Rizal Module Part 3 PDF

LESSON 4: Exile, Trial, and Death OBJECTIVES: 1. 2. Describe and analyze rule and the Philippine Revolution. Activity 6: Drawing for Understanding Today in Philippine History, December 6, 1896, the trial of Dr. Jose Rizal by a Spanish military court for sedition, rebellion and conspi...

LESSON 4: Exile, Trial, and Death OBJECTIVES: 1. 2. Describe and analyze rule and the Philippine Revolution. Activity 6: Drawing for Understanding Today in Philippine History, December 6, 1896, the trial of Dr. Jose Rizal by a Spanish military court for sedition, rebellion and conspiracy, began on December 6, 1896, the trial of Dr. Jose Rizal by a Spanish military court for sedition, rebellion and conspiracy, began. This leads to his execution and martyrdom. Rizal, who was imprisoned first in Barcelona and later in Fort Santiago, was implicated in the revolution which was launched in August 1896 by the Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio, whose aim was to liberate the country from Spanish colonization. At the time of his arrest, Rizal was supposed to leave for Cuba after he was allowed by Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco, who was sympathetic to him, to serve as a military surgeon in Cuba, where there was also a revolution against Spain. Before he left from his exile in Dapitan for Manila and then for Spain, Rizal had issued a manifesto disavowing the revolution and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were prerequisites to freedom. Rizal was arrested while in route to Spain, imprisoned in Barcelona and sent back later to Manila to stand trial. He was charged with being a traitor to Spain and the mastermind of the revolution. He pleaded his innocence but he was still convicted on all three charges of rebellion, sedition and conspiracy and sentenced to death. Earlier, Rizal was already considered as an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities with the publication of his two great novels Noli Me Tangere 45 and El Filibusterismo. Thus, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896 in Bagumbayan (Luneta), which has been renamed Rizal Park in his memory. Martyrs are rare stars in the vast firmament of humanity. Every Instance of martyrdom is distinct in magnitude and direction. Indeed, martyrs are the meteors of history, they flash across the sky and light the world and in the process consume themselves. They are the person who is put to death or made suffer greatly or other beliefs because of religion. Other elements of martyrdom are usefulness of life and dedication to a high purpose. political forces. He presented a sector of society which had begun to trouble and therefore constituted a real Threat to the existing social order. The Spanish colonial government accused Rizal of three crimes: a. The founding of La Liga Filip hose single aim te the crime of rebelli b. Rebellion which he promoted through his previous activities. c. Illegal association The penalty for those accusation is life imprisonment to death and correctional imprisonment and a charge of 325 to 3,250 Pesetas. The prosecution drew information from subversive 1. to and the various articles which criticized the friars and suggested their expulsion in order to win independence. 2. The El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the three martyr priests who were executed as traitors to the Fatherland in 1872 because they were the moving spirit of the uprising of that year. 3. The establishment of masonic lodges which became the propaganda and fund raising center to support subversive activities and the establishment of centers in Madrid ,Hongkong and Manila to propagate his ideas. After finishing as much evidence as possible on November 20, 1896 the preliminary on Rizal began. During the five-day investigation, Rizal was informed of the charges against him before Judge advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. Two kinds of Evidences Endorsed By Colonel Olive to Governor Ramon Blanco: 1. Documentary: fifteen exhibits 2. Testimonial: Provide by Martin Constantino, Aguedo del Rosario, Jose Reyes, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon,Domingo Franco, Deodato Arellano, Pio Valenzuela , Antonio Salazar, Francisco Quison, and Timoteo Paez. The Judge Rafael Dominguez advocate assigned with the task of deciding what corresponding action should be done. After a brief Review transmitted the records to Don Nicolas de la Pena. 46  1. Rizal must be immediately sent to trial. 2. He must be held in prison under necessary security 3. His properties must be issued with order of attachment and 3. as indemnity, Rizal had to pay one million pesos instead of a civilian lawyer, only an army officer is allowed to defend Rizal. The lawyer of Rizal is Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade Brother of Lt. Jose Traviel de presence of his Spanish Counsel on December 11, 1896, charges against Rizal were read in the presence of his Spanish counsel. When they asked regarding his sentiments or reaction on the charges, Rizal replied that in his defense. Rizal does not question the jurisdiction of the court. He has nothing to amend except that during his exile in Dapitan in 1892, he had not dealt in political matters, He has nothing to admit on the charges against him and had nothing to admit on the declarations of the witnesses, he had not met nor new, against him. The Execution of Dr.Jose Rizal Despite all valid pleadings the military court, vindictive as it was unanimous voted for the sentence of death. Polavieja affirmed The decision of the court martial and ordered to be shot at 7:00 in the morning of December 30 1896 at Bagumbayan field.Rizal was heavily guarded and was accompanied by the Jesuits as he walked from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan. He wore a black woolen suit and a derby hat and his arms were tied behind him. During the walked, he recalled his youth and his student days. At the Ateneo. and in Bagumbayan itself, the Spanish troops held Back the crowd while the artillery group stood on alert to prevent any attempt to rescue Rizal. His brother Paciano who had joined the Revolution forces was said to have discouraged groups who might want to save Rizal since they would not be able to match Spanish Firepower. The captain in charge of the execution instructed Rizal were to position himself, to turn his back against the squad and the Face the sea. However, Rizal requested to face the firing squad, as such position instructed was only taken by traitors and he was not one of them. The captain could not do anything for he was only following orders. Hence, failing to have his request granted, he asked to be shot at the back instead of the head so that he may, at the end, turn his head and body sidewise and fall with his face upward. The captain agreed, he also asked if he would like to kneel but Rizal refused nor did he agree to be blindfolded. A Jesuit priest now came running and Asked Rizal to kiss the crucifix that he held. Rizal turned his back on the crucifix and thus, against the firing squad. He was ready for the execution. Dr. Jose Rizal last day and his execution Rizal spent his 24 hours in his death cell where he received members of his Blumentritt. He gave his sisters, Trinidad and old petroleum lamp and whispered Farewell poe Rizal was said to have married his Irish girlfriend according to Catholic rites in the very last hours of his life, after living with her for some time in Dapitan. They were previously married civilly. On the morning of December 30,1896. Rizal set on 47 his walk from Fort Santiago to the Bagumbayan square, the same place where the three priest had been killed in 1872, now Luneta Park, in the center of Manila Rizal he was ready to face his ultimate death came, he was seen as a man of peace and Death to traitors! buried the body of Rizal at the Paco cemetery. Her sister Narcisa looked for the cadaver everywhere but could not find it. She passed by the unused Paco cemetery and saw through the open gate some civil guards. Finding this uncommon, she entered the cemetery and searched the place. She saw a With a little money,she asked the gravedigger to place a plaque on it with her letter, and alcohol burner were delivered masterpiece the MI ULTIMO ADIOS. The copies were given to each family member and some are to the Cavite insurgents. After the Americans had taken Manila, Narcisa requested the new government to grant her permission to exhume the body of his brother. They found out that the body was never placed in a coffin, nor even instituted at the base of the Rizal monument which was erected at the center of the Luneta. ACTIVITY 7: Essay: Answer the questions substantially. Consider focus & understanding (10pts) Organization (10pts) 1. PROVE that Rizal was the product of his time. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which qualities of Rizal are worthy of emulation? How can the acquisition and development of these qualities help our nation? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ UNIT 3: ASSESSMENT Film viewing: Choose between the two films which you would prefer to watch. After watching, answer the activity given. Option 1: Jose Rizal, GMA Films, Directed by Marilou Diaz Abaya Option 2: Rizal sa Dapitan, Directed by Tikoy Aguiluz 48 ACTIVITY 8: Make a reflection paper about the film. Guide question: Describe the life of Jose Rizal as represented in the film. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Objectives: 1. 2. s different views about Filipinos and Philippine culture In 1888-1889, Rizal largely spent his many months of stay in London at the British Museum researching from its Filipiniana Collection, loking for Morgas book that was recommended by his friend Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, a knowledgeable Filipiniologist. Even then, this history of the had the impressions among many scholars of having the most honest description of the Philippine situation as regards the era covered. Rizal, having no copying technology present during those times, he had to carefully hand-copy London for Paris and continue to work for the Sucesos until it was published in 1890. Meticulously, Rizal annotated every chapter of the Sucesos, commenting e for instance the culinary of the ancient 49 taste better when it is beginning to rot; all on the contrary also mentioned in his annotation about the system of writings, advance knowledge of metallurgy and a ship building industry of the early Filipino natives. (Mañebog et al., 2018). mentritt. In his introduction for the book, he cited hindsight and anticlericalism as fatal defects in a purely scholarly work. Rizal used history as a propaganda weapon. It was deemed too much propaganda for his historians and too historical for propagandist. By recreating the proud pre- Philippine historiography and Filipino Identity. (Ariola, 2018). The Preface Austin Craig, an early biographer of Rizal translated into English the To the Filipinos: In Noli Me Tangere I started to sketch the present state of our native land. But the effect which my effort produced made me realize that, before attempting to unroll before your eyes the other pictures which were to follow, it was necessary first to post you on the past. So only can you fairly judge the present and estimate how much progress has been made during the three centuries (of Spanish rule). Like almost all of you, I was born and brought up in ignorance of our country's past and so, without knowledge or authority to speak of what I neither saw nor have studied, I deem it necessary to quote the testimony of an illustrious Spaniard who in the beginning of the new era controlled the destinies of the Philippines and had personal knowledge of our ancient nationality in its last days. It is then the shade of our ancestor's civilization which the author will call before you. If the work serves to awaken in you a consciousness of our past, and to blot from your memory or to rectify what has been falsified or is calumny, then I shall not have labored in vain. With this preparation, slight though it be, we can all pass to the study of the future (General History, 2012). he provided especially the Filipino readers with rich annotative footnotes concerning Philippine culture and society, coupled with complete scholarly referenced resources and full citations. Most especially, through this work, Rizal had proved and showed that the Philippines was an advanced civilization prior to the coming for the Spaniards. The sig succeeds to awaken your consciousness of our past, already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be READING ASSIGNMENT: Islas Filipinas. After reading answer the questions cited below. 50  DR. JOSE RIZAL'S ANNOTATIONS TO MORGA'S 1609 PHILIPPINE HISTORY Translated by Austin Craig Governor Antonio de Morga was not only the first to write but also the first to publish a Philippine history. This statement has regard to the concise and concrete form in which our author has treated the matter. Father Chirino's work, printed at Rome in 1604, is rather a chronicle of the Missions than a history of the Philippines; still it contains a great deal of valuable material on usages and customs. The worthy Jesuit in fact admits that he abandoned writing a political history because Morga had already done so, so one must infer that he had seen the work in manuscript before leaving the Islands. 1. By the Christian religion, Doctor Morga appears to mean the Roman Catholic which by fire and sword he would preserve in its purity in the Philippines. Nevertheless, in other lands, notably in Flanders, these means were ineffective to keep the church unchanged, or to maintain its supremacy, or even to hold its subjects. 2. Great kingdoms were indeed discovered and conquered in the remote and unknown parts of the world by Spanish ships but to the Spaniards who sailed in them we may add Portuguese, Italians, French, Greeks, and even Africans and Polynesians. The expeditions captained by Columbus and Magellan, one a Genoese Italian and the other a Portuguese, as well as those that came after them, although Spanish fleets, still were manned by many nationalities and in them went negroes, Moluccans, and even men from the Philippines and the Marianes Islands. 3. Three centuries ago it was the custom to write as intolerantly as Morga does, but nowadays it would be called a bit presumptuous. No one has a monopoly of the true God nor is there any nation or religion that can claim, or at any rate prove, that to it has been given the exclusive right to the Creator of all things or sole knowledge of His real being. 4. The conversions by the Spaniards were not as general as their historians claim. The missionaries only succeeded in converting a part of the people of the Philippines. Still there are Mahometans, the Moros, in the southern islands, and negritos, igorots and other heathens yet occupy the greater part territorially of the archipelago. Then the islands which the Spaniards early held but soon lost are non-Christian-Formosa, Borneo, and the Moluccas. And if there are Christians in the Carolines, that is due to Protestants, whom neither the Roman Catholics of Morga's day nor many Catholics in our own day consider Christians. 5. It is not the fact that the Filipinos were unprotected before the coming of the Spaniards. Morga himself says, further on in telling of the pirate raids from the south, that previous to the Spanish domination the islands had arms and defended themselves. But after the natives were disarmed the pirates pillaged them with impunity, coming at times when they were unprotected by the government, which was the reason for many of the insurrections. 51 6. The civilization of the Pre-Spanish Filipinos in regard to the duties of life for that age was well advanced, as the Morga history shows in its eighth chapter. 7. The islands came under Spanish sovereignty and control through compacts, treaties of friendship and alliances for reciprocity. By virtue of the last arrangement, according to some historians, Magellan lost his life on Mactan and the soldiers of Legaspi fought under the banner of King Tupas of Cebu. 8. The term "conquest" is admissible but for a part of the islands and then only in its broadest sense. Cebu, Panay, Luzon Mindoro and some others cannot be said to have been conquered. 9. The discovery, conquest and conversion cost Spanish blood but still more Filipino blood. It will be seen later on in Morga that with the Spaniards and on behalf of Spain there were always more Filipinos fighting than Spaniards. 10. Morga shows that the ancient Filipinos had army and navy with artillery and other implements of warfare. Their prized krises and kampilans for their magnificent temper are worthy of admiration and some of them are richly damascened. Their coats of mail and helmets, of which there are specimens in various European museums, attest their great advancement in this industry. 11. Morga's expression that the Spaniards "brought war to the gates of the Filipinos" is in marked contrast with the word used by subsequent historians whenever recording Spain's possessing herself of a province, that she pacified it. Perhaps "to make peace" then meant the same as "to stir up war." (This is a veiled allusion to the old Latin saying of Romans, often quoted by Spaniard's, that they made a desert, calling it making peace. 12. Magellan's transferring from the service of his own king to employment under the King of Spain, according to historic documents, was because the Portuguese King had refused to grant him the raise in salary which he asked. 13. Now it is known that Magellan was mistaken when he represented to the King of Spain that the Molucca Islands were within the limits assigned by the Pope to the Spaniards. But through this error and the inaccuracy of the nautical instruments of that time, the Philippines did not fall into the hands of the Portuguese. 14. Cebu, which Morga calls "The City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus," was at first called "The village of San Miguel." 15. The image of the Holy Child of Cebu, which many religious writers believed was brought to Cebu by the angels, was in fact given by the worthy Italian chronicler of Magellan's expedition, the Chevalier Pigafetta, to the Cebuan queen. 52 16. Cover of Morga's 1609 Philippine HistoryThe expedition of Villalobos, intermediate between Magellan's and Legaspi's, gave the name "Philipina" to one of the southern islands, Tendaya, now perhaps Leyte, and this name later was extended to the whole archipelago. 17. Of the native Manila rulers at the coming of the Spaniards, Raja Soliman was called "Rahang mura", or young king, in distinction from the old king, "Rahang matanda". Historians have confused these personages. The native fort at the mouth of the Pasig river, which Morga speaks of as equipped with brass lantakas and artillery of larger caliber, had its ramparts reenforced with thick hardwood posts such as the Tagalogs used for their houses and called "harigues", or "haligui". 18. Morga has evidently confused the pacific coming of Legaspi with the attack of Goiti and Salcedo, as to date. According to other historians it was in 1570 that Manila was burned, and with it a great plant for manufacturing artillery. Goiti did not take posession of the city but withdrew to Cavite and afterwards to Panay, which makes one suspicious of his alleged victory. As to the day of the date, the Spaniards then, having come following the course of the sun, were some sixteen hours later than Europe. This condition continued till the end of the year 1844, when the 31st of December was by special arrangement among the authorities dropped from the calendar for that year. Accordingly, Legaspi did not arrive in Manila on the 19th but on the 20th of May and consequently it was not on the festival of Santa Potenciana but on San Baudelio's day. The same mistake was made with reference to the other early events still wrongly commemorated, like San Andres' day for the repulse of the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong. 19. Though not mentioned by Morga, the Cebuans aided the Spaniards in their expedition against Manila, for which reason they were long exempted from tribute. 20. The southern islands, the Bisayas, were also called "The land of the Painted People (or Pintados, in Spanish)" because the natives had their bodies decorated with tracings made with fire, somewhat like tattooing. 21. The Spaniards retained the native name for the new capital of the archipelago, a little changed, however, for the Tagalogs had called their city "Maynila." 22. When Morga says that the lands were "entrusted" (given as encomiendas) to those who had "pacified" them, he means "divided up among." The word "en trust," like "pacify," later came to have a sort of ironical signification. To entrust a province was then as if it were said that it was turned over to sack, abandoned to the cruelty and covetousness of the encomendero, to judge from the way this gentry misbehaved. 23. Legaspi's grandson, Salcedo, called the Hernando Cortez of the Philippines, was the "conqueror's" intelligent right arm and the hero of the "conquest." His honesty and fine qualities, talent and personal bravery, all won the admiration of the Filipinos. Because of him they yielded to their enemies, making peace and friendship with the Spaniards. He it was who saved Manila from Li Ma-hong. He died at the early age of twenty-seven 53  and is the only encomendero recorded to have left the great part of his possessions to the Indians of his encomienda. Vigan was his encomienda and the Ilokanos there were his heirs. 24. The expedition which followed the Chinese corsair Li Ma-hong, after his unsuccessful attack upon Manila, to Pangasinan province, with the Spaniards of whom Morga tells, had in it 1,500 friendly Indians from Cebu, Bohol, Leyte and Panay, besides the many others serving as laborers and crews of the ships. Former Raja Lakandola, of Tondo, with his sons and his kinsmen went, too, with 200 more Bisayans and they were joined by other Filipinos in Pangasinan. 25. If discovery and occupation justify annexation, then Borneo ought to belong to Spain. In the Spanish expedition to replace on its throne a Sirela or Malaela, as he is variously called, who had been driven out by his brother, more than fifteen hundred Filipino bowmen from the provinces of Pangasinan, Kagayan, and the Bisayas participated. 26. It is notable how strictly the earlier Spanish governors were held to account. Some stayed in Manila as prisoners, one, Governor Corcuera, passing five years with Fort Santiago as his prison. 27. In the fruitless expedition against the Portuguese in the island of Ternate, in the Molucca group, which was abandoned because of the prevalence of beriberi among the troops, there went 1,500 Filipino soldiers from the more warlike provinces, principally Kagayans and Pampangans. 28. The "pacification" of Kagayan was accomplished by taking advantage of the jealousies among its people, particularly the rivalry between two brothers who were chiefs. An early historian asserts that without this fortunate circumstance, for the Spaniards, it would have been impossible to subjugate them. 29. Captain Gabriel de Rivera, a Spanish commander who had gained fame in a raid on Borneo and the Malacca coast, was the first envoy from the Philippines to take up with the King of Spain the needs of the archipelago. 30. The early conspiracy of the Manila and Pampangan former chiefs was revealed to the Spaniards by a Filipina, the wife of a soldier, and many concerned lost their lives. 31. The artillery cast for the new stone fort in Manila, says Morga, was by the hand of an ancient Filipino. That is, he knew how to cast cannon even before the coming of the Spaniards, hence he was distinguished as 4"ancient." In this difficult art of ironworking, as in so many others, the modern or present-day Filipinos are not so far advanced as were their ancestors. 32. When the English freeboother Cavendish captured the Mexican galleon Santa Ana, with 122,000 gold pesos, a great quantity of rich textiles-silks, satins and damask, musk perfume, and stores of provisions, he took 150 prisoners. All these because of their brave defense were put ashore with ample supplies, except two Japanese lads, three Filipinos, a Portuguese and a skilled Spanish pilot whom he kept as guides in his further voyaging. 54 33. From the earliset Spanish days ships were built in the islands, which might be considered evidence of native culture. Nowadays this industry is reduced to small craft, scows and coasters. 34. The Jesuit, Father Alonso Sanchez, who visited the papal court at Rome and the Spanish King at Madrid, had a mission much like that of deputies now, but of even greater importance since he came to be a sort of counsellor or representative to the absolute monarch of that epoch. One wonders why the Philippines could have a representative then but may not have one now. 35. In the time of Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinias, Manila was guarded against further damage such as was suffered from Li Ma-hong by the construction of a massive stone wall around it. This was accomplished "without expense to the royal treasury." The same governor, in like manner, also fortified the point at the entrance to the river where had been the ancient native fort of wood, and he gave it the name Fort Santiago. 36. The early cathedral of wood which was burned through carelessness at the time of the funeral of Governor Dasmarifias' predecessor, Governor Ronquillo, was made, according to the Jesuit historian Chirino, with hardwood pillars around which two men could not reach, and in harmony with this massiveness was all the woodwork above and below. It may be surmised from this how hard workers were the Filipinos of that time. 37. A stone house for the bishop was built before starting on the governor- general's residence. This precedence is interesting for those who uphold the civil power. Morga's mention of the scant output of large artillery from the Manila cannon works because of lack of master foundrymen shows that after the death of the Filipino Panday Pira there were not Spaniards skilled enough to take his place, nor were his sons as expert as he. 38. It is worthy of note that China, Japan and Cambodia at this time maintained relations with the Philippines. But in our day it has been more than a century since the natives of the latter two countries have come here. The causes which ended the relationship may be found in the interference by the religious orders with the institutions of those lands. 39. For Governor Dasmarinas' expedition to conquer Ternate, in the Moluccan group, two Jesuits there gave secret information. In his 200 ships, besides 900 Spaniards, there must have been Filipinos for one chronicler speaks of Indians, as the Spaniards called the natives of the Philippines, who lost their lives and others who were made captives when the Chinese rowers mutinied. It was the custom then always to have a thousand or more native bowmen and besides the crew were almost all Filipinos, for the most part Bisayans. 40. The historian Argensola, in telling of four special galleys for Dasmarinas' expedition, says that they were manned by an expedient which was generally considered rather harsh. It was ordered that there be bought enough of the Indians who were slaves of the former Indian chiefs, or principales, to form these crews, and the price, that which had been customary in pre-Spanish times, was to be advanced by the 55  encomenderos who later would be reimbursed from the royal treasury. In spite of this promised compensation, the measures still seemed severe since those Filipinos were not correct in calling their dependents slaves. The masters treated these, and loved them, like sons rather, for they seated them at their own tables an gave them their own daughters in marriage. 41. Morga says that the 250 Chinese oarsmen who manned Governor Dasmariias' swift galley were under pay and had the special favor of not being chained to their benches. According to him it was covetousness of the wealth aboard that led them to revolt and kill the governor. But the historian Gaspar de San Agustin states that the reason for the revolt was the governor's abusive language and his threatening the rowers. Both these authors' allegations may have contributed, but more important was the fact that there was no law to compel these Chinamen to row in the galleys. They had come to Manila to engage in commerce or to work in trades or to follow professions. Still the incident contradicts the reputation for enduring everything which they have had. The Filipinos have been much more long-suffering than the Chinese since, in spite of having been obliged to row on more than one occasion, they never mutinied. 42. It is difficult to excuse the missionaries' disregard of the laws of nations and the usages of honorable politics in their interference in Cambodia on the ground that it was to spread the Faith. Religion had a broad field awaiting it then in the Philippines where more than nine-tenths of the natives were infidels. That even now there are to be found here so many tribes and settlements of non-Christians takes away much of the prestige of that religious zeal which in the easy life in towns of wealth, liberal and fond of display, grows lethargic. Truth is that the ancient activity was scarcely for the Faith alone, because the missionaries had to go to islands rich in spices and gold though there were at hand Mahometans and Jews in Spain and Africa, Indians by the million in the Americas, and more millions of protestants, schismatics and heretics peopled, and still people, over six- sevenths of Europe. All of these doubtless would have accepted the Light and the true religion if the friars, under pretext of preaching to them, had not abused their hospitality and if behind the name Religion had not lurked the unnamed Domination. 43. In the attempt made by Rodriguez de Figueroa to conquer Mindanao according to his contract with the King of Spain, there was fighting along the Rio Grande with the people called the Buhahayenes. Their general, according to Argensola, was the celebrated Silonga, later distinguished for many deeds in raids on the Bisayas and adjacent islands. Chirino relates an anecdote of his coolness under fire once during a truce for a marriage among Mindanao "principalia." Young Spaniards out of bravado fired at his feet but he passed on as if unconscious of the bullets. 44. Argensola has preserved the name of the Filipino who killed Rodriguez de Figueroa. It was Ubal. Two days previously he had given a banquet, slaying for it a beef animal of his own, and then made the promise which he kept, to do away with the leader of the Spanish invaders. A Jesuit writer calls him a traitor though the justification for that term of reproach is not apparent. The Buhahayen people were in their own country, and had neither offended nor declared war upon the Spaniards. They had to 56  defend their homes against a powerful invader, with superior forces, many of whom were, by reason of their armor, invulnerable so far as rude Indians were concerned. Yet these same Indians were defenceless against the balls from their muskets. By the Jesuit's line of reasoning, the heroic Spanish peasantry in their war for independence would have been a people even more treacherous. It was not Ubal's fault that he was not seen and, as it was wartime, it would have been the height of folly, in view of the immense disparity of arms, to have first called out to this preoccupied opponent,and then been killed himself. 45. The muskets used by the Buhahayens were probably some that had belonged to Figueroa's soldiers who had died in battle. Though the Philippines had lantakas and other artillery, muskets were unknown till the Spaniards came. 46. That the Spaniards used the word "discover" very carelessly may be seen from an admiral's turning in a report of his "discovery" of the Solomon islands though he noted that the islands had been discovered before. 47. Death has always been the first sign of European civilization on its introduction in the Pacific Ocean. God grant that it may not be the last, though to judge by statistics the civilized islands are losing their populations at a terrible rate. Magellan himself inaugurated his arrival in the Marianes islands by burning more than forty houses, many small craft and seven people because one of his boats had been stolen. Yet to the simple savages the act had nothing wrong in it but was done with the same naturalness that civilized people hunt, fish, and subjugate people that are weak or ill-armed. 48. The Spanish historians of the Philippines never overlook any opportunity, be it suspicion or accident, that may be twisted into something unfavorable to the Filipinos. They seem to forget that in almost every case the reason for the rupture has been some act of those who were pretending to civilize helpless peoples by force of arms and at the cost of their native land. What would these same writers have said if the crimes committed by the Spaniards, the Portuguese and the Dutch in their colonies had been committed by the islanders? 49. The Japanese were not in error when they suspected the Spanish and Portuguese religious propaganda to have political motives back of the missionary activities. Witness the Moluccas where Spanish missionaries served as spies; Cambodia, which it was sought to conquer under cloak of converting; and many other nations, among them the Filipinos, where the sacrament of baptism made of the inhabitants not only subjects of the King of Spain but also slaves of the encomenderos, and as well slaves of the churches and convents. What would Japan have been now had not its emperors uprooted catholicism? A missionary record of 1625 sets forth that the King of Spain had arranged with certain members of Philippine religious orders that, under guise of preaching the faith and making Christians, they should win over the Japanese and oblige them to make themselves of the Spanish party, and finally it told of a plan whereby the 57  King of Spain should become also King of Japan. In corroboration of this may be cited the claims that Japan fell within the Pope's demarcation lines for Spanish expansion and so there was complaint of missionaries other than Spanish there. Therefore, it was not for religion that they were converting the infidels! 50. The raid by Datus Sali and Silonga of Mindanao, in 1599 with 50 sailing vessels and 3,000 warriors, against the capital of Panay, is the first act of piracy by the inhabitants of the South which is recorded in Philippine history. I say "by the inhabitants of the South" because earlier there had been other acts of piracy, the earliest being that of Magellan's expedition when it seized the shipping of friendly islands and even of those whom they did not know, extorting for them heavy ransoms. It will be remembered that these Moro piracies continued for more than two centuries, during which the indomitable sons of the South made captives and carried fire and sword not only in neighboring islands but into Manila Bay to Malate, to the very gates of the capital, and not once a year merely but at times repeating their raids five and six times in a single season. Yet the government was unable to repel them or to defend the people whom it had disarmed and left without protection. Estimating that the cost to the islands was but 800 victims a year, still the total would be more than 200,000 persons sold into slavery or killed, all sacrificed together with so many other things to the prestige of that empty title, Spanish sovereignty. 51. Still the Spaniards say that the Filipinos have contributed nothing to Mother Spain, and that it is the islands which owe everything. It may be so, but what about the enormous sum of gold which was taken from the islands in the early years of Spanish rule, of the tributes collected by the encomenderos, of the nine million dollars yearly collected to pay the military, expenses of the employees, diplomatic agents, corporations and the like, charged to the Philippines, with salaries paid out of the Philippine treasury not only for those who come to the Philippines but also for those who leave, to some who never have been and never will be in the islands, as well as to others who have nothing to do with them. Yet all of this is as nothing in comparison with so many captives gone, such a great number of soldiers killed in expeditions, islands depopulated, their inhabitants sold as slaves by the Spaniards themselves, the death of industry, the demoralization of the Filipinos, and so forth, and so forth. Enormous indeed would the benefits which that sacred civilization brought to the archipelago have to be in order to counterbalance so heavy a-cost. 52. While Japan was preparing to invade the Philippines, these islands were sending expeditions to Tonquin and Cambodia, leaving the homeland helpless even against the undisciplined hordes from the South, so obsessed were the Spaniards with the idea of making conquests. 53. In the alleged victory of Morga over the Dutch ships, the latter found upon the bodies of five Spaniards, who lost their lives in that combat, little silver boxes filled with prayers and invocations to the saints. Here would seem to be the origin of the anting-anting of the modern tulisanes, which are also of a religious character. 58 54. In Morga's time, the Philippines exported silk to Japan whence now comes the best quality of that merchandise. 55. Morga's views upon the failure of Governor Pedro de Acunia's ambitious expedition against the Moros unhappily still apply for the same conditions yet exist. For fear of uprisings and loss of Spain's sovereignty over the islands, the inhabitants were disarmed, leaving them exposed to the harassing of a powerful and dreaded enemy. Even now, though the use of steam vessels has put an end to piracy from outside, the same fatal system still is followed. The peaceful countryfolk are deprived of arms and thus made unable to defend themselves against the bandits, or tulisanes, which the government cannot restrain. It is an encouragemnnt to banditry thus to make easy its getting booty. 56. Hernando de los Rios blames these Moluccan wars for the fact that at first the Philippines were a source of expense to Spain instead of profitable in spite of the tremendous sacrifices of the Filipinos, their practically gratuitous labor in building and equipping the galleons, and despite, too, the tribute, tariffs and other imposts and monopolies. These wars to gain the Moluccas, which soon were lost forever with the little that had been so laboriously obtained, were a heavy drain upon the Philippines. They depopulated the country and bankrupted the treasury, with not the slightest compensating benefit. True also is it that it was to gain the Moluccas that Spain kept the Philippines, the desire for the rich spice islands being one of the most powerful arguments when, because of their expense to him, the King thought of withdrawing and abandoning them. 57. Among the Filipinos who aided the government when the Manila Chinese revolted, Argensola says there were 4,000 Pampangans "armed after the way of their land, with bows and arrows, short lances, shields, and broad and long daggers." Some Spanish writers say that the Japanese volunteers and the Filipinos showed themselves cruel in slaughtering the Chinese refugees. This may very well have been so, considering the hatred and rancor then existing, but those in command set the example. 58. The loss of two Mexican galleons in 1603 called forth no comment from the religious chroniclers who were accustomed to see the avenging hand of God in the misfortunes and accidents of their enemies. Yet there were repeated shipwrecks of the vessels that carried from the Philippines wealth which encomenderos had extorted from the Filipinos, using force, or making their own laws, and, when not using these open means, cheating by the weights and measures. 59. The Filipino chiefs who at their own expense went with the Spanish expedition against Ternate, in the Moluccas, in 1605, were Don Guillermo Palaot, maestro de campo, and Captains Francisco Palaot, Juan Lit, Luis Lont, and Agustin Lont. They had with them 400 Tagalogs and Pampangans. The leaders bore themselves bravely for Argensola writes that in the assault on Ternate, "No officer, Spaniard or Indian, went unscathed." 60. The Cebuans drew a pattern on the skin before starting in to tatoo. The Bisayan usage then was the same procedure that the Japanese today follow. 59 61. Ancient traditions ascribe the origin of the Malay Filipinos to the island of Sumatra. These traditions were almost completely lost as well as the mythology and the genealogies of which the early historians tell, thanks to the zeal of the missionaries in eradicating all national remembances as heathen or idolatrous. The study of ethnology is restoring this somewhat. 62. The chiefs used to wear upper garments, usually of Indian fine gauze according to Colin, of red color, a shade for which they had the same fondness that the Romans had. The barbarous tribes in Mindanao still have the same taste. 63. The "easy virtue" of the native women that historians note is not solely attributable to the simplicity with which they obeyed their natural instincts but much more due to a religious belief of which Father Chirino tells. It was that in the journey after death to "Kalualhatian," the abode of the spirit, there was a dangerous river to cross that had no bridge other than a very narrow strip of wood over which a woman could not pass unless she had a husband or lover to extend a hand to assist her. Furthermore, the religious annals of the early missions are filled with countless instances where native maidens chose death rather than sacrifice their chastity to the threats and violence of encomenderos and Spanish soldiers. As to the mercenary social evil, that is worldwide and there is no nation that can 'throw the first stone' at any other. For the rest, today the Philippines has no reason to blush in comparing its womankind with the women of the most chaste nation in the world. 64. Morga's remark that the Filipinos like fish better when it is commencing to turn bad is another of those prejudices which Spaniards like all other nations, have. In matters of food, each is nauseated with what he is unaccustomed to or doesn't know is eatable. The English, for example, find their gorge rising when they see a Spaniard eating snails, while in turn the Spanish find roastbeef English-style repugnant and can't understand the relish of other Europeans for beefsteak a la Tartar which to them is simply raw meat. The Chinaman, who likes shark's meat, cannot bear Roquefort cheese, and these examples might be indefinitely extended. The Filipinos' favorite fish dish is the bagong and whoever has tried to eat it knows that it is not considered improved when tainted. It neither is, nor ought to be, decayed. 65. Colin says the ancient Filipinos had minstrels who had memorized songs telling their genealogies and of the deeds ascribed to their deities. These were chanted on voyages in cadence with the rowing, or at festivals, or funerals, or wherever there happened to be any considerable gatherings. It is regretable that these chants have not been preserved as from them it would have been possible to learn much of the Filipinos' past and possibly of the history of neighboring islands. 66. The cannon foundry mentioned by Morga as in the walled city was probably on the site of the Tagalog one which was destroyed by fire on the first coming of the Spaniards. That established in 1584 was in Lamayan, that is, Santa Ana now, and was transferred to the old site in 1590. It continued to work until 1805. According to Gaspar San Agustin, the cannon which the pre-Spanish Filipinos cast were "as great as those of Malaga," Spain's foundry. The Filipino plant was burned with all that was in 60  it save a dozen large cannons and some smaller pieces which the Spanish invaders took back with them to Panay. The rest of their artillery equipment had been thrown by the Manilans, then Moros, into the sea when they recognized their defeat. 67. Malate, better Maalat, was where the Tagalog aristocracy lived after they were dispossessed by the Spaniards of their old homes in what is now the walled city of Manila. Among the Malate residents were the families of Raja Matanda and Raja Soliman. The men had various positions in Manila and some were employed in government work nearby. "They were very courteous and well-mannered," says San Agustin. "The women were very expert in lacemaking, so much so that they were not at all behind the women of Flanders." 68. Morga's statement that there was not a province or town of the Filipinos that resisted conversion or did not want it may have been true of the civilized natives. But the contrary was the fact among the mountain tribes. We have the testimony of several Dominican and Augustinian missionaries that it was impossible to go anywhere to make conversions without other Filipinos along and a guard of soldiers. "Otherwise, says Gaspar de San Agustin, there would have been no fruit of the Evangelic Doctrine gathered, for the infidels wanted to kill the Friars who came to preach to them." An example of this method of conversion given by the same writer was a trip to the mountains by two Friars who had a numerous escort of Pampangans. The escort's leader was Don Agustin Sonson who had a reputation for daring and carried fire and sword into the country, killing many, including the chief, Kabadi. 69. "The Spaniards, says Morga, were accustomed to hold as slaves such natives as they bought and others that they took in the forays in the conquest or pacification of the islands." Consequently, in this respect the "pacifiers" introduced no moral improvement. We even do not know if in their wars the Filipinos used to make slaves of each other, though that would not have been strange, for the chroniclers tell of captives returned to their own people. The practice of the Southern pirates almost proves this, although in these piratical wars the Spaniards were the first aggressors and gave them their character. 61  UNIT IV. ASSESSMENT NO. 1 Name: Score: Schedule: Date: ACTIVITY 1: FACT check 1. Give the goals of Rizal in annotating Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the significance of the annotation? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. a. Title ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b. Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ c. Body ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ d. Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 62  UNIT IV. ASSESSMENT NO. 2 Name: Score: Schedule: Date: General Instruction: Write all answers on the blanks provided before each number. I. ALTERNATE RESPONSE: Write T if the statement is CORRECT and F if it says otherwise. _____1. Las Is as Filipinas means "The Rising Sun of the Philippines" _____2. Sucesos means truthful and internal views to the society. _____3. The Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas consists of seven (7) chapters _____4. The people of the pre-Hispanic Philippines is advanced, has high literacy rate, Self- sufficient and has smooth foreign relations _____5. The "pacification" of Kagayan was accomplished by taking advantage of the rivalry between two brothers who were chiefs. time, the Philippines exported silk to Japan, where now comes the best quality of that merchandise. _____7. Cebu, Panay, Luzon, Mindoro and some others cannot be said to have been conquered. _____8. The Pampangans drew a pattern on the skin before starting to tattoo. _____9. The Spaniards say that the Filipinos have contributed nothing to Mother Spain, and that it is the islands which owe everything. _____10. Morga was an eyewitness, and therefore a primary source, on the Philippines and its people at the point of first contact with Spain. II. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer. _____1. It is a thick roof made of woven palm-leaves being used when the sun is A. Canayos C. Cayanos B. Cayaos D. Canyons _____2. It is the old name of this province is Bonbon that is abounds with fish and the method of fishing is through making of coral traps made of rattan vines. A. Bulacan C. Batangas B. Bataan D. Batanes _____3. The women throughout this province wore sayas or dresses with sleeves called varo of the same cloth or of different color. A. Zambales C. Cebu B. Cagayan D. Manila _____4. In the Province of ________ there are chestnut-trees that produce nuts, and other kinds of trees which produce large kernels and strong good- tasting nuts which are known by the name of piles. A. Zambales C. Cebu B. Cagayan D. Manila 63 _____5. It is the museum in London where Rizal spent his many months looking for A. Charles Dickens C. Jewish B. Cartoon D. British _____6. He is the Filipino who killed Rodriguez de Figueroa A. Ubal C. Aguinaldo B. Bonifacio D. Lapulapu _____7. He is the early biographer of Rizal who translated into English some of his important annotations in the Sucesos. A. Smith C. A. Craig B. Wallace D. M. Matthews _____8. He is the first envoy from the Philippines to take up with the King of Spain the needs of the Archipelago A. Capt, Gabriel de Rivera C. Capt. Argensola B. Capt. Hawk D. Capt. Agustin because the natives had their bodies decorated with tracings made with fire, somewhat like tattooing. A. Pampangans C. Bisayas B. Tacloban D. Kagayan _____10. He is the grandson of Legaspi who won the admiration of the Filipinos and who saved Manila from Li Ma-hong. A. Soliman C. Argensola B. Colin D. Salcedo III. Essay: Answer the question substantially. Consider grammar (5pts) & content (10pts) to awaken your consciousness of our past, already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be able to study the ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 64  UNIT IV. ASSESSMENT NO. 3 Name: Score: Schedule: Date: Guided Reflection Instruction: Indicate the things you have in this lesson (Knowledge); the things that you have realized and appreciated (attitude) and the things you discovered and wanted to do more (skills). A. Things I have learned (Knowledge) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ B. Things I have realized and appreciated (Attitude) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ C. Things I have discovered (Skills) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 65 LESSON 2: NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO Objectives: 1. of the present situation in the Philippines. 2. Appraise important characters in the novel and what they represent. 3. Appraise how El Filibusterismo contributed to the national consciousness and the revolution. 4. Compare and contrast El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere 5. Apply the different virtues and values leaned in the novel in real life situations. 6. Value the role of the youth in the development and future of the society. NOLI ME TANGERE The Writing of the Novel Jose Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and medical doctor, conceived the idea of writing a novel that would expose the ills of Philippine society after reading novel express the way Filipino culture was backward, anti-progress, anti- intellectual, and not conducive to the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. He was then a student of medicine in the Universidad Central de Madrid. In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his friend Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines written by a group of Filipinos. His proposal was unanimously approved by the Filipinos present at the party, among whom were Pedro, Maximino and Antonio Paterno, Graciano López Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente and Valentin Ventura. However, this project did not materialize. The people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel did not write anything. Initially, the novel was planned to cover and describe all phases of Filipino life, but almost everybody wanted to write about women. Rizal even saw his companions spend more time gambling and flirting with Spanish women. Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of co-writing with others and decided to draft the novel alone (Mandirigma.org, 2006). Rizal managed to finish the first half of the Noli Me Tangere in Madrid. He continued writing in Paris where he was inspired through the immortal declaration of the rights of man, that had been passed and being implemented. In order to economized for the printing of the novel Rizal moved to Berlin, Germany with the help of a friend Dr. Maximo Viola from San Miguel Bulacan. Gospel of Saint John 20:13-7 when the newly-risen Christ says to Mary my brethren, and say unto them I ascend to my Father and your Father, and to my God and your God. The Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer as the alternative English title) is written by Rizal in Spanish Language that is credited in awaking of nationalism among the Filipinos. played a crucial role in the political history of the Philippines. Drawing from experience, the conventions of the nineteenth-century novel, and the ideals of 66 European liberalism, Rizal offered up a devastating critique of a society under Spanish colonial rule. The plot revolves around Crisostomo Ibarra, mixed-race heir of a wealthy clan, returning home after seven years in Europe and filled with ideas on how to better the lot of his countrymen. Striving for reforms, he is confronted by an abusive ecclesiastical hierarchy and a Spanish civil administration by turns indifferent and cruel. The novel suggests, through plot developments, that meaningful change in this context is exceedingly difficult, if not impossible. refusal of a Catholic burial by Padre Damaso, the parish priest, provokes Ibarra into hitting the priest, for which Ibarra is excommunicated. The decree is rescinded, however, when the governor general intervenes. The friar and his successor, Padre Salvi, embody the rotten state of the clergy. Their tangled feelings one paternal, the other carnal for Ma plans for a school. The town philosopher Tasio wryly notes similar past attempts have failed, and his sage commentary makes clear that all colonial masters fear that an enlightened people will throw off the yoke of oppression. which Ibarra debates with the mysterious Elias, with whose life his is intertwined. The privileged Ibarra favors peaceful means, while Elias, who has suffered injustice at the hands of the authorities, believes violence is the only option. though the evidence against him is weak. Then Maria Clara betrays him to protect a dark family secret, public exposure of which would be ruinous. Ibarra forgives her, and he and Elias flee to the lake. But chased by the Guardia Civil, the nunnery, refusing a marriage arranged by Padre Damaso. Her unhappy fate and that of the more memorable Sisa, driven mad by the fate of her sons, Using satire brilliantly, Rizal creates other memorable characters whose lives manifest the poisonous effects of religious and colonial oppression. Capitan Tiago; the social climber Doña Victorina de Espadaña and her toothless Spanish husband; the Guardia Civil head and his harridan of a wife; the sorority of devout women; the disaffected peasants forced to become outlaws: in sum, a microcosm of Philippine society. In the afflictions that plague them, Rizal paints a harrowing picture of his beloved but suffering country in a work that speaks eloquently not just to Filipinos but to all who have endured or witnessed oppression. About José Rizal Born on June 19, 1861, José Rizal was from an upper-class Filipino family. His mother, Teodora Alonso, a highly educated woman, exerted a powerful influence on his intellectual development. He would grow up to be a brilliant polymath, doctor, fencer, essayist, and novelist, among other things. By the late nineteenth century, the Spanish empire was in irreversible decline. Spain had ruled the islands since 1565, except for a brief hiatus when the British occupied the islands in 1762. The colonial government was unresponsive and often cruel, with the religious establishment wielding as much power as the state. Clerical abuses, European ideas of liberalism, and growing 67 international trade fueled a burgeoning national consciousness. For Rizal and his generation, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny, in which three native priests were accused of treason and publicly executed, provided both inspiration and a cautionary tale. Educated at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Manila and the Dominican University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Rizal left for Spain in 1882, where he studied medicine and the liberal arts, with further studies in Paris and Heidelberg. The charismatic Rizal quickly became a leading light of the Propaganda Movement Filipino expatriates advocating, through its newspaper, La Solidaridad, various reforms such as the integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain, representation in the Cortes (the Spanish parliament), the Filipinization of the clergy, and equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. To Rizal, the main impediment to reform lay not so much with the civil government but with the reactionary and powerful Franciscan, Augustinian, and Dominican friars, who constituted a state within a state. In 1887, he published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere, written in Spanish, a searing indictment of clerical a That same year, he returned to Manila, where the Noli had been banned and its author now hated intensely by the friars. In 1888, he went to Europe once more, and there wrote the sequel, El Filibusterismo (The Subversive), published in 1891. Filipinas, showing that the Philippines had had a long history before the advent of the Spaniards. Rizal returned to Manila in 1892 and founded a reform society, La Liga Filipina, before being exiled to Dapitan, in Mindanao, Southern Philippines. There he devoted himself to scientific research and public works. Well-known as an ophthalmologist, he was visited by an English patient, accompanied by his ward, Josephine Bracken, who would be his last and most serious romantic involvement. In August of 1896, the Katipunan, a nationalist secret society, launched the revolution against Spain. Its leaders venerated Rizal and tried to persuade him to their cause. He refused, convinced that the time was not yet ripe for armed struggle. In the meantime, he volunteered to serve as a doctor with the Spanish forces fighting against Cuban revolutionaries. En route, Rizal was arrested and subjected to a mock trial in Manila by the authorities although he had nothing to do with the revolution. Found guilty, he was shot at dawn on (My Last Farewell), considered a masterpiece of nineteenth-century Spanish verse. He was thirty-five. since served as an inspiration to countless nationalists and intellectuals. Summary of the Noli Me Tangere The young and idealistic Juan Crisostomo Ibarra returns home after seven years in Europe. The wealthy meztizo, like his father Don Rafael endeavors for reform primarily in the area of education in order to eliminate poverty and the denial of a Catholic burial for his father Ibarra was provoked to hit Padre Damaso which eventually lead to his excommunication. The excommunication was later rescinded upon the intervention of the Governor General. 68  Maria Clara was used against him. Later in the story, Maria Clara will tell Ibarra that she did not conspire to indict him. She was compelled to give mother before she was born. Maria Clara found out that the letters of her mother were addressed to Padre Damaso about their unborn child which means that she is the biological daughter of the priest and not of her father, Capitan Tiago. Meanwhile, Ibarra was able to escape the prison with Elias, who also experienced injustice with the authorities. Ibarra was able to speak with Maria Clara about the letters and thereafter forgave her. Ibarra and Elias flee to the lake and were chased by the Guardia Civil. One was shot and the other survives. Upon hearing the news, Maria Clara believed that Ibarra was dead; she entered the nunnery instead of marrying Alfonso Linares. The fatally wounded Elias found the child Basilio and his dead mother Sisa. The latter was driven to insanity when she learned that her children were implicated for theft by the sacristan mayor. Elias instructed Basilio to dig for his education. Noli Me Tangere brilliantly described Philippine society with its memorable characters. The melancholic fate of Maria Clara and the insanity of Sisa tyranny. 1. Ibarra (Crisostomo Ibarra Y Magsalin) Liberal European-educated Filipino. He is a loyal son, courageous, civic-minded, liberty-loving and patriotic. Represents the Filipino culture which was being forged in Europe among young students whom Rizal endeavored to get involved in the national movement. Represents the idea of Liberalism. Jose Rizal 2. The Couple Capitan Tiago and Doña Pia Represented the Spanish and the Philippines without a promising future. 3. Elias humble, courageous, thoughtful and farsighted. He comes from a family of persecuted. represents the basic core of the Filipinos which was the persistent foundation of the pre-Spanish Filipino culture which survived the onslaught of invasion by the culture which was brought to the Philippines by the Spaniards the secular and the religious. 69 4. Don Rafael Ibarra conscience because he is a philanthropist. His strict standard of conduct regulates his actions. His independent views find opposition in Father Damaso who calls him a heretic and filibuster. 5. Tasio Called as Pilosopo Tasio. He entertains new ideas which his generation cannot understand. represented the Filipino intellectuals who never left the country and who came under the tutorship of the religious missionary work, but who, came under the tutorship of the religious institutions, being prepared for work, had to disengage from this commitment. Paciano Rizal 6. Kapitan Tiago, Anastacio De Los Santos Another rich landowner whose wealth makes represents the Filipino who is subservient to the authorities because his personal interests must be secured. A religious fanatic, he is at peace with God, the government and the people. 7. Dona Victorina De Los Reyes De Espadana The paragon of colonial mentality. A pure-blooded Filipina who disdains what is a Filipino and imitates what is Spanish. 8. Dona Consolacion The mistress of the Alferez. Another woman who passed herself as a Peninsular; best remembered for her abusive treatment to Sisa. 9. Maria Clara Represents a type of Filipino womanhood brought up in the convent and educated along religious lines. She is beautiful, charming, pious, faithful lover and self-sacrificing. She also represents the idea of conservatism. 10. Sisa The mother of Crispin and Basilio. Illustrates the lack of concern of society by trying to help her solve her problems the maltreatment of her two sons and the indignities she suffers which finally drive her to mental derangement. 11. The Gobernadorcillo Signifies the nullity, the despotism towards those below and blind obedience to the caprices of those above. In contrast to his attitude, we find the teniente mayor, Don Filipo Lino, who represents dignity, courtesy and probity of the authority. 12. The School Teacher Personifies the educated individual who dreams of better ways of making the pupils learn than the method of learning with corporal punishment. 13. Padre Damaso The old kura paroko of San Diego. Carries the trappings of the dirty Franciscan, always gross, always tyrannical and constantly corrupted. The biological father of Maria Clara. He represents the old missionaries who used their positions to secure and maintain their power. 14. Padre Salvi Represents the young missionaries who, instead of introducing change, followed the footsteps of the old missionaries. 70 ACTIVITY 1: Discussion Questions Crisostomo Ibarra and the mysterious and powerful Elias are quite similar, even though the former is an immensely wealthy mestizo and the latter, an impoverished fellow who has seen better days. Both have been victimized by the colonial system, yet have contrasting approaches to addressing the social ills that surround them. In one pivotal scene the two debate passionately about their respective views, as though the author were debating himself. 1. How do their experiences shape these views? What reforms does Ibarra advocate? Why does Elias consider these futile? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Through Ibarra, Rizal the social reformer makes it clear that he believed greatly in the transformative power of secular education. To learn only by rote prevented the ordinar proposal to build a school for the town of San Diego. 2. In contrast, what was the conventional view of education in San Diego? Why were Padre Damaso and, later on, Padre Salvi, against such innovation? How did race figure in their opposition? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Tasio, 3. What makes the old man say this? What is his reputation in San Diego and what perspective does he add to the novel? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The Noli is clearly anticlerical in its depiction of the friars and of the Catholic church. Padre Damaso and, to a lesser extent, Padre Salvi, personify clerical abuses portraits, however, are not one-dimensional; rather, they reveal the all-too- human faults of each priest. 71 4. How does the novelist individualize them? How do the failings of Damaso and for Maria Clara, yet those very feelings should divide them. Why? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Maria Clara betrays Ibarra even though she loves him. Her motive is to prevent the identity of her true, biological father from being revealed. 5. Discuss the consequences of her act, and how it leads to tragedy. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The novel describes vividly life in the town of San Diego and its social and political hierarchy. 6. If we see San Diego as a microcosm of Philippine society, what kind of portrait emerges, overall, of life under the Spanish colonial system? In particular, how does the planning for the town feast clearly illustrate who holds real power? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Capitan Tiago and Doña Victorina de Espadaña identify completely with the colonial mind-set. 7. In portraying the two, Rizal pokes fun at their pretensions. What pretensions are these and how are they lampooned? Is Rizal gentler with one than the other? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The author also mocks the mindless religiosity exhibited by Tiago and some other characters, especially the equally wealthy spinster, Doña Patrocinio, whom Tiago considers his rival and vice versa. Each strives to make as splashy material offerings as possible to the church, thinking thereby to ensure their spiritual future. 72 8. Discuss the Catholic notion of indulgences, how this ties in to lavish expenditures, and, more broadly, how it ironically reveals the worldly nature of the church. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The head of the Guardia Civil and his wife, Doña Consolacion, strike fear in the husband. 9. What do they exemplify and what purpose do these two characters serve in the novel? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. Rizal depicts a gap that exists between the Spanish civil administration and clerical rule. How wide or narrow is that gap? What incidents demonstrate the differences between the two sectors? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Sisa goes mad due to her harsh treatment by the Guardia Civil, the death of one son, and the disappearance of another. Critics have said that she is symbolic of the oppressed mother country. 11. Do you agree with this notion? Are there parallels with Maria Clara and her ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ The Result of Noli Me Tangere The novel was printed with the help of Dr. Maximo Viola who lent Jose Rizal an amount of money which was intended for his food allowance but chose to help Rizal in printing the novel. His friends commended the novel, Ferdinand Blumentritt commended Jose Rizal because according to him, the novel was written from the heart and a source of enlightenment of the people of his country. Padre Francisco Sanchez commended the literary skills of Jose Rizal which was evedent on the novel and defended the novel against the public. Antonio Regidor considered Noli Me Tangere as superior and could be compared to the novel Don Quijote. 73  Other Filipino priest like Vicente Garcia greatly defended the author of the novel and objected on the claim of Father Jose Rodriguez that Rizal is an the novel happen in the Philippines and presented into a literary piece. However, leaders of the church who opposed the idea of the Noli Me Tangere petitioned to the Governor General to bring the novel into the committee of censorship which declared the novel as anti-church and ordered the confiscation, banning, burning of the book, and imprison the people who kept a copy of the novel. 74  UNIT IV: ASSESSMENT 1 Name: Score: Schedule: Date: NOLI ME TANGERE General Instruction: Write all answers on the blanks provided before each number. I. ALTERNATE RESPONSE: Write T if the statement is CORRECT and F if it says otherwise. ____1. The first novel of Rizal was printed and published in Ghent, Belgium. ____2. The Noli Me Tangere was written by Rizal to rebel against the Spaniards. ____3. help his family and the Filipino people. ____4. The novel "'Noli Me Tangere" did not affect the Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines. ____5. Rizal Was a student of medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid when he started writing El Filibusterismo and was 26 years old at its publication. ____6. Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade of the Guardia Civil was assigned to be Rizal's bodyguard. ____7. Paciano Rizal translated the Noli Me Tangere into Spanish. ____8. It is said that Pilosopo Tasio's character was patterned after that of Paciano, Jose's intelligent brother who also sought reforms. ____9. Noli Me Tangere was originally written in Spanish, the lariguage of the colonizers and the educated at the time. ____10. In Madrid, a newspaper article written by a Vicente Barrantes resentfully attacked the Noli. II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on the blanks provided. ____1. In honor of Leonor Rivera or which character in Noli Me Tangere was created? A. Dona Victorina C. Maria Clara B. Paulita Gomez D. Sisa ____2. Which was TRUE about Victorina? A. She was a self-conceited woman who wanted to become a Spaniard. B. She was a kind-hearted woman who helped the poor C. She was the woman who became insane D. She was the mistress of the Alferez ____3. What was the reason behind the insanity of Sisa? A. She lost her children. B. She was abused by her husband. C. She was taking illegal drugs. D. She was involved in an accident wherein she hit her head ____4. At the end of the novel, what happened to Ma. Clara? A. She was married to Crisostomo Ibarra B. She was married to Alfonso Linares C. She entered the convent D. She was raped by Padre Salvi 75 ____5. To whom did Crisostomo Ibarra entrust his secret? A. Crispin C. Basilio B. Sisa D. Elias ____6. Stowe A. Count of Monte Cristo C. A tale of two cities B. D. Deception ____7. Rizal delated this chapter of the Noli Me Tangere to economize its printing. A. The Supper C. Elias and Salome B. In the woods D. Memories ____8. The Governor-General who summoned Rizal to Malacañan Place because of the petitions against the Noli. A. Emilio Aguinaldo C. Emilio Terrero B. Emilio Jacinto D. Emilio Garcia ____9. A. Padre Salvi C. Berbardino Nozaleda B. Vicente Garcia D. Antonio Rosell ____10. The Character that represent the rich Filipinos who opted to be allies of Spanish officials and friars just to preserve their wealth. A. Capitan Inggo C. Capitan Basilio B. Capitan Elias D. Capitan Tiago 76  UNIT IV. ASSESSMENT NO. 2 NOLI ME TANGERE Instructions: In a short bond paper, make an essay with the aim of answering the following: A. What is freedom? B. How is the lack of freedom portrayed in the novel? C. How is the situation in the novel different from today? Rubric Unsatisfactory Needs Satisfactory Outstanding Total 0-5 Improvement 11-15 16-20 score 6-10 Content & Content is Content is Content is Content is Development incomplete. not accurate comprehen Major points comprehe and sive, are not nsive and persuasive. accurate, clear. /or Major and Specific persuasive. points are persuasive. examples Major stated. Major are not points are Responses points are used. addressed, are stated but not adequate clearly and well and are well supported. address supported. Responses topic. Responses are Content is are inadequat clear. excellent, e or do not Specific timely and address examples address topic. are used. topic. -Specific Content is examples clear. do not Specific support examples topic. are used. Organization Organization Structure of Structure is Structure of & Structure and the paper mostly the paper is structure is not easy clear and clear and detract from to follow. easy to easy to the Transitions follow. follow. message. need Transitions Transitions Writing is improvem are are logical disjointed ent. present. and and lacks Conclusion Conclusion maintain transition of is missing, is logical. the flow of thoughts. or if thought provided, throughout does not the paper. flow from Conclusion the body is logical of the and flows paper. from the body of the paper. Grammar, Paper Paper Rules of Rules of Punctuation contains contains grammar, grammar, & Spelling numerous few usage, usage, and grammatica grammatic and punctuatio l, al, punctuatio n are punctuation punctuatio n are followed; , and n and followed spelling is spelling spelling with minor correct. errors. errors. errors. Spelling is correct. Total score 77 EL FILIBUSTERISMO The Writing of the Novel Rizal started writing El Filibusterismo in October 1887 in Calamba during his first homecoming. The novel was thus written against the background of threats and oppressions he and his family suffered because of the Holi and the so-called Calamba agrarian trouble. He continued working on it, making some revisions, in London in 1888. Rizal then went on to write the novel in Paris. and then in Brussels where distractions were less, and the cost of living was cheapen Being able to focus on finishing the book, Rizal had finally completed it by March 29.1891 in Biarritz (Mañebog et al., 2018). Jose Alejandrino, Rizal's roommate in Belgium related that he was the one who looked for a printing press for El Fili. The F. Meyer van Loo press charged the lowest fee and willing to print b