Herbal Plants - Scientific Names, Indications, and Preparation PDF

Herbal Plants – scientific name, indication, preparation 1. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) Indication: A plant that reaches 1½ to 3 meters in height with rough hairy leaves. Young plants around the mother plant may be separated when they have three or more leaves. Uses a...

Herbal Plants – scientific name, indication, preparation 1. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) Indication: A plant that reaches 1½ to 3 meters in height with rough hairy leaves. Young plants around the mother plant may be separated when they have three or more leaves. Uses and Preparation: Anti-edema, diuretic, anti-urolithiasis – Boil chopped leaves in a glass of water for 15 minutes until one glassful remains. Divide decoction into 3 parts, drink one part 3 times a day. Diarrhea – Chopped leaves and boil in a glass of water for 15 minutes. Drink one part every 3 hours. 2. Akapulko (Cassia alata) Indication: Ringworm Bush Bayas-bayasan This plant is about 1 to 2 meters tall The leaves are embraced with 8 to 20 oblong-elliptical shaped leaflets It has flowers with oblong sepals Uses and Preparation: Anti-fungal (tinea flava, ringworm, athlete’s foot and scabies) – Fresh, matured leaves are pounded. Apply soap to the affected area 1-2 times a day. 3. Niyug-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) Indication: Chineses Honey Suckle A vine which bears tiny fruits and grows wild in backyard The seeds must come from mature, dried but newly opened fruits Propagated through stem cuttings about 20cm in height. Uses and Preparation: Anti-helmintic – The seeds are taken 2 hours after supper. If no worms are expelled, the dose may be repeated after one week. (Caution: Not to be given to children below 4 years old) 4. Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa) Indication: Forest Tea or Wild Tea A shrub with small, shiny nice looking leaves that grows in wild uncultivated areas and forest. Uses and Preparation: Diarrhea – Boil chopped leaves into 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Divide decoction into 4 parts. Drink 1 part every 3 hours Stomachache – Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass of water for 15 minutes. Cool and strain. 5. Ampalaya (Momordica Charantia) Indication: Bitter Gourd or Bitter Melon A climbing vine with tendrils that grow up to 20 cms long Leaves are heart shaped, which are 5 - 10 cms in diameter Fruit have ribbed and wrinkled surface that are fleshy green with pointed ends at length and has a bitter taste.  Lower blood sugar levels Uses and Preparation: Diabetes Mellitus (Mild non-insulin dependent) – Chopped leaves then boil in a glass of water for 15 minutes. Do not cover. Cool and strain. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day after meals 6. Lagundi (Vitex negundo L.) Indication: 5 Leaved-Chaste Tree A shrub growing wild in vacant lots and waste land Matured branches are planted The flowers are blue and bell-shaped The small fruits turn black when ripe. It is better to collect the leaves when are in bloom. Uses and Preparation: Asthma, Cough & Fever – Decoction ( Boil raw fruits or leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes)Dysentery, Colds & Pain – Decoction ( Boil a handful of leaves & flowers in water to produce a glass, three times a day) Skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies, ulcer, eczema) -Wash & clean the skin/wound with the decoction Headache – Crush leaves may be applied on the forehead Rheumatism, sprain, contusions, insect bites – Pound the leaves and apply on affected area 7. Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida) Indication: Silver bush or Shiny bush Pansit-pansitan A weed with heart shaped leaves that grow in shady parts of the garden and yard Uses and Preparation: Lowers uric acid (rheumatism and gout) – One a half cup leaves are boiled in two glass of water over low fire. Do not cover pot. Divide into 3 parts and drink one part 3 times a day 8. Bawang (Allium sativum) Indication: Garlic A low herb and grows up to 60 cms hig Leaves are flat and linear Bulbs consist of several tubers Uses and Preparation: Hypertension – Maybe fried, roasted, soaked in vinegar for 30 minutes, or blanched in boiled water for 15 minutes. Take 2 pieces 3 times a day after meals. Toothache – Pound a small piece and apply to affected area 9. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) Indication: A tree about 4 to 5 meters high with tiny white flowers with round or oval fruits that are eaten raw  Uses and Preparation: For washing wounds – Maybe use twice a day Diarrhea – May be taken 3-4 times a day As gargle and for toothache – Warm decoction is used for gargle. Freshly pounded leaves are used for toothache. Boil chopped leaves for 15 minutes at low fire. Do not cover and then let it cool and strain 10. Yerba Buena (Mentha Cordifelia) Indication: Peppermint A small multi branching aromatic herb. The leaves are small, elliptical and with toothed margin. The stem creeps to the ground, and develops roots. Uses and Preparation: Pain (headache, stomachache) – Boil chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Divide decoction into 2 parts, drink one part every 3 hours. Rheumatism, arthritis and headache – Crush the fresh leaves and squeeze sap. Massage sap on painful parts with eucalyptus Cough & Cold – Soak 10 fresh leaves in a glass of hot water, drink as tea. (expectorant) Swollen gums – Steep 6 g. of fresh plant in a glass of boiling water for 30 minutes. Use as a gargle solution Toothache – Cut fresh plant and squeeze sap. Soak a piece of cotton in the sap and insert this in aching tooth cavity Menstrual & gas pain – Soak a handful of leaves in a lass of boiling water. Drink infusion. Nausea & Fainting – Crush leaves and apply at nostrils of patients Insect bites – Crush leaves and apply juice on affected area or pound leaves until like a paste, rub on affected area Pruritis – Boil plant alone or with eucalyptus in water. Use decoction as a wash on affected area. HIV/AIDS Causative agent ○ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative agent for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are two main types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Mode of transmission ○ Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. ○ Sharing of needles and syringes among drug users. ○ Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding. ○ Blood transfusion with contaminated blood or blood products. ○ Organ transplant using infected organs or tissues. ○ Occupational exposure to HIV-infected blood (e.g., healthcare workers). Incubation period ○ 2-4 weeks Manifestations  ○ Early HIV infection may cause flu-like symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat. However, many people with HIV do not experience noticeable symptoms in the early stages. As the infection progresses, it can lead to more severe symptoms and opportunistic infections, indicating the progression to AIDS. Lab/ diagnostic test ○ HIV Antibody Test: Detects antibodies produced by the body in response to HIV infection. This can be done through ELISA or rapid antibody tests. ○ Antigen/Antibody Combination Test: Detects both HIV antibodies and antigens, providing earlier detection than antibody tests alone. ○ Nucleic Acid Test (NAT): Detects the genetic material of the virus, providing early detection. ○ CD4 T-Cell Count: Measures the number of CD4 cells, which are immune cells targeted by the virus. ○ Viral Load Test: Measures the amount of HIV genetic material in the blood, indicating the level of virus replication. Preventive measure ○ Safe Sex Practices: Use condoms consistently and correctly during sexual intercourse. ○ Needle Exchange Programs: For people who inject drugs, using clean needles and syringes can reduce the risk of transmission. ○ Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): A medication taken by individuals at high risk for HIV to prevent infection. ○ Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Emergency medication taken after potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection. ○ Routine Testing: Regular testing and early detection allow for timely intervention and treatment. ○ Blood Safety Measures: Ensuring the safety of blood and blood products through rigorous screening and testing. Leptospirosis Causative agent ○ Spirochete Bacterium Leptospira Mode of transmission ○ The most common ways to get infected is urine or contaminated water getting in your eyes, nose, mouth, or broken skin (such as a cut or scratch). You can also get infected by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Incubation period ○ 5-14 days with a range of 2-30 days. Manifestations ○ any patient with a history of risk exposure, and any of the following: fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea Lab/ diagnostic test ○ Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT): This is the most common serological test for leptospirosis. It detects antibodies against Leptospira in the patient's blood. ○ PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Used to detect the genetic material of Leptospira in blood, urine, or tissue samples.  ○ Culture: Isolation of the bacteria from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine can be attempted, but it is a more complex and time-consuming method. ○ Blood Tests: Elevated liver enzymes and kidney function tests may indicate organ involvement. Preventive measure ○ Protective Clothing: Wear protective clothing and footwear when exposed to environments where the bacteria may be present. ○ Rodent Control: Reduce exposure to rodents by practicing effective rodent control measures. ○ Avoid Contaminated Water: Avoid contact with water or soil that may be contaminated with urine from infected animals. ○ Vaccination (in some cases): In certain high-risk populations or endemic areas, vaccines may be available for specific strains of Leptospira. However, the effectiveness can vary. Schistosomiasis Causative agent ○ caused by some species of blood trematodes (flukes) in the genus Schistosoma. The three main species infecting humans are Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni. Mode of transmission ○ Infection occurs when your skin comes in contact with contaminated freshwater in which certain types of snails that carry schistosomes are living. Freshwater becomes contaminated by Schistosoma eggs when infected people urinate or defecate in the water. Incubation period ○ 14-84 days Manifestations ○ Abdominal pain, enlarged liver, blood in the stool or blood in the urine, and problems passing urine. Chronic infection can also lead to increased risk of liver fibrosis or bladder cancer. Lab/ diagnostic test ○ Parasitological Examination: Microscopic examination of stool or urine samples to detect eggs shed by the adult worms. ○ Serological Tests: Blood tests to detect antibodies against Schistosoma antigens. ○ PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Molecular tests to detect the DNA of the parasite in blood or tissue samples. Preventive measure ○ Avoiding Contaminated Water: Do not swim, bathe, or wade in freshwater bodies known to be infested with the snails that carry the schistosome larvae. ○ Improved Sanitation: Ensuring access to clean water and proper sanitation can help reduce the risk of contamination. ○ Wearing Protective Clothing: If contact with potentially contaminated water is unavoidable, wearing protective clothing can reduce the risk of exposure. ○ Chemoprophylaxis: In some cases, especially in areas with high transmission rates, individuals may be prescribed antiparasitic drugs for preventive purposes. Hepa A Causative agent ○ HAV, an RNA virus that is classified as a picornavirus. Mode of transmission ○ Fecal-oral route Incubation period ○ 3-5 weeks with an average of 28 days Manifestations ○ anicteric and symptomless Mild, flu like upper Respiratory infection, low grade fever ○ anorexia ○ jaundice and dark urine ○ indigestion ○ symptoms may mild in children Lab/ diagnostic test ○ Liver and spleen moderately enlarged ○ Jaundice ○ Stool exam- revealed HAV( 7 to 10 days before illness and 2-3 weeks after symptoms appear ○ Blood analysis- revealed HAV antibodies Preventive measure ○ Bedrest ○ Nutritious diet ○ Gradual but progressive ambulation scientific name for Ulasimang Bato and Tsaang gubat Ulasimang Bato - Peperomia pellucida Tsaang gubat - Carmona retusa scientific name for Bawang Bawang - Allium sativum plant is used for washing wounds, toothache and diarrhea Bayabas (Psidium guajava) scientific name for Bayabas Psidium guajava Herbal plant for the treatment for pain in different parts of the body, cough, cold, menstrual and gas pain Yerba Buena (Mentha Cordifelia) scientific name for Yerba Buena or peppermint Mentha Cordifelia causative agent of leptospirosis Spirochete Bacterium Leptospira common clinical manifestations of leptospirosis fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea organ affected by leptospirosis Kidney Liver most appropriate diagnostic test for confirming leptospirosis Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) recommended treatment for mild leptospirosis cases antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin. population at risk for leptospirosis rice and sugar-cane field workers, farmers, sewer workers, veterinarians, dairy workers, and military personnel. preventive measure in reducing Leptospirosis Avoid touching fresh water or soil that may be contaminated with animal urine. incubation period for Leptospirosis 5-14 days with a range of 2-30 days primary mode of entry for Leptospires into the human body through skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth) the first-line antibiotic for severe leptospirosis cases For severe leptospirosis, intravenous penicillin G has long been the drug of choice, although the third-generation cephalosporins cefotaxime and ceftriaxone have become widely used. symptom differentiates leptospirosis from dengue fever bodily fluid most commonly associated with HIV transmission Blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. the primary mode of HIV transmission anal or vaginal sex, or sharing needles, syringes, or other drug injection equipment (for example, cookers). name of the virus that causes AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) most effective way to prevent HIV transmission during sexual activity abstinence (not having sex), never sharing needles, and using condoms the right way every time you have sex. bodily fluids that can transmit HIV  blood, semen, vaginal fluid, anal mucus and breast milk, ultimate goal of CHN Health promotion ??? objective of the EPI The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to ensure that infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood vaccines. relative decrease in population due to deaths aim of the family planning program Philippine institute of Traditional and alternative healthcare Republic Act 8423 (R.A. 8423) mandates the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) Scientific name of Niyug niyugan Quisqualis indica L. Forest tea Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa)