Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) PDF

LESSON 1 PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK (PLMN) HANDOFFS Mobile Controlled Handoff - Ms monitors signals around BS and issue a...

LESSON 1 PUBLIC LAND MOBILE NETWORK (PLMN) HANDOFFS Mobile Controlled Handoff - Ms monitors signals around BS and issue a handoff Network Controlled Handoff - BSs measure the MS signal and issue a handoff request Mobile Assisted Handoff - Network ask MS to measure the BS signal Inter-Base Station Handoff - MS will issue request by using free channel Inter-System Handoff - BS are connected to 2 diff. MSCs MS (Mobile Station) - Verify RF line SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) BTS (Base Transceiver Station) - Star Cell Configuration GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE - Umbrella Cell Configuration - Sectorized Cell Configuration THE MOBILE STATION 1. Mobile Equipment BSC (Base Station Controller) - It has an International Mobile Equipment Identity - Terminal Module & Controller (IMEI) (15 Digit Number) - Switch Matrix 2. Subscriber Identity Module - Operation and Maintenance - Microchip for sharing info MSC (Mobile Switching Center) 5 TYPES OF IDENTITY NUMBERS - Channel Assignment Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN) - Inter-MSC handover International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) - Gateways to other networks International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) TRAU (Trans-coding Rate and Adaptation Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Number Unit) (TMSI) - Compress/Decompress Speech - Regular Pulse Excitation 1. BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM - Not used for connecting signal Base Transceiver Station (BTS) - Performs channel, coding, ciphering and HLR (Home Location Register) modulation - Authentication and Security - It has an International Cell Global Identity (CGI) - Fixed Reference Point of the current mobile and Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) user location Different Elements of RBS or BTS VLR (Visitor Location Register) DXU – Distribution Switch Unit - Dynamic user info. & parameters TRU – Transceiver Unit CDU – Combining and Distribution Unit EIR (Equipment Identity Register) ECU – Energy Control Unit - White, black, gray lists o PSU: Power Supply Unit *IMEI: International Mobile Equipment ID o BFU: Battery Fuse Unit GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center) Link Configuration – Cascade, Loop and Star OSS (Operation Subsystem; Maintenance 2. BASE STATION CONTROLLER GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION Paging, Channel Allocation, Dynamic Power (GSM) CALL SCENARIOS Control, Handover & Frequency Hoping LESSON 2 TELECOMMUNICATION PTN is unique because every piece of equipment, technique, or procedure, new or old, is capable of working 5G TECHNOLOGY with the rest of the system. - the latest telecommunication networks Communications the process of conveying information OFFERS OF 5GT from one place to another. extraordinary data capabilities high connectivity Telecommunications is long-distance communications large phone memory (from the Greek word tele meaning “distance” or “afar”). USES Enhanced Mobile Broadband SUBSCRIBER LOOP Mission-critical communications - The simplest and most straightforward form Massive IoT of telephone service is called PLAIN OLD TELEPHONE SERVICE (POTS), which ADVANTAGES involves subscribers accessing the public Decreases traffic load. telephone network through a pair of wires 10 times decrease in latency. called the LOCAL SUBSCRIBER LOOP. It can give 3 times more spectrum efficiency STANDARD TELEPHONE SET DISADVANTAGES Ringer Circuit Costly to install and maintain. On/ Off hook circuit Privacy issues are not yet resolved. Equalizer circuit 5G user may suffer in losses in penetration, Speakers attenuation due to rain, etc., Microphone Hybrid network APPLICATIONS Dialing circuit Pervasive (Global) Networks Media independent handover A dc voltage was used rather than an ac voltage Radio source management for several reasons: VoIP (voice over IP) enabled devices (1) to prevent power supply burn With 6th sense technology (2) to allow service to continue in the event of a power DIFFERENCES: 5G Antenna vs 4G Antenna outage (3) because people were afraid of ac Greater radio frequencies Shorter wavelengths Dial tone is an audible signal comprised of two 5G Is Much Faster Compared to 4G frequencies: 350 Hz and 440 Hz MOBILE COMMUNICATION STANDARDS LESSON 3 ADVANCED NETWORKING Short Message Service (SMS) communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between PDH (PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY) mobile telephone devices. - the data signals are almost synchronized, but not exactly. GSM NETWORK STRUCTURE SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY (SDH) Base Station Subsystem - data signals are fully synchronized and aligned with a - the base stations and their controllers common clock source. Network and Switching Subsystem (core network) SDH ADVANTAGES - the part of the network most similar to a fixed simplifies the network architecture and network). management supports a variety of signal types and bit GPRS Core Network rates - allows packet-based Internet connections provides better error detection and correction mechanisms (CRC) & (FEC) ✓ 2G GSM SDH APPLICATIONS telephony, internet, television, or mobile ✓ 2.5G GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE Enables the flexible allocation and (GPRS) modification of bandwidth and services Allows for interconnection among different types of networks or systems ✓ 2. 75G ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM EVOLUTION (EDGE) THE TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK ✓ 3G UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE (UMTS) Public Telephone Network (PTN) – uses the largest computer network in the world to interconnect millions of ✓ 3.75G HIGH SPEED PACKET ACCESS (HSPA) subscribers ✓ 4G LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) ✓ 5G NEW RADIO LESSON 4 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION Bandwidth - technique of transmitting data from one Smaller Diameter location to another by transmitting infrared Less Weight light pulses using optical fiber Signal Transmission for Long-distance Less Attenuation ✓ fiber optics transmission involves the Security of Transmission transmission of signals in the form of light from one point to the other. OPTICAL FIBER IMPACT ON IOT Quick Transmission Media ✓ fiber optic communication network consists of Data Security TRANSMITTING and RECEIVING CIRCUITRY, no loss of data a LIGHT SOURCE, and DETECTOR DEVICES FIBER OPTIC VS. SATELLITE 3 BASIC ELEMENTS OF FOC Compact Light Source FIBER SATELLITE - 2 components are used as light suitable for uneven sources: LIGHT-EMITTING used in urban areas terrains, badly connected DIODES (LEDS) and LASER DIODES regions High bandwidth Less bandwidth Low loss Optical Fiber Uses electromagnetic Uses light signals signals - Optical fiber is a cable, which is also known Fiber Optic Cable Relay Station as a CYLINDRICAL DIELECTRIC transmission medium is transmission medium is WAVEGUIDE made of low-loss material. fiber air Low Installation Cost High Installation Cost Photo Detector LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) 4 PARTS OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE - are complex semiconductors used to change the current Core from electrical to light. - runs all along the fiber cable’s length and offers protection by cladding. CHARACTERISTICS Cladding Small size - an outer optical material that protects the High radiance core. Emitting region is small - reflects the light back into the core High Reliability Buffer - The main function of the buffer is to protect They can be changed at high speeds. the fiber from damage Jacket ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER - yellow = single-mode cable COMMUNICATION - orange = multimode No Power loss 2 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS Interference Size Single-Mode Fibers: used to transmit one Speed signal per fiber Electromagnetic compatibility Multi-Mode Fibers: used to transmit many signals per fiber APPLICATIONS OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION PHOTODETECTORS Broadcasting - Use to convert the light signal back to an Industries electrical signal. Defense - 2 types of photodetectors: Data Storage PN and AVALANCHE Industrial/Commercial Why Light is used Instead of Electricity? - light source has a single wavelength What is Dispersion in Optical Fiber Communication? - transmitting of the light signals once they transmit in a fiber 4 TYPES MODERN dissimilar modes will propagate at dissimilar group velocities MATERIAL the refraction index of the medium will change through wavelength WAVEGUIDE the refractive index will alter across the waveguide POLARIZATION MODE the waveguide includes two different refractive indices.