Conflict and Tension Revision Booklet PDF

1 Conflict and Tension The Inter-War Years 1918 – 1939  2 Conflict and Tension, 1918–1939 Part one: Peace making  The armistice: aims of the peacemakers; Wilson and the Fourteen Points; Clemenceau and Lloyd George; the extent to...

1 Conflict and Tension The Inter-War Years 1918 – 1939  2 Conflict and Tension, 1918–1939 Part one: Peace making  The armistice: aims of the peacemakers; Wilson and the Fourteen Points; Clemenceau and Lloyd George; the extent to which they achieved their aims.  The Versailles Settlement: Diktat; territorial changes; military restrictions; war guilt and reparations.  Impact of the treaty and wider settlement: reactions of the Allies; German objections; strengths and weaknesses of the settlement, including the problems faced by new states. Part two: The League of Nations and international peace  The League of Nations: its formation and covenant; organisation; membership and how it changed; the powers of the League; the work of the League's agencies; the contribution of the League to peace in the 1920s, including the successes and failures of the League, such as the Aland Islands, Upper Silesia, Vilna, Corfu and Bulgaria.  Diplomacy outside the League: Locarno treaties and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.  The collapse of the League: the effects of the Depression; the Manchurian and Abyssinian crises and their consequences; the failure of the League to avert war in 1939. Part three: The origins and outbreak of the Second World War  The development of tension: Hitler's aims and Allied reactions; the Dollfuss Affair; the Saar; German rearmament, including conscription; the Stresa Front; Anglo-German Naval Agreement.  Escalation of tension: remilitarisation of the Rhineland; Mussolini, the Axis and the Anti- Comintern Pact; Anschluss; reasons for and against the policy of appeasement; the Sudeten Crisis and Munich; the ending of appeasement.  The outbreak of war: the occupation of Czechoslovakia; the role of the USSR and the Nazi- Soviet Pact; the invasion of Poland and outbreak of war, September 1939; responsibility for the outbreak of war, including that of key individuals: Hitler, Stalin and Chamberlain.  3 Part one: Peace making  The armistice: aims of the peacemakers; Wilson and the Fourteen Points; Clemenceau and Lloyd George; the extent to which they achieved their aims.  The Versailles Settlement: Diktat; territorial changes; military restrictions; war guilt and reparations.  Impact of the treaty and wider settlement: reactions of the Allies; German objections; strengths and weaknesses of the settlement, including the problems faced by new states. The Armistice An armistice is when both sides agree to stop fighting while a peace treaty is negotiated. The Armistice was an agreement signed by representatives of France, Great Britain and Germany. It was an agreement to end fighting as a prelude to peace negotiations. The signing of The Armistice took place in Ferdinand Foch's railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne, about 37 miles (60 km) north of Paris. The Armistice began on 11th November 1918 at 11am - the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. The Armistice itself was agreed 6 hours earlier at 5am with the first term of it being that fighting would end at 11am. The Treaty of Versailles signed six months later would act as the peace treaty between the nations. Main Terms of the Armistice All fighting was to cease at 11am. Germany was ordered to give up 2,500 heavy guns, 2,500 field guns, 25,000 machine guns, 1,700 aeroplanes and all submarines. They were also asked to hand over their High Seas Fleet. (warships) Immediate release of all French, British and Italian prisoners of war Immediate removal of all German troops from France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Alsace- Lorraine within 14 days and the area to the west of the Rhine.  4 The Aims of the Peace Makers - Paris Peace Conference 1919 In January 1919 people from the Allied countries met in Paris. The defeated countries were not allowed to join them, nor were Russia, as the allies did not trust communism. Woodrow Wilson of David Lloyd George of Georges Clemenceau of America Great Britain France He was an idealist. He was nicknamed the Tiger. He wanted Germany to be punished but not too He wanted to make sure He wanted revenge on harshly, like Wilson he did that no more wars would Germany and like the French not want Germany to seek happen. public wanted to see revenge in the future. He had proposed the Germany pay for the Fourteen Points. He wanted suffering that had He also wanted to keep a reorganisation of European happened. British naval supremacy and boundaries and to set up a Germany’s economy strong. They wanted land and money League of Nations. from Germany. This conflicted with most of He wanted to see Germany He believed that Germany the British public who made weak so that they should not be punished too wanted harsh punishment. could not attack France harshly as they would then There was pressure at home again. want revenge. to make Germany pay – there He wanted all countries to were calls of - "Hang the join a League of Nations Kaiser" and "Make Germany which would resolve disputes Pay” - if he had been too peacefully. soft he would have been voted out as PM. USA had not suffered much from the war as they only Lloyd George hated the joined the conflict in 1917 Treaty and could take a detached view of events.  5 The Big Three Did Not Always Agree Wilson and his Fourteen Points 1. No more secret agreements between countries – open diplomacy 2. Free seas 3. Free trade. 4. Reduction in weapons and armies by all countries. 5. Colonial claims over land and regions will be fair. 6. Russia will be allowed to determine its own form of government. All German troops will leave Russian soil. 7. German troops will evacuate Belgium and Belgium will be an independent country. 8. France will regain Alsace-Lorraine. 9. The borders of Italy will be established such that all Italians will be within the country of Italy. 10. Austria-Hungary will be allowed to continue to be an independent country. 11. The Central Powers will evacuate Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania leaving them as independent countries. 12. The Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire will have their own country. 13. Poland will be an independent country. 14. A League of Nations will be formed that protects the independence of all countries no matter how big or small.  6 Main Terms of the Treaty 28th June 1919 Military Restrictions  German army was limited to 100,000 men  Conscription was banned  Germany was allowed no tanks, submarines or military aircraft  The navy could only have 6 battleships  The Rhineland was demilitarised – this meant that no German troops were allowed into this area near the French border. Territorial Changes  Alsace and Lorraine was returned to France  Eupen and Malmedy was given to Belgium  North Schleswig went to Denmark  Germany lost land to Poland. – East Prussia was separated from the rest of Germany by the “Polish Corridor”  Saar was under the control of the League of Nations, but the coalfields were controlled by France for 15 years  Danzig became a free city under League of Nations control  German lost all its overseas colonies  Germany was forbidden to join with Austria (Anschluss ) War Guilt Germany had to accept responsibility for the war Reparations Germany had to pay for the damage caused by the war. The sum was fixed in 1921 at the huge figure of £6600 million. Germany was supposed to pay a certain amount each year. League of Nations An organisation to keep world peace was set up. Germany was not allowed to join.  7 Leader Liked Disliked Georges  Germany having no army in  Reparations – felt Germany Clemenceau the Rhineland should pay more  Gaining of Alsace and  Did not want Germany to Lorraine have any army  Wanted Rhineland to be taken away from Germany Lloyd George  Britain having naval  Harsh reparations meaning supremacy over Germany Britain would lose trade  British Empire gaining more with Germany colonies  The threat of possible future war as the Germans were so unhappy Woodrow  The creation of the League  The Fourteen Points being Wilson of Nations ignored in the treaty terms  Harshness of the treaty terms Country Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles  Propaganda during the war taught the British to hate the Germans. Lots of soldiers had been killed or wounded  British people generally thought the Treaty was fair, and could have been even harsher  Lloyd George was hailed as a hero, and newspapers said that Britain would never be threatened by Germany again  Many people in France were very angry. They believed that the treaty was nowhere near harsh enough and that Germany should suffer as much as France had during the war  People felt Clemenceau had not done enough to get revenge for France and he was voted out of office  There were a few terms that the people of France liked, such as gaining control of the Saar and its coalfields for 15 years  USA had only joined the war in 1917 and no fighting took place on US soil, so Americans did not want revenge or compensation in the same way that the British and French did  Many people felt that the Treaty was too harsh, including Wilson  USA wanted to follow a policy of isolationism  The US Senate refused to approve the treaty or to allow the |USA to join the League of Nations  8 German Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles The Kaiser had been forced to abdicate before the treaty was signed, so there was uncertainty about how the country would be run. People also felt that the person who was responsible for the war – the Kaiser – had been punished, so there was no need for further punishment The German people felt that the Treaty was forced upon on them and they were The German people felt not allowed to negotiate the terms. They vulnerable. They were called it the Diktat - dictated peace hated by old enemies and without a large army to defend themselves they Why did the The war guilt clause meant could be easily attacked. Even small countries such German hate that the Germans had to as Czechoslovakia and the Treaty of admit to a lie – they had Poland had bigger armies Versailles? not been the only country and could be a threat. responsible for starting the war Germany had a proud a military tradition which the Treaty attacked. Germany lost 13% of its land to other The military had also countries. They lost about 6 million people to provided jobs for many other countries. young men – this was now taken away. Other nations were given self-determination - but the Treaty forced Germans to live in other countries. Germany lost between 6 and 7 million people. In Eastern Europe about People were starving because of the 1.5 million German speaking people had been British blockade. People were placed under the control of Poland. Germans desperate and needed help. They did were also angry that they could not unite not know how they cope with the with the Austrian Germans. Germany was also punishments they were now facing - split into two by the Polish Corridor e.g. the reparations  9 Strengths of the Treaty of Versailles Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles  The treaty brought peace to Europe  Germany was angry. Many of the terms  An international organisation the League contradicted the Fourteen Points of Nations was set up to preserve peace  Germany would want revenge  The Treaty was not as harsh as it might  Reparations crippled the German economy have been. The Brest Litovsk treaty made  The Treaty contributed to instability in with Germany and Russia in 1018 had been Germany – an atmosphere of chaos and extremely harsh on Russia. weak government led to the rise of  Germany still survived as a democratic extremist parties like the Nazis country. It was a barrier to the spread of  Wilson had too much faith in the power of Communism the League of Nations to solve problems. Treaties with Germany’s Allies Country Austria Bulgaria Hungary Turkey Name of Treaty Treaty of St Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sevres Germain Date 10th Sept 1919 27th Nov 1919 4th June 1920 10th Aug 1920 Land Land taken to Lost land to Lost land to Split up the create new Yugoslavia and Romania, Turkish Empire so countries Greece Czechoslovakia, Turkey lost nearly Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia and all its land in and Yugoslavia Austria Europe Reparations Amount never £100 million Amount never None fixed fixed Military 30,000 in army, 20,000 in army, 30,000 in army, 50,000 in army, Restrictions no conscription, no conscription, no conscription, seven sailboats, 6 no navy no air force, only only 3 patrol torpedo boats 4 battleships boats Other Terms Forbidden to join None None Dardanelles and with Germany Bosphorus straits were opened to other countries Consequences  Economy  Economy Revolt in Turkey. collapsed due collapsed due New treaty made to loss of land to loss of land Treaty of  Europe divided  Europe divided Lausanne - July into lots of into lots of 1923 -showed small countries small countries treaties could not be enforced  10 Poland  Poland – was created from land taken from Germany and Russia.  The Germans living in Poland were unhappy.  Poland had no natural borders and was not easily defended.  Germany was split by the Polish Corridor – causing more resentment.  11 Part two: The League of Nations and international peace The League of Nations: its formation and covenant; organisation; membership and how it changed; the powers of the League; the work of the League's agencies; the contribution of the League to peace in the 1920s, including the successes and failures of the League, such as the Aland Islands, Upper Silesia, Vilna, Corfu and Bulgaria. Aim Membership The Council To keep peace Powers Initially 42 countries joined –by All members had to sign The the 1930’s this had become 59. Covenant which was set of 26 Defeated countries were at first Articles or laws that members had to not allowed to join, nor was agree to follow. The most important Russia because it was Communist. article said that members of the League would act together to ensure The League was the idea of A smaller group that met any member threatened with war was Woodrow Wilson of USA – but several times a year and for protected by the other members. USA did not join – which emergencies. In 1920 its This was known as Collective weakened the League. members were Britain, France, Security. Italy and Japan. It also Why did USA not join? included non-permanent If a dispute occurred, then;  Many Americans hated the members elected by the 1. The disputing members agreed to idea of the League and did Assembly for three-year go to the League to discuss the not want to be involved in periods. Decisions had to be problem. Talks not force. The European affairs unanimous. aggressor should be condemned  Wilson campaigned to get and hopefully they would then USA to join but lost the feel guilty and back down. Presidential Election No Army 2. If this did not work economic  USA followed an sanctions were to be imposed – isolationist policy in the The League did not have a cutting off trade with the 1920’s standing army - this was a aggressor.  USA did not want weakness 3. If necessary, then members of American troops to be the League should join forces and under the control of an take military action against the outside power. aggressor. (Collective Security) The Assembly The Secretariat International Court of Justice Every country sent a representative to the Assembly. It met once a year This was like the League’s civil This was intended to settle service. They kept records of disputes peacefully. It at the League’s headquarters in meetings and prepared reports. was based at The Hague. Geneva. They fixed the League’s Many of their staff were It was made up of judges budget. linguists from member countries. 12  13 Work of the Commissions Commission Aim Successes Failures International Labour Improve working 77 countries set Still child labour Organisation conditions minimum wage Still long hours of Banned white lead in work paint Refugees To help Return of POW’s Lack of help for Jewish refugees 1.5 million refugees refugees fleeing Germany helped in USSR in 1933 Slavery To end slavery Slaves freed in Sierra Leone Communications and To keep  Shipping lanes Transport transport safe introduced  Highway code introduced Health To improve  Campaigns to kill world health mosquitoes  Education programme in Russia to stop disease  Help in Turkish refugee camps  Stills exists as WHO Opium Stop trade in Certificates issued to Corruption – due to the opium control opium for money that opium sales medical reasons Economic and Financial To help world Help given to Austria Could not help global economy Hungary Depression 1929  14 The League in the 1920’s Dispute Date Events Success Failure Vilna 1920 Vilna given to Lithuania Polish army L of N did nothing, invaded and aggression had L of N asked for help won L of N did nothing Poland kept Vilna Upper 1921 Peace kept Peace but Silesia – Poland and Germany claimed this land Neither side 1925 Plebiscite held on who showed own this satisfied land = Germany won by 60% - Poland complained L of N called in to help L of N decided to divide the land between Germany and Poland Neither side satisfied Aland 1921 Accepted. Islands Claimed by Sweden and Finland Peace kept Decision to give Finland the islands but no forts or military to be placed there Corfu 1923 Aggressor had won – Italy invaded and killed 15 people. received money from Greece ordered to pay compensation to Greece Italy and in return they withdrew their troops L of N had been afraid of a dictator Bulgaria 1925 Peace Peace restored Border dispute. Greece invaded Bulgaria. restored Greece felt like L of N ordered Greece to withdraw and there was double pay compensation standards. Italy has shown similar aggression and received money Wall 1929 American economy collapsed. Depression Street began. USA were a super power who World Depression - Crash traded with all the world. Other desperate times. economies quickly went into Depression. Some people turned to extremists e.g. L of N unable to help Nazis  15 Part two: The League of Nations and international peace  Diplomacy outside the League: Locarno treaties and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Locarno Treaties Who? France and Germany represented by their foreign ministers – Briand and Stresemann When? 1925 Where? Locarno, Switzerland What?  The two enemies agreed to work together peacefully  Germany accepted the terms of the T of V  Other countries like Britain and Italy signed. Each country Agreed not to go to war with each other, if one country broke the treaties the others would support the country that was invaded Why wasn’t the League Germany suggested the treaties and it was not a member of the involved? League of Nations Why were the treaties  It seemed that Germany was accepting the T of V, especially the significant? terms about territory and was trying to become a peaceful nation  Relationships between countries, especially France and Germany improved. This paved the way to Germany being allowed to join the L of N  The L of N should have been leading the way on such an important agreement, especially since it involved two of the L of N’s powerful members, Britain and France  16 Kellogg Briand Pact Who? 65 countries including France, Germany and USA When? 1928 Where? Paris What?  The countries agreed war would not be used to solve disputes between them Why wasn’t the League Germany and USA were not members of L of N involved? Why were the treaties The fact that the L of N was not involved made it look like it was a significant? place to talk, not for actual solutions, and this damaged its reputation Washington Arms Conference  1921 – 22  Major countries like GB, USA, Japan and France agreed the maximum size of their navies  L of N was not the one pushing for disarmament and countries like GB and France attended independently of the L of N Rapello Treaty  1922  Germany and Russia agreed to work together  The L of N was not involved as Germany and Russia were not members of the L of N Comment The L of N was set up to encourage cooperation between countries to stop war. Therefore, you would expect the L of N to be involved in all major international discussions, conferences and agreements. However – this did not always happen – the L of N was left out of some major international agreements.  17 Part two: The League of Nations and international peace  The collapse of the League: the effects of the Depression; the Manchurian and Abyssinian crises and their consequences; the failure of the League to avert war in 1939. Background In many countries, the 1920’s were an exciting time. People had survived the war and life was getting back to normal. People wanted to celebrate. Countries were willing to work together to make sure that these good times never ended. But in 1929 the USA was suddenly plunged into an economic depression and everything changed. Wall Street Crash1929 Panic on Wall Street as stocks crash. 29th October shareholders lost a total of $8000 million in one day. Share prices continue to fall for the next few weeks. Results USA had loaned money to many countries including Germany. US wanted the money back. Industries all over the world lost a valuable market for trade – profits dropped People become desperate People lost faith in their governments People looked for strong leaders who could help their country recover. People turned to extremists – Hitler and Mussolini Countries were too busy with their own problems to support the League of Nations How did the Great Depression affect the L of N? Hitler and Mussolini were not afraid to use violence to get what they wanted. They were not interested in Collective Security. They were not scared by moral condemnation. To fight aggressive dictators the L of N needed an army. The L of N did not have an army and so asked members to use their armies, but countries didn’t want the expense of a war during the Depression. The only sanction the L of N could use was economic sanctions but in a time of economic crisis countries were unwilling to stop trading with others, as this would create more unemployment and hurt their own people.  18 Manchuria Crisis 1931 -1932 The Excuse for Invasion In September 1931 there was an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway just outside the city of Mukden. The Japanese owned this railway and said that it was sabotaged by the Chinese. (In fact, the explosion was caused by the Japanese) They used this as an excuse to invade Manchuria with their troops. Soon they took over all of Manchuria and renamed it Manchuko. They put the deposed last emperor of China, Pu Yi in control as a puppet ruler. Why did Japan invade Manchuria?  Japan was suffering from the Depression and the military leaders felt that invasion would solve economic problems  Japan had a large population and wanted more living space  Japan wanted more raw materials such as rubber, coal and iron  China was weak as it was fighting a civil war  Japan had interests in Manchuria – the railway  Japan argued Manchuria would act as a buffer against USSR and communism  Japan was in the control of military leaders who felt war would make Japan stronger League of Nations China and Japan were both members of the League of Nations. China appealed to the League for help. The League condemned Japan’s actions and told them to withdraw their troops. The Japanese did not do this. The League then set up the Lytton Commission to look into the crisis, which took almost a year. The Lytton Report found Japan guilty of forcibly seizing part of China’s territory. China was asked to return Manchuria. Japan refused and kept the land. Japan then went on to attack other areas of China taking over Jehol. Japan left the League in 1933.  19 Consequences  The League was seen as weak. The Members had not followed the procedures set out by the Covenant. The Members of the League had not imposed economic sanctions as they did not want to lose further trade in the time of Depression. The League did not use military action.  The Great Powers had not wanted to take military action in case Japan attacked their colonies in the Far East. Britain and France had put “self interest” first.  The Lytton Report was seen as “face saving”  The world learnt that aggression paid –Mussolini invaded Abyssinia in 1935  Japan withdrew from the League and eventually drew closer to the dictators Mussolini and Hitler. Depression was already damaging world trade Lytton Report took far and League members Why did the too long by the time it were unwilling to impose League fail? was finished, Japan was economic sanctions in control of Manchuria Countries were unwilling to take military action Britain and France because it would be Asia was far away and had put “self expensive and unpopular not viewed as vital to interest” first. with the public the countries in Europe. They had not As a result, they did not wanted to take want to commit military action in resources to dealing case Japan USA not a member of L with the issues there. attacked their of N continued to trade colonies in the Far with aggressors East  20 The Abyssinian Crisis 1935 – 1936 A chance for revenge Italy was suffering as Italy remembered from the Depression. when they had been Foreign conquest defeated by Abyssinia would distract the in 1896 at the Battle of Italian people from Adowa. their problems. WHY DID MUSSOLINI To get raw INVADE Felt Italy had materials to Haile Selassie - Ruler of help Italy’s ABYSSINIA? received little economy. after WW I Abyssinia compared to others. Mussolini was jealous of Hitler. Italy already owned He wanted to show lands bordering he was the main Abyssinia. dictator in Europe Benito Mussolini Leader of Events Italy In December 1934 Italian troops provoked a clash with Abyssinians at Wal Wal as an excuse for war. In October 1935 Italy invaded from the north from Italian owned Eritrea and form the south east from Italian owned Somaliland. The Abyssinian forces stood little chance against the modern army of Italy. Abyssinia took a long time as it was a huge country and had poor roads The League of Nations Abyssinia and Italy were both members of the League of Nations. Haile Selassie appealed to the League for help. The League condemned Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia. The League then imposed economic sanctions but did not include oil, coal and iron – commodities which would have stopped Italy’s invasion. The League did not use force to stop Italy. In December 1935 The Hoare Laval Pact was drawn up. This was leaked by the press and due to a public outcry was never put into action. This pact was drawn up by French foreign secretary Pierre Laval and British Foreign secretary Samuel Hoare. This proposed giving large areas of Abyssinia to Mussolini if he withdrew his troops. Abyssinia would be reduced to half its size. In June 1936 Haile Selassie went to Geneva and addressed the League in person but was jeered by the Italians and got no further help. In July 1936 the sanctions against Italy were dropped. Italy kept Abyssinia.  21 Consequences  The League was again seen as weak.  The success of the League depended on Britain and France, but they had not wanted to take strong measures. Both countries did not want war with Italy. The Hoare Laval Pact showed how weak Britain and France were and so Italy continued with the invasion. They also allowed Italy to use the Suez Canal  Britain and France showed that they cared more about their own interests  Countries lost faith in the League and its ideals. Collective Security did not work.  Mussolini was upset by the actions of the League and he moved closer to Hitler and in 1936 signed the Rome –Berlin Axis.  In 1937 Italy left the League  Dictators such as Hitler saw that aggression paid.  Small countries knew the L of N would do nothing to protect them.  From this time onwards, almost no one saw the L of N as a serious or powerful organisation Why did the League fail? Britain and France When the L of N The L of N banned Hoare Laval Pact – did not close the imposed trade sales of arms to the secret Suez Canal – which sanctions on Italy it Abyssinia which left agreement to give would have made it failed to ban oil, them defenceless Mussolini land in difficult to get steel and coal as it Abyssinia – showed troops to Abyssinia - felt this would leading members of because they did not damage their the L of N were want to upset member’s economies. willing to undermine Mussolini These were the L of N for their resources that own self interest Mussolini needed for an invasion Membership Issues USA was not a member of L of N – so any economic sanctions the L of N imposed would not be binding on them. This weakened the L of N. USSR was also not a member of the L of N - until 1934 - again weakening the L of N Germany was not allowed to join the L of N until 1926. Stopping the defeated nations of WW I from joining made the L of N seem like a winners club. Japan and Italy both left the L of N  22 Reasons why the League Details Consequences of Nations failed USA did not join the Wilson lost the Presidential World’s largest power did not join the League of Nations election. Republicans who won League. League was therefore weakened. were isolationists. Congress did USA could continue to trade with countries not want US troops controlled by if League imposed economic sanctions an outside agency. The League of Nations The third “step” to keep peace The League was not ready for military did not have a standing was military action. Nations by action. The League never used military army the Covenant promised to send action. League had limited power. troops if needed. USSR was not allowed to Nations were afraid of USSR as USSR was a huge country. Their influence join at first they were Communist. would have helped the reputation of the League. The League was already weak by the time they joined. Germany and some other The countries that lost WW I The League appeared to be a “club” for the countries not allowed to were not allowed to join the winners. An organisation for peace should join the League at first League at first. include all. Collective Security did Countries put self-interests The League did not use all 3 “steps” to not work. before world peace. They did not avoid war. Smaller countries could not rely always cooperate. on the bigger nations to help them. GB and France did not GB and France wanted to protect The League was seen as weak. GB and want to annoy Japan. their colonies in the East and France were the leading countries but were were reluctant to use military unwilling to use military actions or actions. The Lytton report was economic sanctions. just “face saving” GB and France did not GB and France tried to do a deal The pact was leaked to the Press. The want to upset Italy with Mussolini by offering him public was shocked. The reputation of half of Abyssinia - the Hoare these countries was dented. Laval Pact Japan broke the Japan was on the Council. They Japan left the League in 1933. The League Covenant by invading invaded for land, resources and had failed to protect Manchuria. Manchuria in 1933 living space. Aggression was seen to win. Japan showed they were not scared of moral condemnation. Italy broke the Covenant Italy was on the Council. They Italy left the League and drew closer to by invading Abyssinia in invaded for land and resources. Germany by the Rome Berlin Axis 1935 agreement. Italy showed they were not scared of moral condemnation. Organisation of the The Assembly met only once a The organisation hindered the peace League year. Votes on the Council had to keeping process. Italy and Japan were both be unanimous. Council members -so could delay actions. World was suffering There was high unemployment and League of Nations did not want to use from Depression in the trade was weak. People turned to economic sanctions as this would cause 1930’s extremist dictators such as member countries to have less trade and Hitler and Mussolini who were might lead to more job losses. Hitler keen to invade other countries. invaded more and more countries and the League did nothing, this eventually led to WW II  23 Part three: The origins and outbreak of the Second World War  The development of tension: Hitler's aims and Allied reactions; the Dollfuss Affair; the Saar; German rearmament, including conscription; the Stresa Front; Anglo- German Naval Agreement. Hitler’s aims and expansionist policies  To reverse the Treaty of Versailles – to build up German armed forces and retrieve the lands lost in 1919  Unite all German speaking peoples – to create a Greater Germany by uniting all Germans in one homeland (There were Germans in the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia and the Treaty of Versailles had forbidden Anschluss with Austria)  To expand into the East to gain Lebensraum – living space for the German people (Hitler saw the Slavic people who lived in Poland and Russia as inferior)  To destroy Communism  24 Reaction of GB and France did not want to start another war, so they let Hitler get away with Britain and breaking the T of V, even though it was international law. They did this because: France  The needed time to rearm, their armies were not big enough to fight and win a war  Many people in GB thought Hitler was being reasonable because the T of V was too harsh  They were concerned about USSR and thought Hitler could be a valuable ally against Communism  Countries could not afford to go to war during the Depression and their governments were preoccupied with problems at home  People could remember the horrors of WW I: they did not want another war  The policy followed by GB and France from 1937 was called Appeasement: they tried to give Hitler what he wanted in hope of preventing war Reaction of USSR and Stalin was worried about Hitler’s aim to destroy Communism. Stalin wanted to work with USA the Allies to protect USSR USA followed a policy of isolationism. They did not want to get involved in another European war. German Rearmament  In 1933 Hitler left the League of Nations.  In 1933 he withdrew from the World Disarmament Conference on the grounds that no other power was prepared to disarm.  He started to build up the German army. He introduced conscription in 1935.  He began to build up the Luftwaffe.  Factories were turned over to the making of weapons.  In 1935 Hitler signed a naval treaty with Britain (Anglo German Naval Agreement) which allowed Germany to build a fleet as long as it was no bigger than 35% of the British fleet. Comment A term of the Treaty of Versailles had been broken  Britain felt that the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh and were sympathetic to Hitler wanting to rearm Germany. A strong Germany would be a block to the spread of Communism  25 1934 – Hitler signed a ten year non-aggression pact with Poland. This stated that German would not try to take back the Polish Corridor. Hitler appeared to be peaceful. 1934 – Dolfuss affair. Dollfuss was the Chancellor of Austria he was murdered by the Nazis. The Saar 13th January 1935 By the Treaty of Versailles, the Saar coalfield had been put under the control of France for 15 years. In 1935 the Saar had a plebiscite, 90% of the people voted to return to Germany. Consequences  This was a great boost for Hitler. As the new leader of Germany this confirmed his popularity.  The Saar gave valuable resources to Germany – coal and iron.  Propaganda celebrated this event. Comment - Another term of the T of V had been removed March 1935 Rearmament Hitler held a rally. He announced that he had been rebuilding the German army and was reintroducing conscription. He had also started to develop the Luftwaffe. April; 1935 Stresa Front GB, France and Italy agreed they they would work together against Hitler as the Stresa Front This was short lived. June 1935 GB signed the Anglo German Naval Agreement with Germany. This allowed Germany to have a navy that was 35% the size of the British navy. Comment - Hitler realised that GB was allowing him to break the T of V.  26 Part three: The origins and outbreak of the Second World War Escalation of tension: remilitarisation of the Rhineland; Mussolini, the Axis and the Anti- Comintern Pact; Anschluss; reasons for and against the policy of appeasement; the Sudeten Crisis and Munich; the ending of appeasement. Rhineland 1936 By the T of V the Rhineland had been demilitarised – Germanys forts had been pulled down in this area and no German troops were allowed to enter In March 1936 Hitler ordered his troops to cross the bridges over the Rhine and occupy the Rhineland. (against the Treaty of Versailles) This was a risk for Hitler as his army was ill prepared and all his generals had secret orders to retreat at the first sign of opposition. The German army was ill equipped, Hitler was taking a huge gamble. Hitler’s gamble paid off as the British and French were unwilling to fight. The British said Germany was only reclaiming what rightfully belonged to Germany. Hitler’s confidence was boosted. Hitler began to rebuild the forts in the Rhineland British Reason for lack of French reason for lack of action action  Depression was causing problems,  Politicians were distracted as there was Britain was reluctant to do anything a general election happening in France  The British said “the Germans were only  Many French soldiers were in Tunisia in going into their own back garden” case they were needed to intervene in It was German land and Hitler had a the Abyssinian Crisis right to defend his own borders  Many thought that the German army  The British were preoccupied with the was big and stronger than it was and Abyssinian Crisis felt they would not win in battle against it.  27 Comment/Consequences  At the time the League of Nations and Britain and France were more concerned with the Abyssinian Crisis and saw Mussolini as more of a threat.  Hitler was uncertain of success and had given orders to his generals at the first sign of opposition to retreat – the fact that his gamble had paid off was a confidence boost  Hitler was even more popular with the people of Germany  A term of the Treaty of Versailles (peace treaty) had been broken.  The buffer zone, set up to protect France had now gone  France had wanted to show force but would not act without Britain. Britain though the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh, and that German had a right to defend their own land. Germany was “only going into their own back garden”  Hitler only respected military action – the fact that Britain and France had bigger armies but did not use them - showed Hitler that we were weak  Britain and France had the opportunity to stop Hitler - a chance was missed October 25th 1936 Hitler signed the Rome Belin Axis Agreement with Mussolini These two leaders were now friends. It showed Hitler was powerful November 1936 Hitler signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan They agreed to work together against the threat of Communism. Italy later joined the alliance when it agreed to the Pact of Steel with Germany in 1939 Austria 1938 – Anschluss By the Treaty of Versailles joining with Austria was forbidden. In 1938 Hitler joined with Austria. He entered the country in triumph. In a plebiscite the Nazi’s claimed 99.75% agreed with the Anschluss. Why did Hitler want to join with Austria?  Hitler was Austrian  He wanted to unite all German speaking peoples.  He wanted to abolish the T of V  There was already a strong Nazi Party in Austria.  28 Events 1934 – Dolfuss Affair Hitler’s earlier attempt to annex Austria in 1934 had failed – despite assassinating the Austrian leader Dolfuss there was opposition from Mussolini and Hitler decided not to invade. 1938 - Hitler was in a much stronger position In 1938 Hitler was in a much more powerful position. He had built up his armed forces and was now an ally of Italy. (Rome Berlin Axis) The League of Nations had been shown to be weak and there were Nazis in the Austrian government. Anschluss – the Events  There was a strong Nazi party in Austria. Hitler began by ordering the Austrian Nazi Party to make as much trouble as it could. The Austrian Nazis held parades and marches, set buildings on fire, let off bombs and organised fights.  When the Austrian government banned the Nazi Party, Hitler held a meeting with the Austrian leader, Chancellor Schuschnigg. Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Schuschnigg gave all important jobs in his government to Nazis.  Schuschnigg compromised by appointing the Nazi Seyss-Inquart as Minister of the Interior.  France, and Britain both refused to help Austria so on March 9th, 1938 Schuschnigg announced his intention to hold a plebiscite to allow the Austrian people to decide for themselves whether to join with Germany or not. Hitler moved troops to the Austrian border and demanded that Schuschnigg call off the plebiscite. Schuschnigg had no choice but to comply and resign.  Seyss-Inquart, Nazi Minister of the Interior became the new Chancellor of Austria and immediately asked Hitler to send the German army into Austria to help restore order.  Hitler was now able to enter Austria on 13th March by ‘invitation’.  1938 Hitler held a plebiscite. This found that 99.75 per cent of voters agreed with Anschluss. Along with the German army came the Gestapo and the SS to deal with opponents of the Nazis.  29 Consequences  Another term of the T of V had been broken  Hitler was more powerful and confident  Hitler had taken over a whole county – that had never been German – he gained men for his army and resources  Austria now became part of Germany.  Czechoslovakia was going to be the next target as the new Germany surrounded more of this country.  GB and France accepted the plebiscite result – and again appeared weak  Hitler had achieved another foreign policy aim – Greater Germany (uniting German speaking people)  Austria ceased to be a separate country and became part of Germany Country Reaction to Anschluss Austria 99% of people in the plebiscite voted in favour of the Anschluss. Stormtroopers stood outside polling stations and the ballot paper showed clearly which way people should vote. Persecutions of the |Jews began and Austrians who opposed Hitler were arrested. GB Many thought the T of V was too harsh. Some felt Austria and Germany were very similar and so should unite France Two days before the Anschluss the whole French government had resigned. France was in no position to get involved. Germany A great propaganda victory for Hitler. People were delighted. Hitler was achieving his foreign policy of creating a Greater Germany – uniting German people Czechoslovakia With Austria now part of Germany, Czechoslovakia was going to be the next target as the new Germany surrounded more of this country. Hitler had a policy of Lebensraum – taking land in the East – living space for Germans. The people in Czechoslovakia were Slavs and to Hitler were untermenschen (subhuman) GB and France agreed that they would protect them if Hitler invaded  30 Appeasement and the Sudetenland Crisis Appeasement = The name for British and French policies towards the dictators in the later 1930’s. It means to make concessions to avoid war. Arguments For Appeasement Arguments Against Appeasement  Many people in Britain were in favour of  The policy did not keep peace Appeasement. Many had seen the horrors  Hitler became stronger of WW I and wanted to avoid another war  GB appeared as weak and cowards  There was a strong peace movement in  We allowed Hitler to break international Britain agreements especially T of V. We gave  Many thought the Treaty of Versailles had away parts of countries that did not been too harsh - Hitler was only getting belong to us e.g. Sudetenland back what had rightfully belonged to  Chamberlain misjudged Hitler – he was Germany. not a man of honour and would not be  Britain also was poorly prepared for war. satisfied. The policy gave the country time to prepare  It was also thought that Hitler would be a barrier to the spread of Communism in Europe. Chamberlain’s approach was to find out what Hitler wanted and show him that if his claims were reasonable, they could be discussed. Chamberlain believed that the T of V had been too harsh on Germany He believed that Hitler did want to live in peace with the rest of the world. Neville Chamberlain Prime Minister of Britain  31 The Sudeten Crisis and Munich Agreement, 1938 Hitler wanted to take over Sudetenland/Czechoslovakia because:  He hated the Czechs because they were Slavs. Hitler believed in Aryan supremacy  Hitler had a foreign policy aim of Lebensraum  He wanted the wealth and resources of this country. There were coal and iron ore fields as well as the Skoda arms works  In the Sudetenland there were German speaking people which he wanted to unite with to create a greater Germany.  Hitler said that the Sudetenland Germans were being persecuted  In the Sudetenland was also all the defences of Czechoslovakia – once he controlled this area then he could easily take over all the country.  Czechoslovakia had been created by the T of V. By taking Czechoslovakia, Hitler would be again destroying the T of V Events In April 1938 Hitler began to put pressure on the Sudetenland. Hitler put his troops on the Czech border and ordered Nazis in the Sudetenland to demand separation. The Czechs mobilised their army but knew they were no match for Hitler. They asked for help. Chamberlain wanted to avoid war and felt a peaceful solution could be found. So, Chamberlain met with Hitler on three occasions in 1938.  32 Three Meetings  15th September 1938 - Berchtesgarden – Hitler demanded some of the Sudetenland  22nd September 1938 - Godesberg – Hitler demanded all the Sudetenland  30th September 1938 - Munich – Britain and France gave in to Hitler’s demands. Munich Agreement  Four leaders attended – Chamberlain of GB, Daladier of France, Hitler of Germany and Mussolini of Italy  Czechoslovakia and USSR were not invited  It was agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland  Hitler agreed he would not take over Czechoslovakia. Anglo German Declaration Germany and Britain declared never to go to war with each other again. Chamberlain was seen by many as a hero who had “won peace in our time”. Comment/Consequences  Europe had been saved from war for the moment.  Britain and France gained some time to build up their armed forces.  Czechoslovakia had been deserted by her allies - they had to accept the decision, their army was no match for Hitler’s  Hitler had become more confident and powerful.  Stalin the leader of Russia was upset at being left out of the discussions and felt Britain and France would not support USSR if Hitler moved against Poland or Russia.  All the defences of Czechoslovakia were in the Sudetenland – Czechoslovakia was now vulnerable  33 Cartoons by David Low - showing reactions to Munich Crisis 10th October 1938 Hitler took over the Sudetenland  34 Part three: The origins and outbreak of the Second World War  The outbreak of war: the occupation of Czechoslovakia; the role of the USSR and the Nazi- Soviet Pact; the invasion of Poland and outbreak of war, September 1939; responsibility for the outbreak of war, including that of key individuals: Hitler, Stalin and Chamberlain. Czechoslovakia March 1939 In March 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. He had completely ignored the Munich Agreement. Comment  Hitler had proved he could not keep his promises – he was clearly an aggressor  Chamberlain felt betrayed  Hitler was now not just reuniting German speaking peoples but was taking land from non-Germans. He was pursuing his aim of Lebensraum  France and Britain began to rearm  The Anglo German Agreement was now as worthless as the Munich Agreement  It was now clear that Hitler’s next target would be Poland 23rd March 1939 Hitler takes the territory of Memel from Lithuania April 1939 Britain and France guarantee the frontiers of Poland 22nd May 1939 Pact of Steel Agreement between Germany and Italy. Hitler and Mussolini agree to help each other in the event of a war. Poland - Comments  Hitler demanded Poland return Danzig and the Polish Corridor  Hitler ordered his generals to prepare for war  Hitler was sure that Britain and France would not fight for Poland – even though they both said they would guarantee Poland’s independence.  35 Nazi Soviet Pact 28th August 1939 The world was shocked that USSR and Germany had signed an agreement. Politically each were enemies. (Hitler hated Communists and Stalin hated Fascists) The agreement said that the two countries would not attack each other. In secret it was decided to divide Poland up between USSR and Germany Hitler signed the Treaty because: Stalin signed the Treaty because:  Hitler did not  Stalin wanted to want to fight avoid a war and Stalin at this time  He needed time to and so he made an build up its armed agreement with forces – the purges USSR in his country had  He gained part of weakened his army Poland  Stalin did not trust  He could attack Britain and France – Poland without they had left him out of the Munich fear of war with USSR Agreement – he believed that GB and  He could attack the West without fear France would prefer a strong Germany of attack in the East from USSR to stop the spread of Communism  USSR would gain part of Poland Comment/Consequences  Poland was now clearly the next target that Hitler would attack  Hitler now had a strong ally – USSR  GB and France had lost their “old” ally  36 Poland 1st September 1939 Hitler launched Blitzkrieg. (Lightening War) on Poland On September 3rd Britain sent Hitler an ultimatum – to withdraw his troops. This failed and at 11am Britain declared war on Germany. Poland was overrun in 4 weeks. Hitler believed that GB and France would back down. He was wrong. Hitler exploited the Hitler’s actions – takeover of Hitler had planned for war German dissatisfaction Czechoslovakia and the since 1933 - when he began with the T of V invasion of Poland – cannot be to build up his armed forces justified – they were not German speaking – he was an aggressor - his aim of Lebensraum would cause war Hitler made alliances and Why did World GB and France encouraged agreement to clear the way War Two start? Hitler as they wanted A for war - Pact of Steel and STRONG Germany to be a the Nazi Soviet Pact barrier to the spread of Communism. The League of Nations was Appeasement - helped weak US was isolationist and Hitler to get stronger and Hitler knew that USA demand more would not get involved GB and France should have in European affairs taken action - e.g. Rhineland Once we allowed Hitler to make changes to the T of V – it was dangerous for peace in Europe 37  38 Who was responsible for the outbreak of WW II? Hitler  It is easy to argue that Hitler's actions pushed a Europe, which was desperate to be reasonable, into war.  His invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland went beyond correcting the mistakes of Versailles  He had aggressive foreign policies of Greater Germany and Lebensraum Chamberlain  Missed opportunities to stop Hitler, because of his appeasement.  Failed to act when Hitler entered the Rhineland.  Gave the Sudetenland away – made Hitler stronger  Excluded Stalin from Munich Conference – led him to sign Nazi Soviet Pact Stalin  Signed Nazi Soviet Pact despite Hitler hating Communism  Gave Hitler a powerful ally  Hitler would not have to fight on two fronts – so made invasion of Poland easier Mussolini  Invaded Abyssinia and destroyed people’s confidence in the L of N  Did not Anschluss in 1938  Signed Anti Comintern Pact and Pact of Steel Japan  Invaded Manchuria and left L of N  Signed Anti Comintern Pact and Pact of Steel Big Three  T of V was resented by Germany  T of V inspired Hitler’s foreign policy  Made felt T of V too harsh and turned a blind eye when Hitler broke it America  USA followed a policy of Isolationism  Made L of N weak by not joining and made L of N economic sanctions useless Leaguer of It was supposed to keep the peace, but it failed. Nations It was too ambitious and badly organised. It did not have an army The group was betrayed by America, Britain and France and it was destroyed by Japan and Italy. Great In the 1930’s desperate times meant that countries failed to co-operate. Depression USA demanded loans back form Germany. Germany fell into Depression Desperate people turned to extremists like Hitler. Communism  GB and France feared Communism  Gb and France allowed Hitler to grow stronger as they thought Germany would act as a buffer zone against Communism  GB and France upset Stalin by not inviting him to Munich – Stalin then signed Nazi Soviet Past  39 Exam Questions Paper 1 – 1 hour and 45 minutes exam - 50% of GCSE Section A – six compulsory questions (40 marks) Section B – four compulsory questions (40 marks) Plus 4 marks for spelling, punctuation and grammar Conflict and Tension is on Paper 1 Section B. Section B has 4 questions. You should spend 50 minutes on this section Timings Q1 – 4 marks - 5 minutes Q2 – 12 marks – 15 minutes Q3 – 8 marks – 10 minutes Q4 – 16 marks – 20 minutes Question Type 1 - Opinion of a Source Example Source D A cartoon published in Britain in February 1919 entitled ‘Giving Him Rope’. GIVING HIM ROPE German Criminal (to Allied Police): Here I say, stop! You’re hurting me! (Aside) If only I whine enough I may be able to wiggle out of this yet! Study Source D. Source D opposes Germany. How do you know? Explain your answer by using Source D and your contextual knowledge. [4 marks] How to tackle this question type 1.Use the content of the source 2. Give the context and /or provenance of the source to explain how the source supports the statement in the question. (use your own knowledge in support)  40 Example ANALYSIS Contextual Knowledge Source A supports the League of Nations It is not surprising that the cartoon supports because in the source…….. the League as in 1919 the First World War World is struggling through the blizzard which had only just ended and 20 million were dead. represents the world’s problems in 1919. The The world had serious problems and the tired world is encouraged to move on as in the League offered peace by getting nations to distance there is hut which offers light and discuss problems and offered a structured shelter. The hut represents the League of way to solve disputes without resorting to war. Nations and the nearby signs pointing to it There were millions of POWs that needed the mention common understanding, which means help of a world organisation to repatriate the League will work to support all countries. them. There were millions of refugees who needed help such as the 1.5 million homeless people in Russia. Other problems the world needed solving were slavery, health and drugs……………….  41 Example Example Question 1 Source A A cartoon from the British magazine Punch. Published in December 1919 Study Source A. Source A is showing the League of Nations is weak. How do you know? Explain your answer using Source D and your contextual knowledge. [4 marks] Content Contextual Knowledge Source A is showing the League of Nations is USA was a super power – they had influence, weak because….. money and power – they could have made the  Bridge is weak in the middle the keys League strong stone which is USA is not there League was the idea of Wilson – but he lost  Uncle Sam – USA – is just resting on the the elections –USA followed policy of side – not getting involved isolationism League seems like a winner’s club and a European dominated club  42 Question Type 2 Usefulness of Sources Example Study Sources E and F. How useful are Sources E and F to a historian studying opinions about the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer using Sources E and F and your contextual knowledge. [12 marks] Source E A German newspaper cartoon Source F published in July 1919, entitled ‘Clemenceau From J M Keynes’ book ‘The Economic the Vampire’. The figure on the bed Consequences of the Peace’ published in 1919. represents Germany Keynes was a leading economist who worked for the British government but resigned in protest three weeks before the Treaty of Versailles was signed. “Nations should not morally visit on the children of their enemies the wrongdoings of parents or of rulers. The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic recovery of Europe - nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours. The Big Three were preoccupied with other issues - Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to bring home something that would be acceptable for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right.” How to tackle this question type – Use PACK P - Provenance Using author, place, time it was created etc to determine purpose A - Analysis What is the source/interpretation saying? What is the message or inference? CK – Contextual Knowledge How does the source/interpretation relate to your contextual knowledge of the historical period?  43 Example Study Sources B and C. How useful are Sources B and C to a historian studying the Remilitarisation of the Rhineland? Explain your answer using Sources E and F and your contextual knowledge. [12 marks] Source B Source C Nazi Photograph showing German troops crossing one of the Rhine bridges March 1936 A comment made by Lord Lothian in 1936 about the remilitarisation of the Rhineland. He was a senior adviser to the British government. “The Germans are, after all, only going into their own back garden.”  44 Example How useful are Sources D and E to a historian studying reasons why the League of Nations failed? Explain your answer using Sources D and E and your contextual knowledge. [12 marks] Source C Source E This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David From a speech by British Prime Minister Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'. It shows a Japanese Neville Chamberlain (10 June 1936), soldier trampling all over the League. reported in The Times (11 June 1936 “The policy of collective security seemed to us and the country, an attractive alternative to the old system of alliances and balance of power which led to the greatest war in history. In the recent dispute between Italy and Abyssinian, collective security has failed. The aggression was patent and flagrant. ……There is no use for us to shut our eyes to realities... That policy has been tried out and it has failed to prevent war, failed to stop war, failed to save the victim of the aggression.” Source Source D Useful Useful –  Provenance – from the time, British  Provenance - author is PM of GB – so comment on weakness of L of N knowledgeable, audience British public  Analysis – Japan walking all over the L  Analysis – collective security has failed. of N - face saving being used It offered hope, all would work  CK – L of N did not follow 3 steps. together to help the weaker members, Instead did moral condemnation and the but it has not happened particularly in Lytton Report Abyssinia invaded by Mussolini Not useful  CK - details on what Collective security P – is a cartoon – not realistic was and covenant and some details on CK – source does not give the full story. No events in Abyssinian and L of N actions details on actions of L of N, Lytton report and Not useful actions of Japan in Manchuria. Does not Only have some of the speech = GB Prime explain self-interest of GB and France Minister will later use Appeasement =- as alternate to L of N No mention of Hoare Laval Pact – GB as guilty as all nations at doing deals with Aggressors  45 Example Study Sources E and F. How useful are Sources E and F to a historian studying the failure of the League of Nations over Abyssinian? Explain your answer using Sources E and F and your contextual knowledge. [12 marks] Source E From a cartoon published in a British Source F magazine, August 1935. (A memorandum is a type From a speech by Anthony Eden who became of note.) British Foreign Secretary after the resignation of Sir Samuel Hoare, explaining to Parliament why sanctions should be ended, June 1937 “There was a very good reason for the League to enforce the particular sanctions they choose, because with an incomplete membership they were the only ones they could impose and which by their own action alone they could hope to see effective. Oil could not be made effective by League action alone. I think it is right that the League should admit that sanctions have not realised their purpose and should face that fact.”  46 Question Type 3 – Write an account Examples  Write an account of how events in Manchuria became an international crisis in the years 1931 to 1933  Write an account of how problems relating to the Sudetenland led to an international crisis in 1938. How to tackle this question type You need to show understanding of sequencing and/or connections. You need to have knowledge and understanding of the complexities of the historical situation. Use CCC  Causes  Chronology – chronological order  Consequences Example Write an account of how Mussolini’s invasion of Abyssinia led to Italy leaving the League of Nations  47 Example Write an account of how the Nazis achieved Anschluss in March1938. Cause Hitler wanted to defy the Treaty of Versailles, He was Austrian He wanted the resources and people, There was a Nazi party already in Austria. In 1934 when he had first attempted Anschluss he had been stopped by Mussolini – now Italy was his ally – Rome Berlin Axis Agreement. Hitler was more confident as he had taken the Rhineland. Chronology Riots in Austria caused by the Nazis. Schuschnigg bans the Nazi Party in Austria Schuschnigg meets Hitler – Hitler had demands. Schuschnigg puts one Nazi in the government, Seyss Inquart. Schuschnigg calls a plebiscite Hitler puts troops on borders of Austria Britain and France refused to help. Plebiscite stopped. Schuschnigg resigns. Seyss Inquart becomes Chancellor, Hitler invited in to restore order Hitler enters in triumph Plebiscite called – 99.97% say they want Anschluss Consequence Anschluss achieved without a fight Hitler has resources and people – a whole country is now German GB and France are seen as weak T of V another term destroyed Greater Germany achieved Czechoslovakia now even more surrounded and will be the next target Hitler’s confidence had grown  48 Question Type 4 - How far do you agree? Essay Examples  ‘The main reason why Germany hated the Treaty of Versailles was because of its military terms.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.  ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the main reason for the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer How to tackle this type of question You need to identify and explain factors You need to show understanding of cause, consequence, change and/or continuity. You are asked to make a sustained judgement. Structure 1. Introduction 2. Look at the statement in the question (1 factor) 3. Other factors – 2 needed 4. Conclusion – Overall what is your opinion? 16 marks – 20 minutes to be spent on this question There are 4 marks for SPaG on this question Total - 20 marks  49 Example ‘The policy of Appeasement was the main reason for the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [16 marks] [SPaG: 4 marks]  50 Example 51 52