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Questions and Answers
What is one of the key outcomes of this course related to Rizal?
How does the course suggest students engage with their personal history?
What aspect of Jose Rizal's character development is emphasized in this course?
Which of the following best describes the nature versus nurture concept discussed?
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What is a potential impact of the 19th century discussed in the course?
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What significant action did Czar Alexander take on February 19, 1861?
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Who was elected President of Mexico just before Rizal's birth?
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What event began on April 12, 1861, contributing to the backdrop of Rizal's birth?
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What was the outcome of Juarez's resistance against French forces in Mexico?
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What significant historical unification occurred during Rizal's lifetime involving Italy?
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What did the American Civil War compel President Lincoln to do?
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Which nation was Emperor Napoleon III trying to colonize during the 1860s?
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Which struggle did Juarez face in obtaining assistance during his fight against the French?
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What significant human rights were denied to the Filipinos under Spanish rule?
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How did the Spanish colonial authorities view Filipinos compared to Spaniards?
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What term was commonly used by Spaniards to derogatorily refer to Filipinos?
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What form of government emerged in the Philippines as a result of the union of Church and State?
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What role did friars play in the governance of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?
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Which characterizes the attitude of Spaniards towards racial differences during the assessment?
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What was one significant impact of racial discrimination under Spanish rule?
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How did the Spanish Constitution of 1812 impact the rights of Spaniards compared to Filipinos?
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What was one outcome of the representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes from 1810 to 1813?
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Which governor general was known for executing the innocent Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora?
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What significant political event occurred in Spain in 1837 that affected Philippine representation?
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Why did Filipinos scorn General Valeriano Weyler?
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Which governor general was involved in a bribery scandal related to gambling casinos?
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What notable achievement did Ventura de los Reyes accomplish during his time in the Cortes?
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What characterized the political situation in Spain from 1834 to 1862 as mentioned?
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Why was General Fernando Primo de Rivera described as scandalous?
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What was the compulsory labor known as that was imposed by Spanish colonial authorities on Filipino males?
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Which age group of Filipino males was originally obligated to render forced labor for 40 days a year?
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What was the primary purpose of creating the Guardia Civil in the Philippines?
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How was the Guardia Civil in the Philippines perceived compared to its counterpart in Spain?
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Which of the following actions was NOT attributed to the abuses of the Guardia Civil?
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What was a significant socio-political change in the 19th century Philippines under Spanish colonial rule?
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What prompted the examination of both the Spanish Guardia Civil and the societal changes during the 19th century?
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Which activity involved analyzing socio-cultural, political, and economic changes in the 19th century?
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Study Notes
19th Century Global Context
- Russia: In 1861, Czar Alexander II emancipated 22.5 million serfs in an attempt to appease the Russian people, this event occurred just four months before Rizal's birth.
- United States: The American Civil War raged from 1861 to 1865 over the issue of slavery. In 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves.
- Mexico: Benito Juarez, a Zapotec Indian, was elected President of Mexico in 1861, a year later France, under Emperor Napoleon III, invaded and conquered Mexico. The French installed Maximilian of Austria as puppet emperor in 1864. Support from the United States allowed Juarez to regain control in 1867, ultimately ending Napoleon III’s ambitions for colonization.
- Italy and Germany: Italy and Germany unified their countries during Rizal’s time. Italy, under the leadership of Count Cavour and Garibaldi, drove out Austrian and French forces to create the Kingdom of Italy, with Rome as its capital.
19th Century Philippines Context
- Spanish Political Instability: From 1834 to 1862, Spain saw significant political shifts: 4 constitutions, 28 parliaments, and 529 ministers.
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Corrupt Colonial Officials: Spain's colonial officials were known for their corruption.
- General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-73) was responsible for the execution of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, known as the “Martyrs of 1872”.
- Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-77) was a poor administrator.
- General Fernando Primo de Rivera (1880-83 and 1897-98) accepted bribes from gambling casinos.
- General Valeriano Weyler (1888-91) was a cruel and corrupt governor general, known for persecuting the Calamba tenants, including Rizal's family.
- Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes: The Philippines briefly gained representation in the Spanish parliament (Cortes) from 1810 to 1813. Ventura de los Reyes, the Philippines’ first delegate, played a part in creating Spain's 1812 constitution and signed it. He also abolished the galleon trade. The Philippines lost representation in 1837, leading to worsening conditions.
- Human Rights Denied to Filipinos: The Filipinos were denied freedom of speech, press, association, and other basic human rights enjoyed by Spaniards.
- No Equality Before the Law: Despite Christianity, Spaniards saw brown-skinned Filipinos as inferior beings who were subjects to be exploited.
- Racial Discrimination: Filipinos, often called “Indios”, were treated as inferior to Spanish and mestizo people. White skin, a high nose, and Spanish lineage were considered superior.
- Frailocracy: The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans) controlled religious and educational life in the Philippines, and gained significant political influence. They ruled through a facade of civil government, with colonial officials largely under their control.
- Forced Labor: Filipinos were forced to work on public works, such as building churches, schools, hospitals, roads, bridges for 40 days a year.
- Guardia Civil: The Guardia Civil, created in 1852, was intended to maintain peace and order, but was known for its abuse of power, such as maltreating citizens.
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Description
Explore significant global events of the 19th century, particularly focusing on Russia's emancipation of serfs, the American Civil War, the political upheavals in Mexico, and the unification of Italy and Germany. Test your knowledge on these pivotal moments that shaped the world during this era.
