RIZAL-REVIEWER-1-7.docx

**MODULE 1** **R.A 1425** -- AKA RIZAL LAW **SEN. CLARO M. RECTO** -- The *[main promoter]* of the **Rizal Bill** **April 3, 1956,** a senate **Bill No. 438** ( ***AN ACT TO MAKE NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISTO COMPULSORY READING MATTER IN ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AN...

**MODULE 1** **R.A 1425** -- AKA RIZAL LAW **SEN. CLARO M. RECTO** -- The *[main promoter]* of the **Rizal Bill** **April 3, 1956,** a senate **Bill No. 438** ( ***AN ACT TO MAKE NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISTO COMPULSORY READING MATTER IN ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES*** ) was submitted to the Senate Committee on Education **Senator Jose P. Laurel** Chairman of the Committee. ***Sponsored & Presented*** by Sen. Jose P. Laurel to the member of the upper house on **April 17, 1956** **Debates on Senate Bill No. 438 began on April 23, 1956** **Three senators who [opposed] the bill\ - Senator Mariano J. Cuenco\ - Senator Francisco Rodrigo\ - Senator Decoroso Rosales** **Fr. Jesus Cavanna -- A catholic priest and one of the loathers of the proposed bill by Sen Carlos Recto** **Rufino Santos** -- *Archbishop of Manila*, stated that "Catholic students would be affected if compulsory reading of the **unexpurgated** version would push through". **Their arguments:** **1. The bill was an attempt to discredit the Catholic religion.\ 2. Inimical to the tenets of the faith to which 170 lines in *[Noli Me Tangere]* and 50 lines in *[El Filibusterismo]* were offensive to the church doctrine.\ 3. The bill might divide the nation.\ 4. Compulsion to read something against one's faith impaired freedom of speech and religious freedom.** **House Bill No. 5561 -- a similar bill to Senate Bill No. 438, and this bill was filed by Jacobo Z. Gonzales in the house of representatives on April 19, 1956.** **May 9, 1956 -- Senator Laurel proposed a substitute bill, and it says,** [the inclusion of all works and writings of Jose Rizal, not just the two novels, was the main feature of this bill. He then stressed the removal of the term "compulsion" to pacify the opposition. However, Senator Laurel asserted the importance of reading the **original** and **unexpurgated** edition of Rizal's novels because the true purpose of studying these will be defeated if not followed.] **May 12, 1956** -- Senate Bill No. 438 was unanimously approved on second reading. **May 14, 1956** -- The bill was approved unanimously in the House of Representatives. **May 17, 1956** -- The Senate and House versions were approved. **June 12, 1956** -- The approved version was transmitted to Malacanang and **Pres. Ramon Magsaysay** signed the bill to make it a law **"REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425"** ***AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES OF THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES*** **MODULE 2** ***[Nation]*** -- is a group of people who share a common culture, history, language, and other practices like religion or belief system, kinship to a place, etc. ***[State]*** -- is a political entity that has sovereignty over defined territory. Have laws, taxation, government, and bureaucracy -- basically, the means of regulating life within the territory. ***[Nation-state]*** -- a [combination of the elements of nation] (people/community) and the state (territory). ***[Nationalism]*** -- is a set of systems political, social, and economic which is characterized by promoting the interests of one nation attached to aim to achieve and maintain self-governance or total sovereignty. *another definition for nationalism:* ***Nationalism*** -- is loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others. ***[Benedict Anderson]*** -- a prominent historian and political scientist who studied the origins of nationalism, and he describes the nation as creation. For him, nation ***"is an imagined community"*** **MODULE 3** With their education outside the country, these individuals, who later on were referred to as ***[ilustrados]***. Notable reforms were the abolition of the ***[Galleon trade]*** and the opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1830. ***[Suez Canal]*** - the first infrastructure that paved the way for the importation of books, magazines, and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America. ***[Industrial Revolution]*** - transition to new manufacturing processes that made use of steam-powered, special-purpose machinery, factories, and mass production in Europe, had its effects on the Philippine economy. ***[The Cavite Mutiny]*** - a failed uprising against the Spaniards, resulting in disarmed, imprisoned, and dead Filipino soldiers. The Spanish authorities and the friars used the mutiny to implicate the three secular priests---***Mariano Gomez***, ***Jose Burgos***, and ***Jacinto Zamora***, collectively known as ***Gomburza***---and proclaimed that they were the instigators of the said mutiny. The priests were executed by garote at Bagumbayan on **February 15, 1872.** *\* Rizal dedicated his El Filibusterismo to the three priests.* ***[Propaganda movement]*** - Led by Ilustrados like **Rizal**, **Graciano Lopez Jaena**, and **Marcelo H. del Pilar**, this movement aimed to achieve assimilation of the Philippines as a province of Spain and advocated for representation in the Spanish Cortes. **MODULE 4** In the early 16th century, the Chinese were already in the Philippine archipelago. *Binondo:* ****** - the Spanish Governor ***[Luis Perez Dasmariñas]*** created Binondo as a permanent settlement for Chinese mestizos who converted to Catholicism. Binondo also became the place of intermarriages between Chinese immigrants and Filipino natives, thus the emergence of Chinese mestizos. ***[Sangley]*** = Chinese trader or merchant. Aside from Binondo, Chinese mestizo communities emerged in many other parts of the archipelago. Notable communities were ***[Santa Cruz]*** and ***[Tondo in Manila]***. ****** - the Philippine population was divided into distinct legal classes: 1. **Spaniards and Spanish Mestizos** (exempt from paying tribute) 2. **Indios** 3. **Chinese** 4. **Chinese Mestizos** Because of the growing population of the mestizo, new lines were drawn with the following [social strata]: ***[Peninsular/Peninsulares]*** = Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Iberian Peninsula (i.e., Spain) ***[Insular/Insulares]*** = Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines ***[Mestizo]*** = Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be: ***[Spanish mestizo]*** --- one parent is Spanish, the Mestizo other is a native; ***[Chinese mestizo]*** --- one parent is Chinese, the other is a native ***[Principalia]*** = Wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly descended from the Kadatoan ***[Indio]*** = pure-blooded native of the Philippines ***[Chino infiel]*** = non-Catholic pure blooded Chinese - Chinese mestizos became prominent figures in commerce and industry, dominating internal trade while the Spanish mestizos focused on foreign trade. - This group was instrumental in creating the Philippine **middle class**, characterized by economic prudence, entrepreneurship, and active participation in the market. - By the end of the 19th century, Chinese mestizos were among the wealthiest and most influential landowners, traders, and industrialists in the Philippines. **MODULE 5** José Rizal was born on ***[June 19, 1861]*** in ***[Calamba, Laguna]***. Three days later José was christened in the town\'s church by ***[Father Rufino Collantes]*** and it was witnessed by his family, close relatives, and friends to the Mercados. ***[Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos]***= Rizal's mother.\ ***[Don Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro]***= Rizal\'s father. ***[Francisco Mercado]*** became one of the richest in Biñan and *[owned the largest herd of carabaos]*. José Rizal (1861---1896) is the seventh among the eleven children of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso. His siblings were: Saturnina (1850---1913); Paciano (Brother of Rizal) (1851---1930); Narcisa (1852-1939); Olimpia (1855-1887); Lucia (1857-1919); Maria (1859---1945); Concepcion (1862---1865); Josefa (1865---1945); Trinidad (1868---1951); and Soledad (1870---1929). ***[Paciano]*** became Rizal\'s *[second father]*. Rizal highly respected him and valued all his advice. *Rizal's Childhood:* José was also presented by his father of a donkey named ***[\"Alipato\"]*** and a dog named ***[\"Usman\".]*** Jose Rizal\'s *[first teacher was his mother]* (***[Doña Teodora]***). By three (3) years old, Jose already able to recite the alphabet because of his mother\'s guidance. Rizal's private tutors: - *Maestro Celestino* - *Maestro Lucas Padua* - Old man *Leon Monroy -- former classmate of rizal's father* Rizal's uncles: - *Uncle Manuel* - *Uncle Jose Alberto* - *Uncle Gregorio* Jose\'s first teacher in Biñan was ***[Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz]*** *Rizal's influence:* - Francisco his father, Rizal learned the value of self-respect, love for work, and independent thinking. - His greatest influence was his mother, Teodora. It was from her that Jose got his religiosity, a high sense of self-sacrifice, and love for the arts. - His love for freedom and justice was inculcated in him by Paciano - His sisters taught him to be respectful and kind to women. - He got his love for books and his being hardworking from his Uncle Gregorio. - His Uncle Jose encouraged him to develop his skills in painting, sketching, and sculpting. - An important influence on the character of Rizal was the environment he grew up in. He spent his childhood in Calamba, in a family that nurtured his mind and soul. - The Rizal family had a beautiful garden which helped Rizal appreciate nature. These things stimulated the young hero\'s innate artistic and literary talents. **MODULE 6** At first, Rizal's father wanted Jose to study at ***Colegio de San Juan de Letran*** but ***[Paciano]*** convinced him to let Jose study instead at ***Ateneo Municipal de Manila.*** Rizal was admitted to Ateneo despite objections from some school administrators, With the help of **Manuel Xerez Burgos**, the nephew of the priest **Jose Burgos**. **Father Magin Ferrando**, who was college registrar, refused to admit him for two reasons:\ (1) he was late for registrar;\ (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age. Rizal was then eleven (11) years old. Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname **\"Rizal\"**. In the first two (2) terms at Ateneo, classes were divided into groups of interns and externs. **Interns** = Student's who lived inside of the school.\ (*Euly's note:* Mga naka Dorm HAHAHAHA) **Externs** = Student\'s who lived outside of the school.\ (*Euly's note:* mga ayaw mag Dorm HAHAHAHA) ***Interns*** - constituted the Roman Empire.\ ***Externs*** - constituted the Carthaginian Empire In each group, there were five dignitaries:\ **- Standard-bearer** = Lowest position\ **- Centurion,**\ **- Decurion,**\ **- Tribune**, and the\ - **Emperor** = Highest position / ***"Best student"*** Rizal took *private lessons* in ***Santa Isabel College*** during the noon recesses. He paid three (3) pesos for those extra Spanish lessons, but it was money well spent. (*Euly's note:* Sulit yung tres ni Boss Rizal) ***[June 16, 1875]*** -- Rizal became an interno in Ateneo. **Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez**, a great educator and scholar and one of his professors. During his stay in Ateneo, he wrote poems and crafted sculptures.\ One of these sculptures was the ***[Sagrado Corazån de Jesüs]*** **(Sacred Heart of Jesus).** Some poems written under the guidance of Fr. Sanchez:\ - \"The Tragedy of St. Eustace\"\ - \"In the Memory of My Town\"\ - \"Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education\"\ - \"Through Education Motherland Receives Enlightenment\" ***March 14, 1877***, he passed the oral examination.\ ***March 23, 1877***, he obtained the degree **Bachiller en Artes** (bachelor's in arts ) and was awarded **sobresaliente** (outstanding). After finishing his studies at Ateneo, Rizal pursued further studies.\ - This was strongly opposed by his mother for she believed that ***gaining more would only endanger his life.*** April 1877 Rizal who was nearly 16 years old, went on to attend the University of Santo Tomas (UST) to study Philosophy. After a year, Rizal shifted to study medicine, where he was allowed to take up preparatory medical courses and regular first year medical courses at the same time. (*[Euly's note:]* Nagshift si boss kasi gusto niya pagalingin yung katarata ng mama niya). **MODULE 6** Rizal\'s academic life in UST was full of controversies and hardships compared. It was reported on various occasions that Rizal had \"unhappy days\" at UST for three reasons: \(1) Dominican professors were hostile to him. (*Euly's note:* Kupal mga prof niya) \(2) the fact that Filipinos were vulnerable to racial discrimination and lastly.\ (3) the method of instruction was repressive and dated. **1879** -- Rizal submitted an entry in the Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila, entitled *\"A La Juventud Filipina\"* (\"To the Filipino Youth\").\ He won 1^st^ prize in the contest. He was awarded a **silver quill**. For the first time, he used the phrase *\"the youth, the fair hope of my country\"* (\"*kabataan, pag-asa ng aking bayan\").* **1882** - Jose Rizal finished his fourth year in **UST** (University of Santo Tomas) and left the Philippines bound for Spain where he continued his study of medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid. He decided to continue his studies in Spain: \(1) to widen his knowledge; \(2) to avail of more conducive conditions in Europe; and \(3) to learn a cure on the worsening eye condition of his mother. **MODULE 7** RIZAL'S FIRST TOUR 1882 - after fourth year at the University of Santo Tomas (UST), Rizal left for Spain to continue his studies. Rizal left the Philippines as part of secret mission with his brother Paciano. With only a few people aware of his departure, not even his parents nor his lover ***Leonor Rivera***. Paciano was the one who primarily funded his trip and he is also the one who regularly sent money to rizal.\ \* *When the agrarian crisis in Calamba took place, Rizal\'s allowance was delayed and he had to pawn the diamond ring his sister Saturnina gave him before he left for Spain.* *He even had to cut his living costs, which meant skipping meals and eating tuyo (dried fish).* On his first visit to a foreign country, he witnessed how people in **Singapore** displayed a carefree attitude in whatever they did. He also travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Egypt, Italy, and France before finally arriving in Barcelona, Spain. Rizal's two (2) favorite books:\ ***Uncle Tom\'s Cabin*** (1852) by Harriet Beecher Stowe\ ***The Wandering Jew*** (1844) by Eugene Sue He also met **Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey**, a former alcalde of Manila, whose house commonly served as a **meeting place for Filipino students in Madrid.** He soon joined the group, **Circulo Hispano-Filipino**, led by **Juan Atayde**. He also regularly assembled with his Filipino friends from **the Los Indios Bravos** (The Brave Filipinos) that included renowned painters Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. One of his greatest influences was **Dr Feodor Jagor**, a German scientist and traveller, whom he met **Berlin**. Dr. Jagor's book inspired Rizal to do something to emphasize that education is the answer to the Philippines' current condition. **Dr. Maximo Viola** - The biggest contributor to Rizal's venture in writing. He financed the publication of Rizal's first novel Noli Me Tangere, in 1887 with 2,000 initial copies. (*Euly's note:* siya ang namahala sap ag publication ng *Noli).* After the publication of *Noli Me Tangere*, Viola accompanied Rizal to Austria to finally meet ***Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt***, with whom Rizal exchanged letter and book for several years and whom he considered as one of his advisers. (*Euly's note:* Si Blumentritt at Rizal ay nagging mag best friends \