19th Century Philippines As Rizal's Context PDF

19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES POLO Y SERVICIO AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT  Polo y servicio is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years -19TH Century was the era of challenges...

19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES POLO Y SERVICIO AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT  Polo y servicio is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years -19TH Century was the era of challenges and of age who were obligated to give responses. personal services to community projects. -It is the period of major changes that affect One could be exempted from polo by man and society. paying the falla, a daily fine of one and a - Age of Enlightenment. half real. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. The polo system was patterned FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE after the Mexican repartimento, selection 1. POLITICAL CONTEXT for forced labor. 2. ECONOMIC CONTEXT 3. SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT TAXATION  To support the colony, several forms of POLITICAL CONTEXT taxes and monopolies were imposed. Direct: The tithe is the payment of the 1. CONSERVATISM VS LIBERALISM 10% of an individual's annual income to  A seesawed battle between absolutism the government. The sanctorum is the and liberalism occurred in Spain. This tax being paid as support to the church. was a period of confusion and instability. The tribute(buwis) is the tax or rent given  In Spain there was the split among the to the landlord a resident is under. It may intellectuals into two irreconcilable camps, be in cash or in kind (tobacco, chickens, the Conservatives and the Liberals, produce, gold, blankets, cotton, rice, etc., neither of which advantaged adequate depending on the region of the country), practical solutions to end all strives. fixed at 8 reales and later increased to 15 2. Frailocracy – rule of the friars reales. POLITICAL STRUCTURE DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ECONOMIC CONTEXT DURING SPANISH TIME Industrialization 1855 - the year Spain realized the need of - this generally applied to the extraordinary establishing a system of public education for transformation in the method of: the indios. production, transportation, and - this was also the year that Gov. Gen Crespo communication through the substitution of organized a Commission and recommended manual labor to machine. remedial measures to improve elementary education 1.ENCOMIENDA TO HACIENDA SYSTEM 2. GALLEON TRADE 1861 - the year the Commission completed its 3. Indulto de Commercio report and forwarded it to Spain. – privilege of provincial governors to 1863 - the year that the Educational Decree engage in and monopolize trade of 1863 was issued. Provisions of Educational Decree of 1863 Instability of the Colonial Administration 1. Establishments of Teacher Training School. Corrupt officialdom 2. Government supervises the public school No representation in the Spanish Cortez system. Denial of Human Rights for Filipinos 3. Use of Spanish as medium of instruction in No equality before the law all schools. Maladministration of justice 4. Establishment of one primary schools for Racial discrimination boys and for girls in each of major town. Frailocracy Forced labor, Tribute, and Bandala DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Guardia Civil DURING SPANISH TIME 1. Emphasis on Religion  The 19th century when Rizal lived was a >Fear of God was emphasized. century of ferment caused by the blowing >Obedience to friars was instilled in the of winds of history. The above events mind of the people. significantly affects the lives and fortunes >Indios were constantly reminded that of mankind as well as the life of Jose they have inferior intelligence and were Rizal. fit for manual labor only. >Will of God was also emphasized.  Paradoxically, the Friars who were assigned to implement the educational 2. Absence of Academic Freedom decrees from Spain were among the > Most schools were not opened to the vociferous of the Spanish elements natives. against the teaching of Spanish language > Students were not allowed to express in the Philippines. their opinion.  They believed that the knowledge of the 3. Racial Discrimination Spanish language would encourage the > prior to educational decree of people to oppose Spanish rule. They 1863, the schools were not opened contend that “an enlightened people to the natives. cannot be kept long in subjugation”. > Spaniards hesitated to consider the indios as educable as themselves. 4. Limited curriculum > Education was limited to the 3 Rs, that is, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic  Towards the middle of the 19th century, intellectual disintegration was keenly felt by the middle class.  This was caused by an inadequate educational system imposed by the civil government upon the people. The Philippines of Rizal’s Time  During the time of Rizal, the sinister shadow of Spain’s decadence darkened the Philippine skies. The Filipino agonized beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule, for they were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power. Among these evils were as follows: UNFORTUNATE EVENTS BEFORE 4.They were given splendid professors. ATENEO 5.They acquired prestige as an excellent college for boys. JUNE 1872  Donya Teodora was imprisoned for two The class is divided into two: and a half years on a trumped-up charges of poisoning her brother’s wife JESUIT EDUCATION SYSTEM  The Roman Empire- Internos FEBRUARY 17, 1872 (boarders)  The three martyred Priests, Fathers  The Carthaginian Empire- Externos Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and (non-boarders) Jacinto Zamora, better known for the  The top ranks from highest to lowest acronym GOMBURZA, were executed (both empire) Spaniards in Bagumbayan in connection  Emperor, Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, with the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. and StandardBearer RIZAL AT ATENEO DE MANILA The first teacher of Rizal in Ateneo was UNIVERSITY Father Jose Bech  Escuela Municipal de Manila (1960- 1980) - First Year (June 1872)  Ateneo Municipal de Manila (1865- - “externo” > “emperor” 1909) - He took private lessons in Santa Isabel  Established by the Spanish Jesuits. College during noon recess to improve Spanish. JUNE 10, 1872 - He placed 2nd at the end of the year. Jose took the entrance exam in San Juan Land Surveyor’s and Accessor’s Degree De Letra but his father changed his mind and decided to send him to ateneo. Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in the Ateneo. This time he boarded RIZAL, THE ATENEAN inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. The College registrar FATHER MARGIN His landlady was an old widow named Doña FERNANDO refused to admit in Ateneo Pepay, who had a widowed daughter and four because; sons. 1. He was late for registration. 2. He was sickly and undersized for his age. He again became an emperor; he received but because of the help of Manuel Xeres excellent grades in all subjects and a gold Burgos (Nephew of Fr. Burgos), Rizal, at the medal. He returned to Calamba in March, age of 11, was admitted to the Ateneo. 1874 for the summer vacation. WHEN HE ENTERED ATENEO: Second Year (1873-1874) Rizal was discriminated by his classmates Prophecy of Mother’s Release and professors, mainly because he had only a Teenage Interest in Reading little knowledge about Spain, and also the fact “The Count of Monte Cristo” by Alexander that he was from Calamba, Laguna. He was Dumas also a late enrollee, so that added up to the “Universal History” by Cesar Cantu situation. “Travels in the Philippines” by Dr. Feodor Jagor RIZAL JESUIT EDUCATION 1. It trained the character of students by rigid RIZALRIZAL discipline and religious. - Third Year (1874-1875) 2. It promotes physical culture, humanities He only got 1 medal in his Latin subject, then and scientific studies. on March 1875 he returned to Calamba. 3.Aside from academic courses leading to AB, it offers vocational course in agriculture, commerce, mechanics and surveying. - Fourth Year (1875-1876) MOTHER'S OPPOSITION TO A HIGHER He became an interno in the Ateneo. One of EDUCATION his professors, this time was Fr. Francisco Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Sanchez whom inspired Rizal to study harder Jose should pursue higher learning. and write poetry. He won five medals at the But Doña Teodora did not want him to study end of the school term. more. Evidently, She had a premonition that too much knowledge would imperil her son's - Last Year (1876-1877) life. Rizal became the pride of the Jesuits and he She knew the fate of the Filipino intellectuals obtained highest grades in all subjects. such as the three priests — GOMBURZA. She blamed their tragic fate to their learnings POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO She warned her husband. "Do not send Jose 1.) Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration) again to Manila. If he gets to know too much, - Dedicated to his mother. they will cut off his head. " 2.) Felicitacion (Felicitation) Doña Teodora is known as a woman of 3.) El Embarque: Himno a la Flota De education and culture. Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to Evidently, Don Francisco and Paciano were Magellan's fleet) able to overcome Doña Teodora's objection. It 4.) Y Es Español: Elcano, el Primero en dar la was finally decided that Jose would study in Vuelta al Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano, the University of Santo Tomas. the first to Circumnavigate the World 5.) El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo RIZAL ENTERS THE UNIVERSITY (Urbiztondo: Terror of Jolo) In April, 1877, Rizal, who was then nearly 16 6.) Education: Through Education our years old, matriculated in the University of Motherland receives light Santo Tomas taking Philosophy and 7.) The intimate alliance between Religion and Letters. Good education He enrolled in this course for two reasons: 8.) Religion: Al Nino Jesus (to the Child Jesus) (1) his father liked it and (2)he was "still uncertain as to what career to FIRST ROMANCE OF RIZALSEGUNDA follow. KATIGBAK The girl who stole Rizal’s heart, she is a First Year term (1877-78 pretty 14 years old Batangueña from Lipa.  He studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, He used to know Segunda because of his Theodicy, and History of PhilosophyRizal took friend Mariano Katigbak, Brother of Segunda. up medicine, enrolling simultaneously in the But this love story didn’t last long as pre- paratory medical course and the regular Segunda was already engaged to be first year medical course. married to her townmate Manuel Luz. The reasons why he studied medicine were: Jose Rizal at UST 1877-1882 (1) He wanted to be a physician so that (The University of Santo Tomas) he might cure his mother's failing eyesight and  The founding of the University of Santo (2) that he migheter of the Ateneo, Tomas followed on April 28, 1611. With whom he consulted for a choice of the original campus located in Intramuros, career, finally answered his letter, the Walled City of Manila. recommending medicine  UST was first called Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario  Later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas (1619), in memory of the foremost Dominican Theologian, St. Thomas Aquinas.  And on November 20, 1645, Pope Innocent X raised the ‘Colegio’ to  the status of a ‘University’ FINISHES SURVEYING COURSE IN Rizal reported the incident to Gen. Primo de ATENEO (1878) Rivera, but nothing happened with his Vocational course leading to the title perito complaint. agrimensor (expert surveyor). A letter dated March 21, 1887, addressed to He excelled in all subjects in Ateneo, Blumentritt, stated: "I went to the Captain- obtaining gold medals in agriculture and General but I could not obtain justice; my topography. wound lasted two weeks" At 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course and granted the TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH (1879) title as surveyor in November 25, 1881. Liceo Artistico- Literario (Artistic-Literary His loyalty remains to Ateneo. He is also Museum) of Manila held a literary contest. active in the extra curricular activities: Rizal submitted a poem entitled A La - President of the Academy of Spanish Inventud Filipina. Literature Rizal won first prize and receive a silver pen, - Secretary of the Academy of Natural feather-shaped and decorated with gold Sciences ribbon. - Secretary of the Marian Congregation The poem is a Philippine classic for two reasons ROMANCE WITH OTHER GIRLS 1. It was the first great poem in Spanish After losing Segunda Katigbak, he paid court written by a Filipino, whose merit was to a young woman in Calamba. Rizal paid recognized by Spanish literary authorities court to a young woman in Calamba. In his 2. It expressed for the first time the memoirs, he called her simply Miss L, nationalistic concept. describing her as "fair with seductive and attractive eyes." THE COUNCIL OF GOD'S (1880) Another literary contest to commemorate Two reasons for his change heart: Cervantes centennial death anniversary, was The sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak is held in 1880 still fresh in his heart. Rizal submitted an allegorical poem entitled His father did not like the family of "Miss L" El Consejo de Los Dioses Leonora Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal Rizal won first prize again but the Spanish bearing, was courted by Rizal while community in Manila disapproves with the staying at Doña Concha Leyva's house in decision. Intramuros. Rizal won a gold ring engraved with the burst of Cervantes and for the first time in LEONOR RIVERA history, an indio excelled in a national literary Rizal sends Leonor Valenzuela letters with contest. invisible ink, a mixture of table salt and water, He was able to prove the fallacy of the and taught Orang (Leonor's pet name) how to alleged Spanish superiority over the Filipinos read it. and revealed that we could hold our own Leonor Rivera, his cousin from Camiling, against other races. was a frail, pretty girl "tender as a budding Rizal was aided by the Father Rector of flower with kindly, wistful eyes." Ateneo to secure the needed references They became engaged and in order to hide The allegory was based in Greek classics their relationship, Leonor signs her letters as and established a parallel among Homer, Taimis. Virgil and Cervantes. VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER'S OTHER LITERACY WORKS BRUTALITY In 1879, Rizal wrote Abd-el-Azis y Mahima Happened during the summer of 1878 while which was declaimed by Manuel Fernandez he was a first year at UST. on Dec. 8 in honor of Ateneo's Patroness. The man turned out to be a lieutenant of the Rizal wrote a zarzuela, Junto al Pasig Guardia Civil. Brutally slashed the back of ( Beside the Pasig), which was staged by Rizal with a sword. the Ateneans on Dec. 8, 1880.  The zarzuela is mediocre but there are DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD passages that express in subtle satire After finishing the Medicine in UST, he the author's nationalist ideas. For instance, decided to study in Spain Paciano and Rizal made Satan say that the Philippines. Saturnina, Lucia, Uncle Anotonio Rivera, the In the same year (1880), he wrote a sonnet Valenzuela family and some friends approved entitled A Filipinas in the album of the Society his plans. of Sculptors. For the first, Rizal did no seek his parents The year before, in 1879, he composed a approval and blessings to go poem entitled Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma, which abroad. was declaimed by an Ate Dean, Manuel He did ask Leonor as well knowing that Fernandez, on the night of December 8, 1879 Leonor will not be able to keep In honor of the Ateneo's Patroness. to keep a secret. Later, in 1881, he composed a poem entitled The Spanish authorities, his parents and Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon, Rector del Atenco, Leonor know nothing about his decision to go en Sus Dias. abroad in order to finish his medical studies in He wrote this poem as an Spain. expression of affection to Father Pablo Ramon. Early Childhood and Family Background of Rizal CHAMPION OF THE FILIPINO STUDENTS Filipino students were called "indio, Chango" JOSE RIZAL while Spanish students are called "Kastilla, Born in June 19, 1861 Bangus" IN THE LAKESHORE TOWN OF CALAMBA, In 1880, Rizal founded a secret society LAGUNA, JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL called Compañerismo (Comeradeship), MERCADO Y ALONSO whose members are called "Companion of WAS BORN. Jehu" Rizal recounted that his mother almost died Jehu- Hebrew general who fought the during the delivery because of his bighead. Armaeansand ruled Israel for 28 years. He was named Jose in honor of St. Rizal was the Chief while his cousin Joseph, the patron saint of laborers and Galicano Apacible was secretary. soldiers. He was given a second first name, In one of the fierce encounters between the Protasio, after a 4th century saint who was a Filipino students and their pale-skinned bishop of Milan. detractors near the Escolta, Rizal was Three days after his birth, Rizal was wounded on the head. baptized in the Catholic church of Calamba His friends brought him bleeding and on June 22, 1861 by Fr. Rufino Collantes, covered with dust to his boarding house, "Ca- a Filipino priest from Batangas. His godfather sa Tomasina." was Pedro Casañas, a native of Calamba and Leonor Rivera tenderly washed and dressed friend of Rizal’ family. his wound. FRANCISCO MERCADO (Father of Rizal) RIZAL'S UNHAPPY DAYS AT UST An industrious farmer whom Rizal called “a Rizal was unhappy at the UST because: model of fathers, ” came from Biñan, 1. The Dominican professors were hostile to Laguna. him BORN: MAY 11,1818 2. Filipino students were racially discriminated DIED: JANUARY 5,1898 against by the Spaniards He studied Latin and Philosophy at the 3. The method of instruction was obsolete and College of San Jose in Manila. In early repressive. manhood, following his parent’s death, he In his novel El Filibusterismo, he discussed moved to Calamba and became a tenant how Filipinos were humiliated and farmer of the Dominican-ned hacienda. insulted by Dominican professors. He was a hardy and independent-minded In Chapter XIII, "The Class In Physics" , man, who talked less and worked more, and Rizal related how classes are held in UST was strong in body and valiant in spirit. TEODORA ALONZO QUINTOS Y La Concordia College. Rizal confided to REALONDA (Mother of Rizal) Olimpia about Segunda and the sister willingly served as the mediator between  was born in Sta. Cruz, Manila. She was the two teenage lovers. educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well-known college for girls in the city. 5. Lucia Rizal (1857–1919)  BORN: NOVEMBER 9,1827  The fifth child in the Rizal family. She  DIED: AUGUST 16, 1911 married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, She was a remarkable woman, possessing Laguna. Charged of inciting the Calamba intelligence, refined culture, literary talent, townsfolk not to pay land rent and business ability and fortitude. causing unrest, the couple was once ordered to be deported along with some THE RIZAL CHILDREN Rizal family members. God blessed the marriage of Francisco 6. Maria Rizal, 86 ( 1859- 1945) Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda  “The Confidant” The sixth child. Married with eleven children-two boys and nine girls. Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan Laguna. These children were as follows: Jose confided to Maria about his plans of marrying Josephine Bracken when most 1. Saturnina Rizal, 63 ( 1850- 1913) of the Rizal family was not open to the  “The Second Mother” Born as Saturnina idea. He had also brought up to Maria his Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda or plans of establishing a Filipino colony in simply Saturnina Hidalgo. She was the North British Borneo. Jose and Maria eldest sister of Jose Rizal. She was often wrote to each other particularly married to Manuel T. Hidalgo, a native when Jose was studying abroad. and one of the richest persons in 7. Jose Rizal, 35 ( 1861 - 1896) Tanauan, Batangas. She was known as  The second son and the seventh child. Neneng. She died in September 14, 1913. The greatest Filipino hero and peerless 2. Paciano Rizal, 79 ( 1851 - 1930) genius. He was born on June 19, 1861.  “The Big Brother” Only brother of Jose His nickname was Pepe. During his exile Rizal and the second child. Studied at in Dapitan he lived with Josephine San Jose College in Manila; became a Bracken, Irish girl from Hong Kong. He farmer and later a general of the was executed by the Spaniards on Philippine Revolution. He devotedly took December 30, 1896. care of Jose Rizal. 8. Concepcion Rizal, 3 ( 1862- 1865) 3. Narcisa Rizal, 87 ( 1852- 1939)  “A Dear Loss” The eighth child. Died at  “The Hospital Sister” The third child, her the age of three. She is fondly called pet name was Sisa and she married ‘Concha’ by her siblings. Jose loved most Antonia Lopez (nephew of Father ‘Concha’ who was a year younger than Leoncio Lopez) at Morong, Rizal; a him. Jose played games and shared teacher and musician. Like Saturnina, children stories with her. She was Jose’s Narcisa helped in financing Rizal’s first grief as he mournfully wept when she studies in Europe, even pawning her died of sickness in 1865. jewelry and peddling her clothes if 9. Josefa Rizal, 80 (1865- 1945) needed. It is said that Doña Narcissa  “The Katipunera” The ninth child. An could recite from memory almost all the epileptic, died a spinster. She is poems of Rizal. Narcisa was perhaps the nicknamed as “Panggoy”. After Jose was most hospitable among the siblings. executed, Josefa joined the Katipunan. 4. Olimpia Rizal, 32 ( 1855- 1887) She was one of the original 29 women  “The Go-Between” The fourth child. admitted to the Katipunan along with Married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph Gregoria de Jesus , wife of Andres operator from Manila. Olimpia died in Bonifacio. They secured the secret paper August 1887 at age 32 due to childbirth. s and document s of the society. The Jose loved to tease her, sometimes danced and sang during meetings to good-humoredly describing her as his confuse civil guards that the meetings stout sister. Jose’s first love, Segunda were jus t harmles s social gatherings Katigbak, was Olimpia’s schoolmatat the. 10. Trinidad Rizal, 83 ( 1868- 1951 )  At the age of three, Rizal began to take  “The Steward” The tenth child. Died a part in the family prayers. He participated spins ter and the last of the family to die. in the Angelus prayers and by nightfall, “Trining” along with their mother, joined his mother gathered all the children at the Jose in Dapitan and resided with him in house to pray the Angelus. Of his sisters, his square house during his exile. A day Rizal loved most Concepcion (the little before Jose’ s execution, Trining and Concha). He was a year older than her, their mother visited him at Fort Santiago he played with her and from her he prison cell. As they were leaving, Jose learned sisterly love. Unfortunately, handed over to Trining an alcohol Concha died of sickness in 1865. The cooking stove, a gift from Pardo de death of little Concha brought Rizal his Taveras , whispering to her in a language first sorrow. When Rizal was five years which the guards could not understand, old, he was able to read haltingly the “There i s something in it.” That Spanish family bible. ‘something’ was Rizal’s elegy now known  One of the memorable anecdotes as “Mi Ultimo Adios.” between the young Jose was when his 11. Soledad Rizal, 59 ( 1870- 1929) mother was reading to him a Spanish  “The Teacher” The youngest child; reader entitled El Amigo de los Niños married Pantaleon Quintero. She was a (The Children’s Friend). She noticed him teacher and was probably the best not paying attention. Jose instead was educated among Jose’s sisters, which attracted to a pair of moths circling the made Jose very proud of her. flame of the oil lamp. The smaller moth got so attracted to the flame that if flew RIZAL’S HOME IN CALAMBA too close, its wings got burned and fell  The house of the Rizal family,where he into the oil and died. The Story of the was born, was one of the distinguished Moth- made the profoundest impression stone houses in Calamba during the on Rizal “died a martyr to its illusions”At Spanish times. It was a two-storey the age of five, Rizal began to make building,rectangular in shape, built of sketches with his pencil and to mould in adobe stones and hard-woods and clay and wax object. roofed with red tiles. Behind the house were the poultry yard full of turkeys and Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow chickens and a big garden of tropical fruit Children) trees- atis, balimbing,chico, macopa,  Rizal’s first poem in native language. At papaya, santol,etc. the age of eight. This poem reveals  He lived in this house until leaving for Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment. At formal studies in Biñan and later in the age of eight, Rizal also wrote his first Manila. Throughout his life, Rizal longed dramatic work which was a Tagalog for his childhood home, even while comedy.Influences on Rizal' s boyhood In studying in Europe or during his exile in the lives of all men there are influences Dapitan. which cause some to be great and others not. In the case of Rizal, he had all the CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA favorable influences, few other children in  Calamba was named after a big native his time enjoyed. Aside from his jar. A hacienda town which belonged to immediate family. the Dominican Order, which also owned all the lands around it. It is a beautiful town covered with irrigated rice fields and sugar lands.  In his childhood because he was a frail, sickly and undersized child, he was given the most loving care by his parents.  Rizal’s three uncles added to Rizal’s  Rizal’s family was a mixture of races. inspiration. They were combination of Negrito, Malay, Indonesian, Japanese, Chinese, and Tio Jose Alberto - studied for eleven years in Spanish. British school in Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe. He inspired Rizal to develop his artistic ability. Tio Manuel - a husky and athletic man, encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by means of physical exercises. Tio Gregorio -a book lover, intensified Rizal’s voracious reading of good book. Father Leoncio Lopez - the old and learned parish priest of Calamba, fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty. EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN  Rizal' s early education began at age three under the guidance of his mother, where he learned the alphabet and prayers. His intelligence led his parents to hire tutors, including Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua, and Leon Monroy, who taught him Spanish and Latin before passing away.  In 1869, Rizal, at nine, went to study in Biñan under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz, where he excelled in subjects like Spanish and Latin, despite the harsh disciplinary methods. He often surpassed his classmates, becoming a target of envy and rumors. After 18 months, his teacher recommended he continue his studies in Manila, which he did in 1872.  *Martyrdom Of Gom-Bur-Za: * The execution of Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (Gom-Bur-Za) on February 17, 1872, following a failed mutiny, deeply influenced Rizal. Their martyrdom against Spanish oppression inspired him to fight for his country ' s freedom, leading him to dedicate his novel El Filibusterismo to them.  The Rizal House, now a shrine, recaptures the era of Jose’s boyhood. It was built in the architectural style of the Spanish period. The house itself, which is really a typical 'bahay na bato ' (literally meaning 'house of stone ' in Tagalog); a typical upper-class house built during the Spanish colonial era. Romances of Rizal who played the piano and was gifted with a “charming singing voice”. SEGUNDA KATIGBAK: RIZAL'S FIRST  Leonor Rivera and Rizal first met in LOVE Manila when Rivera was only 14 years  Segunda Solis Katigbak, Rizal’s first old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, puppy love but unfortunately was 1882, Rivera was 15 years of age. Their engaged to his town mate, Manuel Luz. ensuing correspondence began when Segunda first met Rizal in a party of a Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying relative of Rizal in Manila. For about 7 farewell, and their letters to each other months, he became infatuated with her slowly became romantic in nature. The that he showered her with much attention, correspondence between Rivera and writing romantic poems and catching her Rizal kept Rizal focused on his studies in beauty in his sketches. Europe.  His regular visits to Segunda at the  They employed codes in their letters Concordia were often marked with because Rivera's mother did not favour silence. In 1882, Rizal write his Memorias Rizal as a suitor for her daughter. A letter de Un Estudiante where he narrates his from Mariano Catigbac dated June 27, infatuation for her, sketching her 1884 referred to Rivera as Rizal's beautifully and in exchange Segunda “betrothed”. Catigbac described Rivera giving him a white paper flower which as having been greatly affected by Rizal's again, was very symbolic. departure, frequently sick because of insomnia. LEONOR VALENZUELA: PRIVATE  In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters LETTERS from Rivera for a year, even as he kept  Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela, Rizal’s sending letters to her. The reason for second object of affection, is literally the Rivera's silence was the connivance girl-next-door. They met when Rizal was between Rivera's mother and an a sophomore medical student at the Englishman named Henry Charles University of Santo Tomas, during which Kipping, a railway engineer who fell in time he also lived at Doña Concha love with Leyva’s boarding house in Intramuros,  Rivera and was favoured by Rivera's Manila. Orang, who was the 14 years old, mother. Rivera died on 28 August 1893 was his neighbor. shortly after giving birth to her second  During the courtship, Rizal was said to child with Kipping. Shortly before she have sent Leonor private and secret love died, her last wish was to have the silver letters, which he wrote using invisible ink box containing the ashes of Rizal's made with water and salt—he was adept burned letters be buried with her. in chemistry, too. To read the letters, Orang had to heat the letter over a CONSUELO ORTIGA Y PEREZ: A candle or a lamp. Rizal also frequented SACRIFICE FOR FRIENDSHIP the Valenzuelas’ home, which was a  During his stay in Madrid, Rizal and hang out place of the students in the area. some fellow Filipinos would visit the home of Don Pablo Ortiga. They went LEONOR RIVERA: THE FIRST there to visit the Don’s daughters, but ENGAGEMENT more specifically, Rizal went there to visit  Born as Leonor Bauson Rivera, a native Consuela, who was considered to be the of Camiling, Tarlac. Rizal's European prettiest among Don Pablo’s daughters. biographer, described Rivera in Rizal: Consuela fell in love with Rizal and he Philippine Nationalist and Martyr as a even wrote a poem for her called ALA “pretty woman” whose physical features SENORITA C.O. y R. which became one included having a “high forehead”, “soft of his best poems. Yet, keeping in mind and wavy hair”, a face that sported that he was loyal to Leonor Rivera, he “almond eyes”, “small and pensive backed out before the relationship could mouth”, and “engaging dimples”. get any more serious. Furthermore, Rivera was a talented, mature, and intelligent lady Also, he knew that his friend – Eduardo de Leaving for a Higher Cause Lete – was in love with Consuela and he did  Rizal withdrew before his relationship not wish to destroy their friendship over a girl. with Gettie could become more serious, realizing that he had a greater mission to O-SEI-SAN: LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT fulfill and that in order to accomplish it he  Seiko Usui, also known as O Sei San, could not yield to the option of marrying was a Japanese samurai's daughter. She her. He suppressed the yearnings of his was 23 years old when she first met Jose heart and decided to leave so that the Rizal. He had moved to a Spanish lady may forget him. Before he did, Legation in the Azabu district of Tokyo however, he finished a number of where she regularly worked. She served sculptural works, one of which was a as his interpreter during his stay in Japan. carving of the heads of the Beckett She also helped him to be accustomed to sisters. the Japanese culture, taught him how to read and write Nihonggo, and taught him SUZANNE JACOBY: A LOVE UNREQUITED the Japanese art of painting also known  On January 28, 1890, Rizal left for as su-mie. Together, they visited The Brussels, Belgium. He stayed for a Imperial Art Gallery, The Imperial Library, considerable time, paying for room and various universities, the Shokubutsu-en board. His landladies had a pretty niece (Botanical Garden), the Hibiya Park, and named Petite Suzanne Jacoby. She was various shrines. taken by Rizal's charm and gallantry, and  Rizal was almost tempted by her beauty provided him good company. Rizal could and affection to stay in Japan. When have flirted with the lady, considering that Rizal left for the United States, he told his beloved Leonor was far away and he her in a note that he had spent a happy was a lonely man in a strange and golden month with her and that he do not foreign land, but he realized he could not know if he can have another. deceive her. GERTRUDE BECKETT: A CHISELED NELLIE BOUSTEAD: A FAILEDPROPOSAL BEAUTY  In 1891, Rizal took a vacation in Biarritz  In May 1888 Rizal visited London for a in order to find reprieve from his troubles short time, boarding the house of the in Madrid. He was a guest of the Beckett family: Mr. & Mrs. Beckett, their Boustead family in their winter residence, two sons, and their four daughters. The Villa Eliada. Mr. and Mrs. Boustead had eldest daughter was named Gertrude. two beautiful daughters, Adelina and Nellie. The Artist's Right Hand  Gertrude was a buxom young lady with An Emotional Rebounce blue eyes and brown hair. She fell in love  After having lamented his frustrated with Rizal and gave him all of her romance with Leonor Rivera on account attention during the family picnics and of the lady's engagement to another man, gatherings. When Rizal stayed indoors Rizal came to develop considerable during rainy days painting and sculpting, affection for Nellie, the prettier and she helped him mix his colors and younger daughter of Mr. Eduardo prepare his clay. Boustead. He found her to be intelligent,  Rizal enjoyed her company. Eventually morally upright, and full of life. Rizal their flirtatious friendship drifted towards wrote to his closest friends about his a blossoming romance. He affectionately intention to marry her. called her "Gettie," and in return she called him "Pettie." Consent from the Lady's Past Love  Rizal's exile in Dapitan was one of the  Rizal's friends were delighted to hear that most lonesome and sorrowful periods of he had found a suitable girl whom he at his life. He missed the company of his last wished to settle down with. Even friends and family, and the death of Antonio Luna, who had previously loved Leonor Rivera on August 28, 1893 left a Nellie, encouraged Rizal to court her and gaping void in his heart. ask for her hand in marriage. With all the encouragement from the friends he held  Josephine Bracken arrived at the shores dear, Rizal wooed Nellie (also called of Dapitan accompanying her blind Nelly) who, in turn, returned his affections. adoptive father, Mr. George Taufer. No ophthalmologist in Hong Kong, their A Broken Engagement home country, could cure the man's Rizal's marriage proposal failed for two blindness and so they sought the reasons: services of the famous Dr. Jose Rizal.  First, Nellie demanded that he give up his Catholic faith and convert to Overcoming Barriers Protestantism, which was her religion.  Rizal and Josephine fell in love at first Rizal did not like this idea. sight.It was not a smooth one because  Second, Nelly's mother did not approve Rizal’s sisters who were in Dapitan to of Rizal, as she had no desire to entrust make life more comfortable for their her daughter to a man who was wanting brother suspected Josephine to be a spy in wealth and persecuted in his own of the Spaniards. country. In spite of the circumstances,  Nevertheless, Rizal loved Josephine and Rizal and Nellie parted as good friends. affectionately called her Josefina. Their romantic interlude went on for about a JOSEPHINE BRACKEN: TRUE LOVE IN month, after which they decided to marry. EXILE  Being a mason, Rizal and Josephine  Description: an 18-year-old petite Irish could not get married. The priest of girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a Dapitan, however, refused to conduct the happy disposition. ceremony without consent from the  Date they met: February 1895 Bishop of Cebu.  Where they met: Dapitan  When Mr. Taufer heard of his daughter's  How it ended: Rizal regarded Josephine plan to marry he became so enraged at as her wife until his last breath. the thought of losing Josephine that he attempted to kill himself with a razor to  Called by Dr. Jose Rizal as his “dulce his throat. Rizal prevented this tragedy by extranjera,” Josephine Bracken lived a holding the man's wrists back. Josephine short and largely sad life. Bracken was left with her father on the first available the daughter of Irish parents, James steamer to Manila in order to avoid more Bracken and Elizabeth MacBride. Her trouble. Since Mr. Taufer's blindness was father was a corporal in the British Army. venereal in nature, it was incurable. Her siblings consisting of one brother and three sisters were born in different places Exchanging Vows where her father was stationed.  Mr. Taufer went back to Hong Kong Josephine was born in Hong Kong in alone, and Josephine stayed in Manila 1876 where her mother died. Her father with Rizal's family. At length, she was unable to support his children and returned to Dapitan. Since no priest was forced to give Josephine up for would marry them, Rizal and Josephine adoption. held hands, exchanged vows, and married themselves before God. The Loss of a Child ARRIVAL IN DAPITAN  Rizal and Josephine lived together in  Aboard the steamer Cebu and under Dapitan as husband and wife, and in heavy guard, Rizal left Manila, sailing to early 1896 they were expecting a baby. Mindoro and Panay, until he reached Unfortunately,Josephine had to go into Dapitan at 7:00 o'clock in the evening of premature labor after Rizal played a June 17. From that day until July 31, prankand frightened her. A little boy of 1896. eight months was born, who lived for only  He arrived at Dapitan with Captain three hours. Rizal named him Francisco Delgas, the ship's skipper, handing over in honor of his father, and buried the child Rizal to the governor of Dapitan, Captain in Dapitan. Ricardo Carcinero.  Dapitan was a remote and isolated place,  Josephine and Rizal reunited for the last far away from the center of the Spanish time at the latter’s cell in Fort Santiago on colonial power in Manila. December 30, 1896. The couple were  Dapitan became the bear witness to one married in Catholic rites by Fr. Victor of the most fruitful periods and Rizal's life. Balaguer two hours before Rizal’s He stay in the province was more than execution at Bagumbayan. After his "he" living in exile it was the period when execution Josephine, accompanied by Rizal had been more focused on serving Paciano and Trinidad Rizal entered rebel the people and the society through his territory in Cavite. They were received by civic works, medical practices, land Andres Bonifacio who received from the development, and promotion of education. Rizals a copy of the hero’s last poem which would be known as the Mi Ultimo Challenging the Religion Adios.  In Dapitan, Rizal had a scholary debate with the Father Pablo Pastelis regarding religion. This exchange of heated Rizal’s Life as an Exile in Dapitan arguments revealed that anti- Christian June 26, 1892 - Jose Rizal arrives in Manila Rizal his bitterness on the abuses July 3, 1892 - he established La liga performed by friars, doing such under the Filipina in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco name of the sacred religion. in Tondo, Manila FatherPastelis tried his best to win Rizal July 6, 1892 - Rizal was arrested and back to the faith but fortunately or brought to Fort SantiagoIntroduction unfortunately, in vain. These series of debate ended and inconclusively in which WHY DID RIZAL END UP BEING EXILED IN neither of them convince the other of DAPITAN? hisjudgments/arguments. 1) For publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar books and articles. RIZAL’S LIFE IN DAPITAN 2) For having in possession a bundle of handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which II. Rizal and Father Sanchez advocacies were in violation of the Spanish  Father Pastells assigned Fr Francisco De orders. Paua Sanchez, Rizal's favorite teacher at 3)For dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo to the Ateneo De Manila, to Dapitan. He the three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) was the only Spanish Priest to defend and for emphasizing on the novel’s title page Rizal's Noli Me Tangere in Public. that “ the only salvation for the Philippines  Rizal and Fr Sanchez argued was separation from the mother country theologically in a friendly manner but all (which referring to Spain)”. the efforts of Sanchez were in vain. 4) For simply criticizing the religion and aiming  Despite His Failures To Persuade Rizal for its exclusion from the Filipino culture. To Discard His Unorthodox Views On The Catholic Religion, Fr Sanchez Enjoyed The Latters Company And He Even Assisted Rizal In Beautifying The Town Plaza.  On Fr Sanchez's Birthday, Rizal Gav Him  As an engineer, Rizal applied his a Gift a Manuscript Entitled Estudio knowledge through the waterworks Sobre La Lengua Tagala (Studies On system he constructed in Dapitan. As a The Tagalog Language) result, despite the inadequacy of tools at hand, he successfully provided a good III. Idyllic Life In Dapitan water system in the province.  Since August 1893, Members Of His Family Took Turns In Visiting Him In  As an educator, Rizal established a Order To Assuage His Loneliness In The school in Dapitan which was attended by Isolated Outpost. Among Them Were His 16 young boys from prominent Mother, Sisters Trinidad, Maria, Narcisa, families. And Nephews Teodisio, Estanislao,  He taught them reading, writing in Mauricio, And Prudencio. English and Spanish, geography,  He Built His House By The Seashore Of history, mathematics, industrial work, Talisay, Surrounded By Fruit Trees And nature study, morals and gymnastics. Another House For His School Boys And  He encouraged his students to engage a Hospital For His Patients. Rizal's in sports activities to strengthen their House In Dapitan (Reconstructed) bodies as well.  Describing His Life In Dapitan, Rizal  There was no formal room, like the Wrote To Bluementritt On December 19, typical classroom nowadays. Classes 1893: were conducted from 2 p.m to 4 p.m. Rizal write the "HYMN TO TALISAY" OR CAREERS AND CONTRIBUTIONS "HIMNO A TALISAY" I. Wins in Manila lottery on september 21, 1892  As an agriculturist, Rizal devoted time  The mail boat butuan was approaching in planting important crops and the town of dapitan carrying a lottery fruitbearing trees in his 16-hectare land ticket no.9736 jointly owned by capt. (later, reaching as large as 70 hectares). Carnicero, dr rizal and francisco equilior  He planted cacao, coffee, sugarcane, (spanish resident of dipolog) won the and coconuts, among many others. He second prize of P20,000. even invested part of his earnings from  Rizal's share of the winning lottery ticket being a medical practitioner and some of was P6,200 he gave P2,000 to his father his winnings from a lottery on lands. and P200 to his friend basa in hong kong  From the United States, he imported and the rest he invester well by agricultural machinery and introduced to purchasing agricultural lands along the the native farmers of Dapitan the modern coast of Talisay. agricultural methods. Rizal also  He never drank hard liquor and never visualized of having an agricultural smoked but he was lottery was a lottery colony in Sitio Ponot, within the addict. Sindangan Bay.  As a physician, Rizal provided free  As a businessman, the adventurous medicine to his patients, most ofthem Rizal, with his partner, Ramon Carreon, were underprivileged.However, he also tried his luck in the fishing, hemp and had wealthy patients who paid him well copra industries. In a letter to his brother- enough for his excellent surgical skill. in- law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, he pointed Among them were Don Ignacio out the potential of the fishing industry in Tumarong whogave Rizal 3000 pesos the province (as the area was abundant for restoring his sight, an Englishman with fish and good beach). who gavehim 500 pesos, and Aklanon  He also requested that two good haciendero, Don Francisco Azcarraga, Calamba fishermen be sent to Dapitan to who paid him a cargo of sugar.His skill teach the fisher folks of the new fishing was put into test in August 1893 when his methods, using a big net called pukutan. mother, DoñaTeodora Alonzo, was But the industry in which Rizal became placed under opthalmic surgery for the more successful was in hemp, shipping third time.  the said product to a foreign firm in  In return, scientific books and surgical Manila. instruments were delivered to him from the European scientists. He also made a  As an inventor, little was known of Rizal. bulk of other researches and studies in In 1887, during his medical practice in the fields of ethnography, archaeology, Calamba, he invented a special type of geology, anthropology and geography. lighter called "Sulpukan" which he sent However, Rizal's most significant to Blumentritt as a gift. contribution in the scientific world was his  According to Rizal, the wooden lighter's discovery of three species: mechanism was based on the principle of  (1) Draco rizali -flying dragon, (2) compressed air. Another of his inventions Apogonia rizali - small beetle, (3) was the wooden brickmaker can Rhacophorus rizali - rare frog. manufacture about 6,000 bricks a day.  Rizal also partakes in civic works in  As an artist, he had contributed his Dapitan. Upon arriving in the province, he talent in the Sisters of Charity who were noticed its poor condition. He drained the preparing for the arrival of the image of marshes of Dapitan to get rid of malaria- the Holy Virgin. carrying mosquitoes. He also provided  Rizal was actually the person who lighting system coconut oil lamps posted modeled the image's right foot and other in dark streets in the province out of what details. he earned from being a physician. He  He also conceptualize its curtain, which beautified Dapitan by remodelling the was oilpainted by a Sister under his town plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit instruction. He also made sketches of teacher, Fr. Francisco Sanchez, and anything which attracted him in Dapitan. created a relief map of Mindanao Among his collections were the three rare (footnote: using stones, soil and grass) fauna species that he discovered right in front the church. (dragon/lizard, frog and beetle) and the fishes he caught. Community Projects for Dapitan  He also sculptured the statuette called Rizal had: "The Mother's Revenge" which 1.Drained the marshes to get rid of malaria represented his dog, Syria, avenging her that was infesting Dapitan puppy to a crocodile which killed it. 2.Equipped the town with lighting system using P500 one of his patients paid him. The  As a linguist, Rizal was interested in the lighting system consisted of a.Coconut oil languages used in Dapitan, thus, studied lamps and made comparisons of the Bisayan 3.Beautified the town of Dapitan byremodeling and Malayan languages existing in the the town plaza and making a huge relief map region. of Mindanao out of earth, stones and grass  In fact, Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, Katipunan Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English,  The Katipunan was a secret revolutionary French, German, Arabic, Malayan, group that wanted to fight for the Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Philippines' independence from Spanish Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, rule. It was founded by Andres Bonifacio Swedish and Russian. and other revolutionaries in 1892.  While they were planning the revolution,  As a scientist, Rizal shared his interest they thought of asking José Rizal to lead with nature to his students. With his boys, them Prior to the outbreak of the they explored the jungles and searched revolution, the Katipunan leader, Andres for specimens which he sent to museums Bonifacio, seek the advice of Jose Rizal. in Europe, particularly in Dressed In a secret meeting on May 2, 1896 at Museum. Bitukang Manok River in Pasig, the group agreed to send Dr. Pio Valenzuela as a representative to Dapitan who will inform  Rizal of their plan to launch a revolution where its Minister of War will assign him against the Spaniards. to the Army of Operations in Cuba.  On June 15, 1892, Pío Valenzuela set sail from Manila on the steamer Venus “Adios, Dapitan” and arrived in Dapitan six days later,  On July 31, 1896, Rizal's four-year exile accompanied by his blind friend, in Dapitan came to an end. At midnight of Raymundo Mata. Valenzuela’s mission that date, he embarked on board the was to meet with José Rizal and discuss steamer España. the Katipunan’s revolutionary plans.  Rizal was acompanied by Josephine,  Once in Dapitan, Valenzuela and Rizal Narcisa, Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), had a late-night conversation in Rizal’s his three nephews and six pupils. garden. During their discussion,  As farewell, the town brass of Dapitan Valenzuela revealed the Katipunan’s played the dolorous Funeral March of plans to start a rebellion against Spanish Chopin. rule.  He sadly went to his cabin and wrote in his diary; I have been in that district four Rizal strongly disagreed with the timing of years, thirteen days and a few hours. the revolution for two main reasons: 1. Lack of Preparation: Rizal argued that the RIZAL’S TRIAL AND EXECUTION Filipinos were not ready for a revolution. He  Rizal left Barcelona for his return trip to pointed out that the Katipunan didn’t have the Philippines, on October 6, 1896 to enough weapons or funds. He believed that face his trial. starting a revolution without adequate  Madrid newspapers were full of resources could lead to failure and publications concerning his so-called unnecessary loss of life. leadership in the bloody revolution. He 2. Rescue Plan: Valenzuela also mentioned then felt that God was doing him a that the Katipunan wanted to rescue blessing, allowing to go back to the Rizal from his exile. However, Rizal was Philippines to be able to destroy such against this idea because he wanted to accusations. honor his agreement with the Spanish  Knowing that Rizal was keeping a diary, authorities. He didn’t want to break his the Spanish Authorities got curious and promise, which could harm his reputation and confiscated it. However, they could find future efforts. nothing incriminating in it that it was returned after nineteen days, the reason why Rizal’s diary does not contain entries As A Volunteer in Cuba from October 11 to November 1.  During the peak of the Cuban revolution, Rizal offered his services as a military Failed Rescue in Singapore doctor to compromise with the shortage  Friends in Europe and Singapore did try of physicians in the said country. It was to rescue him. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt who and Sixto Lopez sent telegrams to an informed him of the situation in Cuba and English lawyer, Hugh Fort to rescue Rizal suggested that he volunteer himself as from the Spanish steamer when it arrives military doctor. in Singapore using a legal strategy, the  On December 17, 1895, Rizal sent a use of the writ of habeas corpus, alleging letter to Governor General Ramon that Rizal was illegally detained by the Blanco rendering his service for Cuba. Spanish Authorities but was denied by But for months Rizal awaited in vain for Chief Justice Lionel Cox. the governor's reply, and loss hope that  To successfully convict Rizal, his his request will be granted. It was only on enemies gathered evidence against him July 30, 1896 when Rizal received a by having his friends arrested and letter from Governor Blanco, dated July 2, tortured to implicate him, among these 1896, accepting his offer. The letter also were Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises stated that Rizal will be given a pass so Salvador, Jose Dizon, Timoteo Paez, that he can go to Manila, then to Spain Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Domingo Paez, and Rizal’s own brother, Paciano.  The following documents serve as the following cry was uttered “Long live the basis for the charges by the prosecution: Philippines! Long live liberty! Long live Doctor a. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce Rizal! Unity!” in Madrid dated October 16, 1888, showing n.Transcript of a speech of Tik-tik (Jose Rizal’s connection with the Filipino Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reform campaign in Spain. reunion, wherein the Katipuneros shouted: b. Rizal’s letter to his family, Madrid, dated “Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to August 20, 1890 stating that the deportations the oppressor nation!” are good for they will encourage the people o. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal) entitled “A to hate tyranny. Talisay” in which the c. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to author makes the Dapitan school boys sing Deodato Arellano, dated January 7, 1889, that they know how to fight for their rights. implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain.  On November 26, the preliminary d. A poem entitled “Kundiman,” allegedly investigation was finished and the written by Rizal in Manila, Dated September records were transmitted to Governor 12, 1891.e. A letter of Carlos Oliveros to an Ramon Blanco by Col. Francisco Olive, unidentified person, Barcelona, dated together with the appointment of Captain September 18, 1891, describing Rizal as the Rafael Dominguez as special Judge man to free the Philippines from Spanish Advocate for the resolution of the case oppression. based on “evidences” presented for the f. A Masonic document, Manila, dated filing of charges, which the latter February 9, 1892, honoring Rizal for his immediately did. patriotic services. g. A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizal’s  Governor Ramon Blanco referred the pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan matter to the Judge Advocate General, Zulueta’s pseudonym), Hongkong, dated May Don Nicolas dela Peña. The 14, 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe recommendations of the Gen. were the refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by following: the Spanish authorities. a.That Rizal be immediately brought to trial; h. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified b.That he should be kept in prison; committee, Hong Kong, dated June 1, c.That an order of attachment be issued 1892, soliciting the aid of the committee in the against his property to “patriotic work.” the amount of one million pesos as indemnity; i. An anonymous and undated letter to the and editor of the Hong Kong Telegraph, d.That he should be defended in court by an censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan. army officer, not a civilian lawyer. j. 10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, Manila, dated September 3, 1892, saying  On December 8, a list of 100 first and that the Filipino people look up to him (Rizal) second lieutenants was given to him from as their savior. which the name of his defense lawyer k. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, Manila, would come from. After looking over the dated March 17, 1893, informing him of an names, there was one which caught his unidentified correspondent of the arrest and interest, and the officer was Don Luis banishment of Doroteo Taviel De Andrade, a First Lieutenant of Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador. the Artillery who gladly accepted the l. A letter of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to Don Juan assignment. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), Madrid, dated June 1, 1893, recommending the establishment of a  On December 11, Rizal was informed of special organization, the charges against him, particularly of independent of Masonry, to help the cause of rebellion in his prison cell, in the presence of the Filipino people. m.Transcript of a speech his counsel. As fate would have it, Gov. of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a Gen. Blanco, the more humane person, who reunion of the Katipunan on July 23,1893, in was not convinced of Rizal’s guilt, was which the replaced by Gov. Gen. Camilo Garcia de Polavieja, “the blood and iron governor,” who 7. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after later signed the order of his the first meeting he was banished to Dapitan execution. and it died out. 8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months  On December 15, 1896, Rizal wrote a later, he did not know about it. manifesto the Filipino people, appealing 9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the to them to stop the unnecessary revolutionists; otherwise they would not have shedding of blood and to achieve their supplanted it with the Katipunan. liberties by more peaceful means, 10. If it were true that there were some bitter through education and industry. comments in Rizal’s letters, it was because they were written in 1890 when his family  December 25, 1896 was the saddest was being persecuted, being dispossessed of Christmas Rizal spent in his whole life, houses, warehouses, land, etc. and his alone in his cell, aware that his case was brother and all his brothers –in-law were a hoppeless one. deported. 11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as  The trial of Jose Rizal “was an eloquent the politico-military commanders and proof of Spaniards injustice and misrule. missionary priests could attest. More than a farce, it was patently a 12. It was not true that the revolution was mistrial.” inspired by his one speech at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses  At 8:00 A.M., December 26, 1896, the whom he would like to confront. court martial of Rizal started in the military of Building called Cuartel de THE DEATH OF A NATIONAL HERO España, with seven members. The last days of Rizal were spent in meeting  The accused, was seated in a bench visitors, including Jesuit priests, guarded by two soldiers, arms tied Josephine, and members of his family, a behind, elbow to elbow, like a common Spanish newspaper correspondent by criminal. There were many spectators, the name of Santiago Mataix, including Josephine Bracken, some and some friends. newspapermen and many Spaniards. December 29, 1896  The defense showed a brilliant 6:00 A.M. – Captain Rafael Dominguez performance, arguing point by point the read the death sentence to Rizal to be shot at charges against Rizal who wrote a the back by a firing squad at 7:00 at supplementary defense which runs as Bagumbayan, the next day. follows: 1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he 7:00 A.M. – Rizal was moved to the prison advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to chapel, where he spent his last moments. rise in revolution. 2. He did not correspond with the radical, 7:15 A.M. – Rector Sanderra left. Alone revolutionary elements. with his former teacher, Rizal reminded him of 3. The revolutionists used his name without the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus his knowledge. If he were guilty, which he had given him when he was an he could have escaped in Singapore. Ateneo student. It was said that Father Vita 4. If he had a hand in the revolution, he could was expecting such reminiscence and got the have escaped in a Moro vinta statuette from his pocket and gave it to him, and would not have built a home, a hospital, which the latter happily placed on his table. and bought lands in Dapitan. 5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why 8:00 A.M. – Father Antonio Rosell arrived was he not consulted by the and replaced Father Vita, at the time that revolutionists? Rizal was eating his breakfast. Upon invitation, 6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Father Rosell ate with him for breakfast Filipina, but this is only a civic association–not a revolutionary society.  9:00 A.M. – Father Federico Faura arrived, December 30, 1896 Rizal reminded him of saying once that he 3:00 A.M. – The Fateful Day. Rizal heard would lose his head for writing the Noli mass, had confession and took Holy and jokingly told him that he was indeed a Communion. prophet. 5:30 A.M. – After taking his last breakfast, 10:00 A.M. – Another of Rizal’s teacher, he wrote two letters, the first addressed to his Father Jose Villaclara (of Ateneo) and Father family and the second to his brother, who had Vicente Balaguer, another Jesuit missionary, suffered but withstood torture and physical whom Rizal befriended in Dapitan visited him. punishment for him. There was always that special kind of relationship between them till 12:00 noon to 3:30 P.M. – He was alone the end. and probably spent it in writing his “My Last Farewell”, which he hid inside his alcohol 6:00 A.M. – He wrote another letter to his cooking stove. The cooking stove was given beloved parents, asking for forgiveness for the to him as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera, wife sorrows that he had given them, and thanking of Juan Luna during his visit to Paris in them for their sacrifices to give him a good 1890. education. 3:30 P.M. – Father Balaguer returned to 6:30 A.M. – Rizal was prepared for the Fort Santiago and talked about Rizal’s execution. A trumpet sounded in the stillness retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in his of the morning to herald the event of the day. anti-Catholic writings and beliefs and also With four soldiers as advance guards, Rizal, about his membership in the Masonry. accompanied by Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, his defense counsel and two Jesuit priests, 4:00 P.M. – His mother arrived. It was such Fathers March and Villaclara, followed by a pitiful sight, with Rizal kneeling before her more soldiers behind him. In the and kissing her hand, and begging her Bagumbayan field, now the Luneta, the group forgiveness. stopped and he walked slowly to where he was told to stand – on a grassy lawn between 6:00 P.M. – Don Silvino Lopez Tunon, two lamp posts, overseeing the shores of the Dean of the Manila Cathedral, beautiful Manila Bay. with Father Villaclara, visited him. Earlier, Fathers Balaguer and March  He took time to bid farewell to his were there but left prior to the arrival of Don companions, and firmly shook their Silvino. hands. One of the priests blessed him and offered a crucifix for him to kiss, 8:00 P.M. – After taking his supper, Rizal which he did. informed Captain Dominguez that he forgave all his enemies including the military judges  He then requested the commander of who sentenced him to death. the firing squad to shoot him facing the firing squad, which was refused, with the 9:30 P.M. – The fiscal of the Royal commander telling him of the orders that Audiencia in Manila came to visit him. His he had to follow. When the command pleasant conversation with Rizal gave him a “fire” was heard, Rizal made a supreme good impression of the prisoner’s intelligence effort to face the firing squad, saying, and noble character. “Consumtum Est!” and his bulletriddled body instead turned to the right with his 10:00 P.M – Father Balaguer visited Rizal face facing the morning sun. for him to sign a retraction sent by Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda, who was perceived to  It was exactly 7:03 A.M., December 30th, be antiFilipino, which was however rejected 1896 when Rizal died, a martyr’s death, on the ground that it was too long, but it was at the prime of his life, 35 years of age, said that he came back with a shorter one. five months and eleven days.