The Cry of Pugadlawin & Philippine History PDF

# The Cry of Pugadlawin ## Key Figures * **Pio Valenzuela:** * Katipunan member and eyewitness to the event * Presented two accounts of the "Cry" * Initially claimed the event started in Balintawak, but later changed his account to Pugadlawin * Initially stated the event occurred o...

# The Cry of Pugadlawin ## Key Figures * **Pio Valenzuela:** * Katipunan member and eyewitness to the event * Presented two accounts of the "Cry" * Initially claimed the event started in Balintawak, but later changed his account to Pugadlawin * Initially stated the event occurred on August 26, 1896 (Wednesday), but later changed his account to August 23, 1896 * **Santiago Alvarez:** * Katipunero from Cavite * Son of Mariano Alvarez * Relative of Gregoria de Jesus * Claimed the "Cry of Bahay Toro" occurred on August 24, 1896 (Monday) * **Gregoria de Jesus:** * "Lakambini of the Katipunan" and wife of Andres Bonifacio * Keeper of secret documents * After the revolution, she lived with her parents in Caloocan and fled to Manila when she was being arrested. * Eventually joined her husband in the mountains and shared adversities * Believed the first "Cry" occurred on August 25, 1896 * **Guillermo Masangkay:** * Katipunan General * Eyewitness to the event * Childhood friend of Andres Bonifacio * His account of the event was accepted by the American Government. * Claimed the "Cry of Balintawak" occurred on August 26, 1896, the first rally of the Philippine Revolution * Believed that Andres Bonifacio, sensing defeat, gave a fiery speech recalling the fate of their countrymen, who were already discovered and needed to fight early * **Teodoro Patino:** * Revealed the existence of the Katipunan (KKK) to the Spaniards. # La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas (The Friars’ Sovereignty in the Philippines) ## Political Aspect * The friars exerted significant influence on the Philippines, manipulating the Philippine government and defying national institutions. * Their power and influence stemmed from their exclusive use of the Spanish language. * The friars exploited the people's ignorance and fanaticism. ## Religious Aspect * Curate approval was highly regarded. * Curate signatures were required for various documents. * The friars claimed that consolidating fraternity between the Philippines and Spain was the best defense for national integrity. ## Economic Aspect * The Philippine government lacked resources to undertake public works. * Monasteries and convents were opulent, while regular curate's residences were spacious palaces. * The church sold religious artifacts and relics at inflated prices. # Types of National Taxes ## Capital Gains Tax * Tax imposed on gains from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of capital assets in the Philippines, including pacto de retro sales (sale with a condition for repurchase) and other forms of conditional sale ## Documentary Stamp Tax * Tax on documents, instruments, loan agreements, and papers evidencing the acceptance, assignment, sale, or transfer of an obligation, rights, or property incident thereto. ## Donor’s Tax * Tax imposed on donations or gifts. * Tax imposed on the gratuitous transfer of property between two or more living persons. ## Estate Tax * Tax imposed on the transfer of property from a deceased person to their lawful heirs and beneficiaries. ## Community Tax * Tax imposed by cities or municipalities on every Filipino or alien living in the Philippines, who is 18 years old or older, and has met certain requirements. ## Income Tax * Tax on all annual profits made from individuals, corporations, and other earnings that exceed the exempt threshold. ## Withholding Tax on Government Money Payments * Withholding tax withheld by government offices before making payments to private individuals, corporations, partnerships, or associations. ## Professional Tax * Annual tax on each person engaged in the exercise or practice of a profession that requires government examination. ## Service Fees or Charges * Fees or charges collected by barangays for services rendered in connection with the regulation or the use of barangay-owned properties or service facilities. # History of Land Reform in the Philippines ## Spanish Period (1521-1896) * Encomienda: Royal Land Grants, given to Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) who were loyal to the Spanish Monarch. ## Agrarian Uprising (1745-46) * Native land owners were angered when Catholic religious orders began taking their lands but demanded that their lands be returned based on ancestral domain. ## American Period (1898-1935) * Land Registration Act of 1902: provided for comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens System. * Public Land Act of 1903: introduced the homestead system in the Philippines. ## Commonwealth Period (1935 - 1942) * President Manuel L. Quezon advocated the Social Justice program to block the increasing unrest in Central Luzon. * Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045: provided for controls in the landlord-tenant relationships ## President Manuel L. Roxas (1946-1948) * Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulated the share-tenancy contracts.