engineering- Hydrology, investigation and reservoir planning, percolation tanks, diversion head works. 15. Mechanics of Structures- Stress and strain, shear force and bending moment, moment of inertia, stresses in beams, analysis of trusses, strain energy. 16. Theory of structures- Direct and bending stresses, slope and deflection, fixed beam, continuous beam, moment distribution method, columns. 17. Design of Concrete Structures- Working Stress method, Limit State method, analysis and design of singly reinforced and doubly reinforced sections, shear, bond and development length, analysis and design of T Beam, slab, axially loaded column and footings. iii 18. Design of Steel Structures- Types of sections, grades of steel, strength characteristics, IS Code, Connections, Design of tension and compression members, steel roof truss, beams, column bases. 19. Transportation Engineering- Railway Engineering (alignment and gauges, permanent way, railway track geometrics, branching of tracks, stations and yards, track maintenance), Bridge engineering (site selection, investigation, component parts of bridge, permanent and temporary bridges, inspection and maintenance), Tunnel engineering (classification, shape and sizes, tunnel investigation and surveying, method of tunneling in various strata, precautions, equipment, explosives, lining and ventilation). 20. Highway Engineering- Road Engineering, investigation for road project, geometric design of highways, construction of road pavements and materials, traffic engineering, hill roads, drainage of roads, maintenance and repair of roads. 21. Environmental Engineering- Environmental pollution and control, public water supply, domestic sewage, solid waste management, environmental sanitation, and plumbing. 22. Advanced Construction Techniques and Equipment- Fibers and plastics, artificial timber, advanced concreting methods (under water concreting, ready mix concrete, tremix concreting, special concretes), formwork, pre-fabricated construction, soil reinforcing techniques, hoisting and conveying equipment, earth moving machinery (exaction and compaction equipment), concrete mixers, stone crushers, pile driving equipment, working of hot mix bitumen plant, bitumen paver, floor polishing machines. 23. Estimating and Costing- Types of estimates (approximate, detailed), mode of measurements and rate analysis. 24. Contracts and Accounts- Types of engineering contracts, Tender and tender documents, payment, specifications. For Civil Engineering Exams All Updates, Our New Books ,Test Series , Important Update Regarding Books, Classes ,Study Materials Join us Youtube https://www.youtube.com/@civilkigoli For Test Series visit Civil Ki Goli App or website. Telegram Channel Link : https://t.me/CivilKiGOLiOfficials scan QR Code to Join Telegram Channel iv SUBJECT-WISE ANALYSIS:- Subject 28.08.2019 28.08.2019 29.08.2019 19.09.2019 Shift-I Shift-II Shift-II (Re-Exam) BMC + CT 28 26 22 25 Estimation-Costing 5 4 1 5 Soil Mechanics 8 8 9 9 Highway Engineering 4 4 6 3 Railway Engineering 3 - 2 2 Soild Mechanics 6 9 6 9 RCC 7 8 7 3 Steel Structure 6 5 6 8 Fluid Mechanics 5 4 6 5 Surveying 3 2 2 6 Applied Mechanics 2 5 3 4 CPM & PERT - - - - Auto-Cad 1 - 3 1 Irrigation Engineering 3 2 2 4 Environmental Engineering 8 6 6 8 Engineering Drawing 7 4 6 4 Tunnel Engineering - - - 1 Structure Analysis 4 2 3 2 Airport 2 3 1 - Contract & Account 1 3 3 - Bridge - 1 - - Engineering Economy - 1 - - Hydrology - - 2 1 Overall Exam Strategy Gather study materials: Collect the best study materials, including textbooks, reference books, previous years’ question papers, and online resources. Make sure you have access to update and relevant study materials. Write down extra important data in relevant chapter or in a separate new register. Time management: Create a study schedule that allocates sufficient time for each subject and topic. Set, realistic targets for daily or weekly study, ensuring you cover the entire syllabus sufficient number of times, before the exam. Clear your concept: Focus on building a strong foundation in core subjects. Understand the fundamental concepts and theories thoroughly. For weak topics, Practice extra questions. First solved previous year question papers: To know the pattern and type of question, it will help you in identifying the important topics. It will also improve your time management skills, solved previous year questions atleast 3-4 times. Test Series: Take regular mock tests to assess your preparation level and identify areas where you need improve- ment. Mock tests will help you understand the exam environment and manage time effectively during the actual exam. Seek Guidance: If you face any difficulties or have doubts, don’t hestiate to seek guidance from mentors, teachers, or online forums. Joining a coaching institute or studying in a group can also provide valuable insights and support. Stay Healthy: Maintain a healthy lifestyle with proper sleep, exercise, and a balanced diet. A healthy body and mind will enhance your concentration and overall performance in the exam. Stay Positive and Motivated: Maintain a positive attitude throughout your preparation journey. Surround yourself with a supportive environment and stay motivated. Take breaks, indulge in hobbies, exercise, and relax to keep your mind fresh and focused. Revision: Dedicate enough time for regular revision of all the subjects. Revise formulas, concepts, and important points to enhance your retention and understanding. You can make your own short notes or refer Civil Booster handbook. Remember, consistent and dedicated effort is the key to crack any competitive exam. Stay focused, maintain discipline in your study routine, and give your best in the exam. v 14. BITUMEN 1. The ductility value of bitumen is............. 4. Bitumen is graded by viscosity at ToC, (RRB Bhubneshwar JE II 29.11.2008) where T is : (a) Equal to that of tar (RRB Mumbai C&G SSE 25.10.2009) (b) More than that of tar (a) 70 (b) 60 (c) Less than that of tar (c) 50 (d) 40 (d) None of these Ans. (b) Ans. (c) The higher the grade, the stiffer the Bitumen. In viscosity grade, Viscosity tests are conducted at Properties Tar 60 0 C and 135 0 C, which represents the 1. Colour Colour same as bitumen. 2. Production Produced by the destructive distil temperature of road surface during summer & lation of coal or wood mixing temperature respectively. 3. Temperature More temperature susceptible 5. The standard penetration of VG 40 as susceptibility resulting in greater variation in viscosity stipulated by the Indian standard is a w i t h minimum of - temperature. 4. Ductility More ductile than bitumen (RRB Patna JE 25.10.2009) 5. Solubility Soluble only in a Toluene (C7H8) (a) 60.00 (b) 80.00 6. Carbon content More free carbon content (c) 45.00 (d) 35.00 7. Specific gravity 1.10–1.25 at 27º Ans. (d) 8. Viscosity Lower viscosity 6. The viscous liquid obtained from the 9. Softening point 48º–56º destructive distillation of organic material 10. Uses Pavement surface dressing 11. Toxicity Highly toxic is known as........... (RRB Allahabad SSE 09.09.2012) 2. Which of the following strengths is most (a) Paint (b) Slag important for pavement concrete ? (c) Tar (d) None of these (RRB Malda SSE 25.10.2009) (a) Shear (b) Flexural Ans. (c) (c) Tensile (d) Compressive Properties Tar Ans. (b) 1. Colour Colour same as bitumen. Flexural tensile strength: Tensile strength of 2. Production Produced by the destructive distil concrete in flexure is called flexural strength. lation of coal or wood 3. Temperature More temperature susceptible  IS : 516-1959, Specifies two point loading. susceptibility resulting in greater variation in viscosity  Flexural strength is used to determine the onset of w i t h cracking or the loading at which cracking starts in a temperature. structure. 4. Ductility More ductile 5. Solubility Soluble only in a Toluene (C7H8) 3. VG 30 grade of paving bitumen is suitable 6. Carbon content More free carbon content for 7 day Average Maximum Air 7. Specific gravity 1.10–1.25 Temperature (0oC) ranging between : at 27º (RRB Allahabad JE 25.10.2009) 8. Viscosity Lower viscosity (a) 30-38 (b) 0-30 9. Softening point 48º–56º 10. Uses Pavement surface dressing (c) 38-45 (d) 45-60 11. Toxicity Highly toxic Ans. (c) The VG 30 grade of paving bitumen is suitable for 7-day average maximum air temperatures ranging between 38 - 45 °C  87 7. What is the approximate bitumen content 7. Liquid Asphalt: It is viscous residue obtained (expressed in percentage) in the refined by the distillation of asphaltic base crude oil to asphalt? 425ºC. (RRB Banglore SSE 09.09.2012) 8. Asphaltic cement: It is prepared by oxidising (a) 5 (b) 20 asphalt at a high temperature & It is used for flooring and water proofing. (c) 36 (d) 52 8. Which of the following test is used for the Ans. (d) bitumen? Asphalt: It is black or brownish black in colour (RRB Kolkala SSE 09.09.2012) (a) Slump test  It is a native mixture of hydrocarbon- a product of decomposition of animal & vegetable (b) Abrasion test substance. (c) Penetration test  At temperature betwen 50–100ºC, it is in liquid (d) Fineness test state but at temperature less than this , it remain in solid state. Ans. (c) 1. Refined Asphalt: It is obtained by heating pitch Penetration test: It is the resistance to flow or to drive off the water & to draw off the mineral measurement of hardness of bitumen. matter by segregating the impurities  Distance penetrate in sample by a standard Composition pointed needle at 25°C when a 100 gm of load Bitumen  52% is applied for 5 secs. Inorganic matter  38% Penetration Organic matter  10% 2. Artificial Asphalt: Pitch residue obtained by 100 G evaporation of the volatile constituent of coal 100 G tar. It is formed from an admixture of coal tar, ground iron slag, sawdust, pitch, chalk, etc. Composition Bitumen  12% Bitumen 25ºC Bitumen after 5 sec. Minerals and sand  87% Organic matter  1%  Unit of penetration is 1/10 mm. 3. Mastic Asphalt: It is durable, damp proof, non  Therefore, 80/100 means penetration of 8–10 inflammable, non absorbent & noiseless. mm. It is manufactured by adding pulverized natural 9. What is the percentage content of asphalt rock gradually to molten refined bitumen, agitating the mixture for about 5 hours (200 – in the cut-back asphalt? 250ºC) & placing it into moulds for cooling. (RRB Gorakhpur Design SSE 09.09.2012) Then mass consolidates into hard elastic blocks (a) 10% (d) 30% which can be remelted when used for pavement. (c) 50% (d) 80% 4. Natural Asphalt: Also called as native asphalt. Ans. (d) When obtained from lakes, it is known as lake asphalt. It is used for stopping vibrations in Cutback asphalts generally consist of about 85 machine foundations, making pavements, for percent asphalt cement and 15 percent water proofing of structure, tunnels & subways cutter, by weight in manufacture of marine glue etc. 10. In which of the following test of bitumen 5. Cut-back Asphalt: It is derived by distillation Ring and Ball apparatus is used ? as asphalt in a volatile solvent. (RRB Bhopal SSE 09.09.2012) 6. Rock Asphalt: It is a natural occurring rock (a) Penetration test formation, generally limestone or sandstone (b) Softening point test saturated throughout its mass with 6-14% (c) Viscosty test bitumen. (d) Flash and fire point test  88 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) Ans. (b) Ans. (a) Softening point is the temperature at which bitumen Penetration test: It is the resistance to flow or attains a particular degree of softness under measurement of hardness of bitumen. standardised test condition.  Distance penetrate in sample by a standard 11. In the softening point test of the bitumen pointed needle at 25°C when a 100 gm of load with the help of ring and ball apparatus, is applied for 5 secs. what is the diameter (cm) of the steel ball? (RRB Chandigarh SSE 09.09.2012) Penetration (a) 0.35 (b) 0.65 100 G (c) 0.95 (d) 1.25 100 G Ans. (c) In the softening point test of bitumen using the ring and ball apparatus, the diameter of the steel ball is 9.5 mm Bitumen 25ºC Bitumen after 5 sec. 12. Which of the following property of  Unit of penetration is 1/10 mm. bitumen is related to the pensky-Marten  Therefore, 80/100 means penetration of 8–10 test ? mm. (RRB Jammu SSE 09.09.2012) 14.Bitumen felt is used for ———— (a) Ductility (b) Softening point (a) Plastering (b) Water proofing (c) Flash and fire point (c) Both a & b (d) Structure (d) Viscosity RRB JE Works 2022 (P) Ans. (c) Ans. (b) Bitumen felt is used for water-proofing & The Pensky–Martens closed-cup flash-point test damp-proofing.It is a material made up of is a test for the determination of the flash point of organic liquids, which are highly sticky, flammable liquids. viscous, and waterproof. It is used in the 13. The penetration test on bitumen is used waterproofing process & rust-proof for determining its coating. (RRB Allahabad JE 09.09.2012) (a) Grade (b) Ductility (c) Viscosity (d) None of these  16. Miscellaneous Topics 1. CPVC is used in, where temperature (c) A corrugated sheet for roofing present is (d) Inorganic substance RRB Bhopal Section Engineer, 24.11.2002 Ans. (b) (a) 110oC (b) 93oC  Asbestos is an incombustible fireproof (c) 25oC (d) 0oC material.It is also an inorganic substance. It is a Ans. (b) naturally occurring mineral composed of silicate  Because of it's excellent corrosion resistance at fibers. Asbestos cement sheets were once popular elevated temperatures, CPVC is ideally suited for self- for roofing due to their durability & fire resistance. supporting constructions where temperatures up to 93°C are present. The ability to bend, shape & weld 5. Foundation construction work is............ CPVC enables it's use in a wide variety of processes (RRB Gorakhpur RDSO SSE 25.10.2009) and applications. (a) Sub structure (b) Super structure 2. For PVC make flexible, add to (c) Both above (d) None of the above RRB Bhopal & Mumbai Apprentice Section Eng. 23.03.2003 Ans. (a) Footings are the lower most supporting part of any structure known as sub-structure & these are (a) Phthalates (b) Chloride last structural elements through which load is (c) Sand (d) Metal transferred to foundation consisting soil/rock. Ans. (a) The two major components of buildings are  Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to the substructure & superstructure. The make plastics more durable. They are often called substructure is the part of the building that is plasticizers. underneath the ground, while the superstructure 3. What is the value of surface dressing in is everything which is above ground. earth work ? 6. The wall provided for dividing one room RRB Secunderabad Sectio Engineer (Civil) from another is known as ______. 29.06.2008 (RRB Jammu JE 25.10.2009) (a) 30 cm (b) 25 cm (a) Load bearing wall (c) 15 cm (d) 40 cm (b) Retaining wall (c) Cavity wall Ans. (c) (d) Partition wall  Surface dressing up to 15 cm depth and surface excavation up to Ans. (d) 30 cm depth measuremen ts for payments is in the square meter. The unit of payment for the earthwork  Partitions walls are non-load-bearing & are for embankment is per m3. used to divide interior spaces within a building. 4. Asbestos is : They are typically thinner & lighter than load- RRB Patna Technical Eng., 27.07.2008 bearing walls and can be made from a variety of (a) An incombustible fire proof material materials. (b) All of these  92 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) 7. The type of pointing in which V-sharped projection outside the wall surface is provided, is called: (RRB Malda SSE 25.10.2009) (a) Recessed pointing (b) Weather pointing (c) V-pointing (RRB Patna JE 25.10.2009) (d) Tuck pointing (a) Box type (b) Block type Ans. (b) (c) Wall type (d) Framed type  Weather pointing is done by slopping the mortar Ans. (b) outward from the upper edge of the lower brick, so that it Box Type Machine Foundation - It has a sheds rainwater easily as it can be see from the image below. hollow concrete block. The mass of this foundation is less than a block type foundation as it is hollow. V Point- The standard frequency of this foundation is large. Block Type Machine Foundation -It has a pedestal which is fitted on the footing. This foundation has high value of mass. P ePedestal d estal 8. In order to check dampness, a narrow 10. Cavity wall is provided for hollow space constructed parallel to the (RRB Allahabad JE 25.10.2009) external walls, is known as:- (a) Heat insulation (b) Sound insulation (RRB Mumabi C&G SSE 25.10.2009) (c) Prevention (d) All of the above (a) Cavity wall (b) Parapet wall (c) Air drain (d) Water drain Ans. (d) Ans. (c)  Cavity wall gives better thermal insulation than any other solid wall since space is full of air  In order to check dampness, a narrow hollow & reduces heat transmission.Cavity Wall is fire space constructed parallel to the external walls is resistant. They have a heat flow rate which is 50 known as a cavity wall. % that of a solid wall. Cavity wall is economically 9. Following figure indicates which types of cheaper than other solid walls. machine foundation:  93 11. A pre-cast pile generally used is (RRB Gorakhpur Design SSE 09.09.2012) (RRB Allahabad SSE 09.09.2012) (a) Bangla (b) Flat (a) Circular (c) Quarter (d) All of the above (b) Square Ans. (d) (c) Octagonal  Industrial building specifically designed and (d) Square with corners chamfered used for industrial purposes, like as Ans. (d) manufacturing, production, or storage.  Pre-cast pile generally used is in form of 15. Frame structural consist of two material square cross section with chamfered corners. As is called- the corners are chamfered, then surface area of (RRB Bhopal SSE 09.09.2012) the piles gets increased. (a) Load bearing struture 12. The piles used to protect concrete deck (b) Frame structure from the abrasion or impact is known as: (c) Combined structure (RRB Banglore SSE 09.09.2012) (d) None of these (a) Fender piles (b) Sheet piles Ans. (c) (c) Batter piles (d) Compaction piles  Combined structure combines both frame & Ans. (a) load-bearing elements. It uses a frame to support Fender & dolphin piles: Thses protect water-front the main loads of the building & walls to provide structure against impact from ships & other additional support and enclose the space. floating objects from the abrasion or impact.  Compaction pile: These compact loose granular 16. An electrochemical process over the soil. It itself do not carry any load. It may be made surface of steel, leading to oxidation of the up of sand. metal is called as  Batter piles: These resist horizontal & inclined (RRB SSE 1 Sep 2015 - Shift 2) forces, especially in water front structure. These (a) Oxidation are drive at an inclination to resist large horizontal (b) Corrosion inclined forces (c) Polishing 13. In ordinary residential and public (d) Laitance formation buildings, the D.P.C. is generally provided Ans. (b) at:-  Corrosion is a natural process that converts (RRB Kolkata SSE 09.09.2012) a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (a) Plinth level (generally a metal) by chemical or (b) Ground level electrochemical reaction with their environment. (c) Water table level 17. A tough and moudable thermoplastic used (d) Midway between ground level and in the manufacture of plumbing pipes and water table level furniture is Ans. (a) (Konkan Railway TA 2017)  In ordinary residential and public buildings, (a) Polypropylene the D.P.C. is generally provided at "plinth level". (b) Polythylene 14. Which of the following is not a Industrial (c) Poly vinyl chloride building? (d) Porcelain  94 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) Ans. (c) 21. Terracotta is used in buildings for  Polynyl chloride is an economical & versatile (a) Storage (b) Insulation thermoplastic polymer widely used in building and (c) Ornamental work (d) Sewer pipe construction industry to produce door & window RRB JE P.Way 2021 (P) profiles, proper wire and cable insulation, medical devices etc. Ans. (c) 18. The short height wall constructed above Roof  Terracotta is often used in buildings for Slab in open terrace is called as- ornamental work.It is a type of fired clay , which can (a) Boundary wall (b) Partition wall be molded into various shapes and forms. (c) Parapet wall (d) Plinth wall 22. A joint in which the wooden members RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Morning Shift Ans.(c) overlap is called Parapet wall: A parapet wall is a low wall, generally (a) Bridle joint (b) Biscuit joint enclosing a roof, or a protective barrier at the edge of (c) Lap joint (d) Finger joint a terrace or on the side of a bridge. 19. Mangalore Tiles belong to the category of- RRB JE Works 2022 (P) (a) Slate tiles (b) Burnt clay tiles Ans. (c) (c) Concrete tiles (d) Mosaic tiles RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Morning Shift  A lap joint or overlap joint is a joint in which Ans.(b) the members overlap.It can be used to join wood,  Mangalore tiles are native to the city of plastic, or metal. Mangalore, India. These red coloured clay tiles, 23. A joint in which the wooden members unique in shape & size. As these clay tiles are molded overlap is called under extreme heat, therefore they are resistant to damage or destruction from fire. (a) Bridle joint (b) Biscuit joint  Slate tile is natural stone which is quarried from (c) Lap joint (d) Finger joint the side of mountains or taken from the earth. RRB JE Work 2023 (P)  Mosaic tile is any combination of materials like as glass, ceramic, porcelain or stone, usually set in a Ans. (c) small format & set on a mesh sheet for easy Lap joint is the most common type of joint where installation. They are used in backsplash, shower, bath two pieces of wood overlap each other. There are or floor.  Concrete tiles are made from concrete. They are many variations of lap joints, including full lap, half highly durable & easy to maintain. The main drawback lap, corner lap & bridle joint. of these tiles is that these tiles are heavy, so they can increase the dead load on structure. 20. If there is any obstruction to the uniform settlement of hardened concrete, it forms a crack known as- (a) Shear crack (b) Random crack (c) Settlement crack (d) Longitudinal crack RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Evening Shift Ans.(c)  Settlement cracks occurs when there is an obstruction to the uniform settlement of hardened concrete, like as reinforcement bars, formwork, or subgrade.These are usually vertical or diagonal & may extend through the depth of the concrete. 1. Origin of Soil & Soil Water Relationship 4. A soil having particles of nearly the same 1. Black cotton soil is unsuitable for foun- size is known as dation because of its: (RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 1) RRB Allahabad Junior Engineer-II [Civil (a) Well graded (b) Uniformly graded DSL (C & W)], 08.01.2006 (c) Poorly graded (d) Gap graded (a) Black colour Ans. (b) (b) Low bearing capacity Uniformly graded soil is a type of soil in which (c) Swelling and shrinkage the soil particles are of nearly the same size.This (d) Cohessive particle type of soil is also known as single-sized soil. Ans. (c) Some of the characteristics of uniformly graded Black cotton soil: Residual deposits form basalt or trap rocks, contain clay mineral. Very poor bear- soil are: - ing capacity (50-100 kN/m2).  The soil particles are of nearly the same size.  If depth of layer of B.C.S. is shallow, Then re-  The soil has a low coefficient of uniformity move its layer for making structure. & a high coefficient of curvature.  If depth of layer of BCS is Deep, then we use un-  The soil has a low shear strength & a low der-reamed piles In foundation for making struc- bearing capacity. ture.  The soil has a low permeability & a low po-  Generally we use raft foundation in BCS. rosity.  Black cotton soil have high shrinkage & swelling 5. A well graded soil has a coefficient of cur- characteristics, its shearing strength is extremely vature between low. It is due to Montmorillonite mineral. (RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 2) 2. The relationship between void ratio ‘e’ (a) 10 to 12 (b) 7 to 9 and porosity ratio ‘n’ for a given soil mass (c) 4 to 6 (d) 1 to 3 is Ans. (d) (RRB SSE 2014 - Red paper) (a) n = (1 + e) / (1 - e) D30 2 Coefficient of curvature Cc = (b) e = (1 + n) / (1 - e) D60  D10 (c) e = n (1 + e) (For well graded soil, 1  Cc  3) (d) n = (1 - e) / e 6. Liquid limit of a soil indicates its Ans. (c) (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 3) vv eVS eVS e (a) Compressibility  n    (b) Permeability V VS  VV VS  eVS 1  e (c) Optimum moisture 3. Consistency as applied to cohesive soils is (d) Shear strength an indicator of its Ans. (a) (RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 1) The compressibility of soil is indicated by liquid (RRB JE 28 Aug 2015 - Shift 2) limit, i.e. the compressibility of the soil gener- (a) Density (b) Moisture content ally increases with an increase in the liquid limit. (c) Shear strength (d) Porosity Liquid limit -Minimum water content at which soil Ans. (c) has tendency to flow. Consistency of soil refers to the resistance offered  All soil at liquid limit have similar shear strength by it against forces that tend to deform or rupture (Negligible, 2.7 kN/m2) the soil aggregate. It is related to strength.  108 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)  Liquid Limit of soil used in both base & wearing Fully saturated soil means 100 % water content, course of highway should not be more than 35%. so there is no air in the sample, hence this is called 7. The porosity of a soil sample having its two phase system with soil mass and water. void ratio equal to unity would be Phase diagram (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 3) It is the diagrammatic representation of the different (a) 33.34% (b) 50.0% phases in a soil mass. (c) 66.66% (d) 75% Soil Ans. (b) We know that, 3 Phase 2 Phase e 1 (Partially Saturated) n= = = 0.5 1 e 1  1 Wa 0 Fully Saturated Dry Soil Va Air 8. A clay sample has a void ratio 0.54 in dry Vv Vw = Vv Vv = V a Vw Water Water Ww Air Wa = 0 Ww state. The specific gravity of soil solids is V W 2.7. What is the shrinkage limit of the soil? Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws (RRB JE 29 Aug 2015 - Shift 1) (a) 8.5% (b) 10% 11. Water content of a soil can be (c) 17% (d) 20.0% (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 2) Ans. (d) (a) Greater than 100% At shrinkage limit the soil remains fully saturated. (b) Less than 100% So, s = 1 (c) Only from 0% to 100% We know that, se = wG (d) Never be greater than 100% 0.54 = w x 2.7 Ans. (a) w = 0.20 Water content is the ratio of mass of water to the 9. If the plasticity index of a soil mass is zero, mass of solids in the soil. It can be greater than 100%. the soil is Ww (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 1) w = W  100 s (a) Loess (b) Clayey Silt There is no upper limit for it (w  0). (c) Silt (d) Sand 12. Void ratio of a soil mass can Ans. (d) (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 2) If the plasticity index of a soil mass is zero, it (a) Never be greater than unity means the soil has no plasticity.The soil can not (b) Be zero be molded or deformed without cracking or break- (c) Take any value greater than zero (d) ing. This type of soil is called sand. Sand has no Take values between 0 and 1 only significant plasticity as it is composed of large Ans. (c) particles, which have little or no surface area. Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to the Hence, sand can not retain water or clay miner- volume of solid of the soil considered.As the volume als, which are important for plasticity. of voids can be less than the volume of solids or it 10. A fully saturated soil is said to be can be more than the volume of solids.Therefore, it (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 1) can take any value greater than zero. (a) One Phase System Vv (b) Two phase system with soild and air e = V , 0  e  Infinity s (c) Two phase system with soil and water Fine grained soil have higher Void ratio than coarse (d) Three phase system grained soil. But the size of void in coarse grained Ans. (c) soil is greater than fine grained soil.  109 13. Number of phases in soil mass is (d) Voids ratio (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 3) Ans. (b) (a) three (b) two Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to the (c) one (d) four volume of solid of the soil considered. Ans. (a) Vv Soil mass is generally referred to as three-phase e = V , 0  e  Infinity s system because it consists of solid particles, liq- Fine grained soil have higher Void ratio than coarse uid and gas. grained soil. But the size of void in coarse grained 14. Which of the following soils has more plas- soil is greater than fine grained soil. ticity index? Porosity is the ratio of the volume of voids to the (RRB JE 26 Aug 2015 - Shift 3) total volume of the soil. (a) Sand (b) Silt Vv (c) Clay (d) Gravel n =  100 ,0 < n < 100% V Ans. (c) Exam Points: For uniformly graded coarse soil Soils with a high plasticity index tend to be clay, having perfectly spherical grain size when particles Those with a lower plasticity index tend to be are arranged in silt. (a) Prismoidal array, emin = 35%, nmin = 25.9% 15. Relative density of a compacted dense (b) Cubical array, emax = 91%, nmax = 47.6% sand is approximately equal to Void ratio is much better as compared to porosity (RRB JE 27 Aug 2015 - Shift 1) because porosity is define with respect to total volume (a) 0.4 (b) 0.95 but void -ratio w.r.t. volume of solid. (c) 0.50 (d) 1.10 Generally value of porosity is less than void ratio Ans. (b) for same soil sample. The relative density of compacted dense sand is 17. A pycnometer is used to determine experimentally observed to be 0.95. (RRB JE 27 Aug 2015 - Shift 2) Degree of Satuaration (a) Water content and void ratio (b) Specific gravity and dry density Vw S = V , 0  S  100% (c) Water content and specific gravity (d) v Void ratio and dry density for fully saturated soil at shrinkage S = 100% Ans. (c) Pycnometer test is used to determine the For partially saturated soil 0 < s < 100 specific gravity of cohesionless soils and wa- for fully dry soil S= 0% ter content. Pycnometer method: Pycnometer have volume 1000 Soil Condition S (%) ml having conical brass tip of 6mm diameter Dry Soil 0 core. Humid Soil 0-0.25 Damp Soil 0.25-0.5 Water Water Moist Soil 0.5-0.75 Moist Soil soil Wet Soil 0.75-1 w1 w2 w3 w4 Fully Saturated 1 w = 16. The ratio of volume of voids to the total  w2  w1   G – 1   volume of soil mass is called     1  w3  w4   G   (RRB JE 27 Aug 2015 - Shift 1)  The Pycnometer method for the (a) Air content determination of water content can be used (b) Porosity only if the specific gravity of solid particles (c) Percentage air voids is known.  110 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)  It is more suitable for cohesionless soil as (c) Organic clay (d) Dense sand the removal of entrapped air from cohesive Ans. (d) soil is difficult. Therefore, w3 can not be Dry density is maximum and minimum for well- measured accurately. graded sand (dense sand) & organic clay respec- 18. The ratio between void ratio (e), degree tively among all the available options.Dense sand of saturation (S), water content (w) and has the highest dry density, because it has the larg- specific gravity of solids (G) is given by est particle size, the most regular shape & the least porosity. (RRB JE 29 Aug 2015 - Shift 3) 22. The liquid and plastic limit exist in (a) e+S= w+G (RRB JE 3 Sep 2015) (b) e×S=w×G (a) Sandy soils (b) Silty soils (c) e/S = w/G (c) Gravel Soils (d) Clay soils (d) (S + e)/w = (G+e) / S Ans. (d) Ans. (b) Consistency limit is generally used for fine- se = wG grained soil because it denotes the degree of firm- 19. A soil has liquid limit of 40% and plastic- ness of these soils. Hence, liquid & plastic limits ity index of 20%. The plastic limit of the exist in clay soil. soil will be 23. For a soil, the water content where fur- (RRB JE 29 Aug 2015 - Shift 2) ther loss of moisture will not result in any (a) 20% (b) 30% more volume reduction is called as (c) 40% (d) 60% (RRB SSE 1 Sep 2015 - Shift 1) Ans. (a) (a) Liquid limit Plasticity Index: (b) Shrinkage limit IP = WL–WP WP = 40 - 20 = 20 % (c) Natural moisture content 20. Which one of the following parameters (d) Plastic limit can be used to estimate the angle of fric- Ans. (b) Shrinkage limit tion of a sandy soil It is minimum water content at which soil is (RRB JE 30 Aug 2015) completely saturated or the maximum water content (a) Particle size at which further reduction in water content does not (b) Roughness of particle cause any decrease in the volume of soil sample. (c) Density index 24. A clay has unconfined compressive (d) Particle size distribution strength of 240 kN/sq.m in undisturbed Ans. (c) state. The clay was then remolded and the The higher value of the relative index indicates a unconfined compressive strength was higher angle of internal friction. found to be 60 kN/m2. The sensitivity of Relative density: It is also called density index. the clay is emax  enatural (RRB SSE 1 Sep 2015 - Shift 1) Dr = e  e = (a) 0.25 (b) 3.00 max min (c) 0.33 (d) 4.00  d max   d natural   d min  Ans. (d)    d natural   d max   d min  Sensitivity (S): St = It (Dr) is generally used for sandy & gravelly soils 21. The dry density of which sample is ex- Unconfined Compressive Strength of an undistrubed soil pected to be highest Unconfined compressive strength of remoulded soil (RRB JE 3Sep 2015) qu (undisturbed) 2 40 (a) Stiff clay (b) Bentonite St= q (remoulded) = =4 u 60  111 25. If the sensitivity of a soil is between 4 and Casagrande’s tool 8, then it will be called as (RRB SSE 2 Sep 2015 - Shift 3) Rise and Handle (a) Insensitive soil (b) Less sensitive soil fall mechanism (c) Sensitive soil (d) Extra sensitive Groove Sample soil Ans, (c) Rubber Block Sensitivity (S): St = W1 Flow-curve Unconfined Compressive Strength of an undistrubed soil WL Unconfined compressive strength of remoulded soil Water content W2 qu (undisturbed) log10 N1 log10 25 log10 N2 St= q (remoulded) Number of blows (log scale) u Exam Point: Stiff clay having fissures & crack Soil about 120 gm of an air dried sample pass- have St  1. ing through 425µ IS sieve is taken in a dish and 1 Insensitive (Gravel & Coarse sand) mixed with distilled water to form a uniform 2–4Normal/ Low sensitive ( Honeycomb) paste. 4–8 Sensitive (Silt & Clay)  Water content at which 25 blows close the groove 8–16 Extra sensitive (Flocculant) (width at bottom-2 mm, width at top- 11 mm & 8 > 16 Quick/ Unstable mm deep ) cut in soil sample placed in 26. The numerical difference between the Casagrande’s bowl is called liquid limit. plastic limit and shrinkage limit of a  If the Material of base of the casagrande’s liquid remoulded sample is called as limit device on which the cup containing soil paste (RRB SSE 3 Sep 2015 - Shift 2) drops ( height - 10mm ) is softer than standard (a) Plasticity index hard rubber, then liquid limit of soil always in- crease. (b) Shrinkage index 28. The water content of soil is defined as the (c) Differential shrinkage ratio of:- (d) Shrinkage ratio (a) Vol. of water to vol of voids in soil. Ans. (b) (b) Wt. of water to wt. of solids of given mass Shrinkage Index = Plastic limit - Shrinkage limit. of soil. 27. The liquid limit of a soil can be determined (c) Vol. of water to vol of given soil. in the lab with (d) Vol. of water to vol of air in soils. (RRB SSE 2 Sep 2015 - Shift 2) RRB ADEN 2016 (P) (a) Venturimeter Ans. (b) (b) Vane shear apparatus Water content (c) Proctor’s apparatus Ww (d) Casagrande’s apparatus w = W  100 s Ans. (d) There is no upper limit for it (w  0). Liquid limit -Minimum water content at which soil 29. The minimum water content at which soil has tendency to flow. begins to crumble when rolled into threads  All soil at liquid limit have similar shear strength 3mm in diameter is known as (Negligible, 2.7 kN/m2) (a) Liquid limit (b) Plastic limit  Liquid Limit of soil used in both base & wearing (c) Shrinkage limit (d) Permeability limit course of highway should not be more than 35%. RRB ADEN 2016 (P)  Found out by two tools (a) Casagrande’s tool (b) Cone penetration.  112 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) Ans. (b)  The Pycnometer method for the Plastic limit determination of water content can be used  It is minium water content at which soil is in plastic only if the specific gravity of solid particles stage. is known.  Shear strength at the plastic limit is about 100 times  It is more suitable for cohesionless soil as at that liquid limit. the removal of entrapped air from cohesive  At plastic limit, a soil when rolled into a thread of soil is difficult. Therefore, w3 can not be 3 mm, does not show any crack on surface. It starts measured accurately. to crumble. 3. Sand bath method: 30. The minimum water content at which the  It is a rapid field method. Hence, not accurate. soil retains it's liquid state and also pos-  Sand bath is a large, open vessel containing sess small shearing strength against flow- sand filled to a depth of 3 cm or more. ing is :- 4. Torsion balance moisture meter method: It (a) Liquid limit (b) Plastic limit is useful for rapid & accurate determination of (c) Shrinkage limit (d) Permeability limit water content. Because drying & weighing occur RRB ADEN 2016 (P) simultaneously, hence it is useful for soils which Ans. (a) quickly reabsorb moisture after drying. Liquid limit -Minimum water content at which soil 5. Calcium Carbide method has tendency to flow.  Quick method but not so acurate. (5-7  All soil at liquit limit have similar shear strength minute) (Negligible, 2.7 kN/m2)  CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2  Liquid Limit of soil used in both base & wearing Acetylene gas course of highway should not be more than 35%.  It is useful in embankment construction of 31. Acurate determination of water content is highway. made by  In it, scale is calibrated to give the water (a) Calcium carbide method content based on total weight (w) of the soil. (b) Over drying method So, actual water content (based on soil solid) (c) Sand bath method is to be recalculated. (d) Alcohol method 6. Alcohol method: RRB ADEN 2016 (P)  It is a quick field method Ans. (b)  It is not to be used with soils containing Methods of determination of water content calcium compound or organic content. 1. Oven drying method: It is most accurate & 7. Radiation method: standard laboratory test.  It gives water content in in-situ condition Soil sample is derived in controlled temperature (105 – 110ºC) for 24 hrs. (for sand 4-6 hrs., organic soil 60-80ºC for 24 hrs.) in laboratory. Above 110ºC, water of crystallisation will be lost. In it, free water, capillary water, adsorbed water Capsule Detector is removed except structural water. Hydrogen atoms of 2. Pycnometer method: Pycnometer have water in soil volume 1000 ml having conical brass tip of 6mm diameter core.  Loss of energy by radio-active material (cobalt 60) due to scattering of neutrons by Water hydrogen atoms of soil while travelling form Water Moist Soil capsule to detector is directly proportional soil w1 w2 w3 w4 to water content present in soil.  w2  w1   G – 1   w=  w  w   G   1  3 4     113 32. Which of the following soils has more plas- Ans. (a) ticity index? Air voids are larger spaces filled with air, often in- (a) Sand (b) Silt tentionally created in concrete or other materials to (c) Clay (d) Gravel improve specific properties. RRB ADEN 2016 (P) 36. The value of the toughness index of most of Ans. (c) soils lies between- Clay soils have more plasticity index than sand, silt, (a) 0 to 3 (b) 1 to 3.5 or gravel. (c) 0 to 3.5 (d) 1 to 3 33. Which of the following apparatus is used to RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Morning Shift determine the specific gravity of the soil? Ans.(a) (a) Penetrometer (b) Tachometer Toughness Index: It indicate the loss of shear (c) Pycnometer (d) Graphometer strength with increase in moisture content and strength RRB JE CBT 2, 19/09/2019 of soil at plastic limit.Toughness index varies between Ans. (c) 0 to 3. Pycnometer method: Pycnometer have volume IP S 1000 ml having conical brass tip of 6mm diameter It   log P If Sl core. SP = Shear strength at plastic limit Water Sl= Shear strength at liquid limit Water Moist Soil 37. Which soil will take years and decades to un- soil dergo full settlement after the new building w1 w2 w3 w4 is constructed? w = (a) Clay (b) Silt  w2  w1   G – 1   (c) Sand (d) Gravel     1 RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Morning Shift  w3  w4   G   Ans.(a)  The Pycnometer method for the Clay soils have low permeability & high compress- determination of water content can be used ibility. Due to their fine particle size, clayey soils can only if the specific gravity of solid particles undergo significant settlement over an extended pe- is known. riod after the construction of a new building. The  It is more suitable for cohesionless soil as settlement process in clayey soils is slow & it may the removal of entrapped air from cohesive take years or even decades for the soil to undergo full soil is difficult. Therefore, w3 can not be consolidation & settlement. measured accurately. 38. ______ is the ratio of the volume of voids to 34. The coefficient of curvature for a well the total volume of the given soil. graded soil, must be from- (a) Porosity (a) 0.5 to 1.0 (b) 3.0 to 4.0 (b) Degree of saturation (c) 4.0 to 5.0 (d) 1.0 to 3.0 (c) Void ratio RRB JE CBT 2, 19/09/2019 (d) Air content Ans. (d) RRB JE CBT 2, 28/08/2019 Morning Shift Ans.(a) D30 2 Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to the Coefficient of curvature Cc = D60  D10 volume of solids. (For well graded soil, 1  Cc  3) Vv 35. ———— are much larger than capillary e = V , 0  e  Infinity s pores. (a) Air voids (b) Micro cracks Fine grained soil have higher Void ratio than coarse (c) Blow holes (d) Macro cracks grained soil. But the size of void in coarse grained RRB JE CBT 2, 19/09/2019 soil is greater than fine grained soil. Porosity is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of soil.  114 (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029) Vv 41. The ratio of volume of water present in a n =  100 ,0 < n < 100% given soil sample to the total volume of V voids in it is known as Special Points: For uniformly graded coarse soil (a) Percentage of air voids having perfectly spherical grain size when particles (b) Degree of saturation are arranged in (c) Void ratio (a) Prismoidal array, emin = 35%, nmin = 25.9% (d) Porosity (b) Cubical array, emax = 91%, nmax = 47.6% RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) Void ratio is much better as compared to porosity Ans. (b) because porosity is define with respect to total volume Degree of Satuaration but void -ratio w.r.t. volume of soild. Generally value of porosity is less than void ratio Vw S = V , 0  S  100% for same soil sample. v Degree of Satuaration for fully saturated soil at shrinkage S = 100% Vw For partially saturated soil 0 < s < 100 S = V , 0  S  100% for fully dry soil S= 0% v Soil Condition S (%) for fully saturated soil at shrinkage S = 100% Dry Soil 0 For partially saturated soil 0 < s < 100 for fully dry soil S= 0% Humid Soil 0-0.25 Damp Soil 0.25-0.5 Soil Condition S (%) Moist Soil 0.5-0.75 Dry Soil 0 Wet Soil 0.75-1 Humid Soil 0-0.25 Fully Saturated 1 Damp Soil 0.25-0.5 Moist Soil 0.5-0.75 42. The ratio of volume of air voids to the vol- ume of voids is known as Wet Soil 0.75-1 (a) Percentage of air voids Fully Saturated 1 (b) Porosity Air Content is the ratio of the volume of air to the (c) Degree of saturation volume of voids. (d) Air content Va RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) ac  Vv , (0  ac  1) Ans. (d) Air Content 39. Which of the following is a cohesionless soil? (a) Sand (b) Clay Va ac  (c) Silt (d) Clay and Silt Vv , (0  ac  1) RRB AE 2020 (P) Percentage air Void Ans. (a) Sand is an example of a cohesionless soil. Va a   100 , (0  a  1) 40. The dry density of soil is V (a) Always greater than the saturated density Exam Point: a = n × ac, ac + s = 1, (ac > na) (b) Weight of soil solids per unit of total vol- 43. At the liquid limit ume prior to drying (a) The soil just begins to crumble when (c) Total weight of soil solids per unit of its rolled into a thread total volume (b) The shearing strength against flowing is (d) Total weight of soil mass per unit its negligible total volume (c) The shearing strength against flowing is a RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) small but definite Ans. (b) (d) The soil will not get fully saturated The dry density of soil is defined as the weight of RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) soil solids per unit of total volume prior to drying.  115 Ans. (c) Liquid limit -Minimum water content at which soil has tendency to flow. (V1 – Vd)w V1 – Vd  All soil at liquit limit have similar shear strength (Negligible, 2.7 kN/m2) Water Water Air  Liquid Limit of soil used in both base & wearing V1 W1 Vd course of highway should not be more than 35%. Solid Solid Wsolid Solid Wsolid  Found out by two tools (a) Casagrande’s tool Original Soil at Dry soil (b) Cone penetration. saturated soil shrinkage limit (c) 44. The property of soil which allows it to be (a) (b) deformed rapidly, without rupture, without elastic rebound and without volume change At shrinkage limit, (a) S = 1, (b) there are two is known as phases (soil & water), (c) no volume change. (a) Porosity (b) Plasticity 47. The numerical difference between the liq- (c) Stiffness (d) Plastic limit uid limit and plastic limit of a soil is known RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) as Ans. (b) (a) Liquidity index The property of soil, which allows it to be deformed (b) Plasticity index rapidly, without rupture, without elastic rebound, & (c) Shrinkage index without volume change is called plasticity. (d) Consistency index 45. The minimum water content in soil at RRB JE P.Way 2020 (P) which the soil just begins to crumble when Ans. (b) rolled into threads 3 mm in diameter is Plasticity Index: known as IP = WL–WP (a) Plastic limit (b) Liquid limit  Soil with large IP & WL Fat clay and Soil with (c) Consistency limit (d) Shrinkage limit low IP & WL Lean clay.