Reviewer Preliminary on Rizal PDF

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT PLEASE DO NOT REPRODUCE! THIS I...

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT PLEASE DO NOT REPRODUCE! THIS IS AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF YOUR PROFESSORS IN AGE9 00 LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL FIRST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024-2025 REVIEWER PRELIM Who is Jose Rizal José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda ❦ Birthdate: June 19, 1861 ❦ Year of Death: December 30, 1896 ❦ Rizal was a poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, historian, architect, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer businessman, economist, geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator, inventor, magician, humourist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveller, and a prophet. ❦ Rizal was also a product of his time. Changes and historical events all over the world, particularly from the 19th to the early 20th centuries brought relevance and impact to the character of the person known in history as the “First Malayan Hero”. ❦ Rizal was also a product of his time. Changes and historical events all over the world, particularly from the 19th to the early 20th centuries brought relevance and impact to the character of the person known in history as the “First Malayan Hero”. ❦ Philippine Revolutionary Government headed by Emilio Aguinaldo in Malolos, Bulacan is the first to celebrate the death anniversary of Dr. Jose Rizal on December 30, 1898. ❦ December 30, 1898 this is the day was marked as the day for national mourning and solemn observance of the death anniversary of the Filipino National Hero. ❦ An officer of the revolutionary government named Antonio Guevarra, who was sent to Lucban, Quezon in 1898, to accomplish a mission for the government wrote the following observations. “The town was in mourning with a flag at half mast at each house. I learned it was in commemoration of the anniversary of the tragic killing of the eminent Doctor Jose Rizal at the hands of the Spaniards in the execution ground of Bagumbayan (now Luneta). ❦ Mrs. Dauncey Compbell, she was an American Author who visited the Philippines in December 31, 1904, she noted that her observations while she was in Iloilo; she stated how the people in this place celebrated the death anniversary of Rizal. “I think you may be amused to hear about a Filipino Fiesta, which took place yesterday called Rizal Day- the anniversary of the death of the national hero, a Filipino by the name of Doctor Jose Rizal”. Who choose Rizal to become a National Hero QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ❦ He was chosen by the Taft Commission. The Taft Commission was given the responsibility to do the Job. ❦ This Commission was headed by William Howard Taft. ∞ Members: ① Americans: W. Morgan Shuster, Bernard Moses, dean Warcester and Henry Clay. ① Filipinos: Jose Luzuriaga, Gregorio Araneta and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera Criteria: Of a National Hero Declared by the Taft Commission ① He must be a Filipino. ② He is already Dead. ③ He has Immeasurable Love for the country. ④ He has Low Temper (since the Filipinos are emotional). ⑤ He died in Dramatic Manner. Rizal possesses all the criteria and then he became our National Hero. Why Rizal became the greatest national hero? ❦ Rizal became the greatest Filipino because he is a man of honoured. ❦ Even after death he received public worship because of his exceptional service to mankind. ❦ We can say that before his execution, Rizal was already acclaimed by both Filipinos and Foreigners as the foremost leader of his people. ❦ Prof. Blumentritt told Dr. Viola in May 1887 that Rizal was the greatest product of the Philippines and that his coming to the world was like the appearance of a Rare Comet, who Rare Brilliance appears only other century. The birth of our National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal was born on June 19,1861 in Calamba Laguna. \ He was baptized in the catholic church in Calamba Laguna on June 22, 1861, by the parish priest Father Rufino Collantes. Rizal God Father – was father Pedro Casanas, a close friend of Rizal’s Family. His name “Jose” was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint “San Jose” or Saint Joseph. The Baptismal Certificate was signed and witness by Leoncio Lopez. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Lieutenant- General Jose Lemery – He was the Governor- General of the Philippines at the time Jose Rizal was born. Family Background of Jose Rizal ❦ Jose Rizal was the 7th of the 11th children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda. ❦ Francisco Mercado Rizal (1818-1898) – He was the father of Rizal. He was born on May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna. His Father studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose Manila. ❦ Doña Teodora (Teodora Alonso Realonda) (1827-1911) – She was the mother of Rizal. o She was born on November 9, 1827 and was educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well- known College for girls in the City. ❦ Paciano Rizal – (1851- 1930); Older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal. After Jose Rizal execution, Paciano joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general, after the Revolution. ❦ Lucia Rizal– (1857- 1919); Lucia Rizal Herbosa. She married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a Nephew of Father Casanas. Herbosa died of Cholera in 1889 and was denied Christian burial and because he was a brother- in- law of Dr. Jose Rizal. ❦ Conception Rizal (1862- 1865). Her nickname was Concha o She died at the aged of 3. Her death was Jose Rizal first sorrow in life The Surname of Rizal ❦ Rizal’s family acquired a second surname “Rizal” which was given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor of Laguna, who was a family friend. ❦ Surename “Rizal” came from the word Ricial which means “green fields” or “ricefield”. Rizal House ∞ The house of the Rizal family was one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during Spanish times. ∞ It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-woods, and roofed with red tiles. ∞ Behind the house were the poultry yard full of turkey’s and chickens and a big garden of tropical fruit trees- like, atis, balimbing, chico, macopa, papaya, santol, tampoy, etc. A Good and Middle- Class Family ∞ The Rizal family belonged to the “Principalia”, a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. ∞ They owned “carriage” which was a status symbol of the “ilustrados” in Spanish Philippines and a private library (the largest library in Calamba) which consists of more than 1,000 volumes. ∞ “Carriage is also known as “Kalesa” or Carromata in the 19th century. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Home Life of Rizal’s Family ❦ The family believed in the maxim that “ Spare the rod and spoil the Child”. ❦ Calamba: The Town’s name was derived from the local names of a big native jar called Calambanga. Lesson 1.1 The Rizal Law The Rizal was created as an Act of Congress of the Republic of the Philippines through R.A. No. 1425 on June 12, 1956. It was approved at the time of President Ramon Magsaysay. The title of the said law, “An Act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works, writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the printing and distribution thereof and for other purposes. In this Act, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which heroes lived and died. Also, source of Nationalism and Patriotism. R.A. No. 1425, Section 1; Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in all curricula of all Schools, Colleges and Universities, Public or Private; Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as a basic texts. R.A. No. 1425, Section 2; It shall be obligatory in all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. R.A. No. 1425, Section 3; The board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions, and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok Organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country. R.A. No. 1425 The purpose of the law is enunciated in its preamble. The preamble consists in the paragraph that begin with word “Whereas”. ① The preamble explains that there is a need for a rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died for. ① Preamble identifies Rizal as one of those heroes who have devoted their lives and shaped the national character. ① Preamble identifies Rizal’s novels the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo as an inspiring source of patriotism, which should be inculcated in the minds of young people especially in their formative years. ① Preambles invokes the power of the which are required to teach its students moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and the duties of citizenship. The original Rizal bill was filed by Senator Claro M. Recto. Sponsored by Senator Jose P. Laurel who was a Chairman of the Committee. Senate Bill 438 QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ❦ It is an Act to make Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo compulsory reading in all public and private colleges and universities and for other purpose. Exemption: Religious Belief upon a verified petition. Oppositions of Rizal Bill ① The church had powerful allies on opposing the Rizal Bill, ② Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo, he said that he would not allow his 17 year old son to read Rizal novels and he also denounced the Rizal Bill. ③ Congressman Miguel Cuenco, his speech contained views, opinions and theories attacking the dogmas, belief and practices of the church. He said a passage in the Noli Me Tangere, Rizal wrote “God cannot pardon a crime simply because we confess it to the priest (Noli, Sayo Ed. 1950, page 191). He mentioned that the novels of Rizal disparage devotion to the virgin Mary, the Saints, the use of scapulars, saying of rosaries, novenas, ejaculations and indulgenced prayers. ④ The catholic organizations such as the Accion Catolico (Catholic Action), who were composed of conservative Catholics, the knights of Columbus, the congregation of the mission and the catholic teachers' guild. ⑤ Priests and Nuns, many of whom were foreigners attended hearings in congress. ⑤ Father Jesus Cavanna; He said that Rizal’s novels painted a false picture of the conditions of the country in the 19th century. He also mentioned that if the Rizal Bill intended to promote patriotism and nationalism, that novels for required reading contained more anti- Church statements than nationalistic statements. ⑤ Jesus Peredes; He said that the novels contained objectionable material and the Catholics have a right not to read them in order not to endanger their faith. ⑤ Archbishop Rufino Santos: He said in his pastoral letter a warning about disaffection of the youth on the church if the Rizal Bill was approved. Priests encouraged their parishioners to write their congressmen and senators to oppose the bill. Supporter of Rizal Bill ❦ Father Horacio de la Costa, S.J.; ∞ A Jesuit scholar and historian. ∞ He admitted that abuses did happen in the Catholic Church and there were historical mistakes committed by the Catholic Church. ∞ As an organization composed of men, mistakes were bound to be committed. ∞ He said that Riza’s works only exposed abuses within the Church, however that abuses were committed by individual clergymen and should not be treated as reflective of the entire clergy. Lesson2 Literature Its Uses and Affects A body of writings is called literature. Definition of Writing – is the activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text. -“Oxford Languages”. Mode of writing in Pre-colonial Philippines: Baybayin. Muslims: Mode of writing- Arabic. There is oral literature which refers to literature yet to be written. Oral traditions includes epic, genealogies, parables, sayings and riddles are oral traditions passed down from generations to generation by word of mouth. They were written down to form the body of written literature. The words of heroes who helped in the foundation of nationhood fall into literature. ∞ Example: Rizal poem about “Love of Language”; Kabataan ang Pag-asa ng Bayan. ∞ Spoken words is an example of Oral Literature and Written Literature. The coming of the computer and electronic age, came a new type of literature called e-literature. These is now include texts in the cell phones and blog in the computers. Except: Newspapers. Purpose of Literature QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ① To inform – it coveys to another person knowledge about another person, a place, or an event. ② Expression – related to informing is to express. Expression is one of the purpose of literature. Example: Convey emotions or feelings. ③ As a guide – Literature guides people by telling them what to do or expect. Literature that guides saves the readers from inconvenience and helps him save time. ④ To send a message – when writings was invented it allowed man to send to people who were not presently with him. The written message transcends both distance and time as it became possible to send letters to the other side of the globe or to have archival manuscripts researched and look into their meaning. ⑤ Entertainment – literature can be used for entertainment by serving as a diversion from the common and routinely aspects of life. Creative minds may relate fiction while others may draw directly from past events or be influenced by past events. Example: Poetry, short stories and novels. ⑥ To serve as record of the past – Literature may contain stories about the past. This type of literature falls into the realm of history. History defined as documented record of man and his society. History contains descriptions of what was life in the past; how it affected the present and it provides ideas on how to face the future. Historical literature aside from telling us what was life in the past (Antiquarian History), it tells us how the lessons of the past can help shape the future called historicism. ⑦ To convince – Literature can tell us what to do. In order for literature to convince people, it must tell them how it can affect them personally. The art and science of convincing people falls into the realm of propaganda. Political literature is full of propaganda. Propaganda may include telling the truth; magnifying the truth, twisting the truth or even not telling the truth or outright lies. ⑧ To inspire – literature can help expand one’s mind and fire up his imagination. It encourage one to follow an example either to equal or exceed him in terms of achievements. Literature that inspires provides ideas that allow one to set his goals. Literature may also create profound change in a person by changing his perception of the world, his surrounding and society. Such type of change is called a catharsis. Catharsis is caused by a deep and emotional experience learned from external sources. The connection of Literature to Nationalism ❦ Rizal looked back into the Philippine history to correct the biases created by the Spaniards over the Filipinos. The Spaniards claimed that they brought civilization to our ancestors whom they called savages. Rizal and his fellow reformist countered that the Filipinos already had civilizations before the coming of the west. They utilized the books written by early historians “Antonio de Morga” who wrote the Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas. They also used the books of Dr. Feodor Jagor books Travels in the Philippines and he described how our ancestors lived. ❦ Author of the book Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas -is Antonio de Morga. Philippine Literature and the Development of Nationalism ∞ The introduction of printing during Spanish period helped in creating the Filipino Identity. The first book was the Doctrina Christiana which was published by the Dominicans in 1591. “Using woodblock letters”. ∞ It contained catechisms written in tagalog, Spanish and Chinese and printed in baybayin or the native script, in latin letters and in Chinese. ∞ Religious literature became involved in the development of Nationalism. ∞ The Spanish also introduced secular literature which appealed to the natives. Example the stories of “Bernardo Carpio”. The Katipuneros borrowed the story of Bernardo Carpio. The cave called Pamitan; the newly initiated Katipuneros vowed to break the chains placed on them by the Spanish colonizers. ∞ Cave of Pamitan is also know as Cave of Montalban. ∞ Cave of Montalban also known as womb of Inang Bayan. ∞ The Comedia had a nationalist effect on the indios was the Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas. The Florante at Laura provided different messages depending on the audiences. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Rizal, His Companions and their use of Literature to Foster Nationalism ∞ Marcelo H. Del Pilar wrote Frailocracy- the rule of the religious orders in the Philippines. ∞ Del Pilar who wrote under the pen name Plaridel was considered the most dangerous of the laborantes- even more dangerous than Rizal. ∞ The reign of the friars also known as the “the rule of the religious orders in the Philippines or also known as the Soberania Monacal- Monastic Supremacy in the Phililippines or the Reign of the Friars. Lesson 2.1 Jose Rizal Early Demonstration of Inborn Talents ¤ Jose Rizal at the age of 3 he was able to master the alphabet. ¤ At the age of 8 he was able to write a poem entitled “Sa aking Kabata or To My Fellow Children” ¤ His second Poem was written at the age of 9. It is entitled “My first Inspiration”(Mi Primera Inspiracion). This poem was dedicated to his mother. ¤ At the age of 5, Rizal revealed his God given talent for art. He made sketches with his pencil and to mold in clay and wax objects. His sisters laughed at him in spending too much time in making images. He told them: “All right laugh at me now: Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me”. ¤ At the age of 3, he began to take part in the family prayers, his mother, taught him Catholic prayers. He was 5 when was able to read the Bible. He took active part in the church, tools part in novenas and religious processions. He was fondly called “Manong Jose”. ¤ Drama Writer- at the age of 8 he wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog Comedy. The Gobernadorcillo from Paete, Laguna saw the play and was delighted so he bought it for 2 pesos to be stayed in their town fiesta. ¤ Boy Magician- with his hands he showed different tricks such as making a coin appear or disappear in his fingers and making a handkerchief vanish in the air. Poems that Rizal dedicated to his Childhood Memories “Memories of the Town” In this poem, Rizal expressed his appreciation and love for Calamba, his hometown and birthplace. He wrote this poem in 1876, when he was 15 years old, while studying at the Ateneo de Manila. Rizal wrote the piece in Spanish which he titled “Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo”. He mentioned here the lagoons, flowers, forests, rivers and freshness of the air in Calamba. Second Poem of Rizal, “My First Inspiraction” according to Dr. Leoncio Rizal, a nephew of Dr. Jose Rizal, he claimed that this piece was not Rizal’s composition but by his nephew Antonio. Nonetheless,despite controversies on who wrote the piece, this poem carries Rizal’s lines and interests. In Spanish poem is called “Mi Primera Insperacion”. Jose Rizal wrote this poem while he was 8 years old this poem is entitled “To my Childhood Companions” This was written in Spanish as “A Mis Compańeros De Nunes”. Through the guidance of his mother Jose Rizal, who was 8 years old, wrote the poem. The striking line of the piece was Rizal’s message for the Filipino youth to love and cherish the language they inherited from their ancestors, or the love of one’s language. Rizal’s Diary ☑ There the delicious atis displayed its delicate fruit and lowered its branches as if to save me the trouble of reaching out for them. ☑ The sweet santol, the scented and yellow tampuy, the pink makopa vied for my favor. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ☑ On this side the iba, the balimbing , the pomegranate with its abundant foliage and its lovely flowers, bewitched the senses; while here and there raised elegant and majestic tops and graceful branches, queens of the forest. Rizal’s First Prayer ❦ Doña Teodora taught Rizal many Catholic Prayers while he was three (3) years old, and when Rizal turned five (5), he started reading the Spanish family Bible through in a difficult way. Jose Rizal’s Memories of Antipolo ❦ On June 6, 1868, Don Francisco and the young Rizal went on a pilgrimage to fulfil the promise of Doña Teodora when Jose Rizal was born. ❦ Don Francisco and Jose Rizal departed on a barge and disembarked in Antipolo. The father and son prayed at the shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo. ❦ Later the two went to Manila to visit a family member, Jose Rizal’s sister Saturnina who was studying in La Concordia College. The story of the young moth and the flame ∞ That night my mother was teaching me how to read the book El Amigo de Los Niño’s and my mother grew impatient listening to me reading poorly. After scolding me for drawing funny pictures on its page, she told me to listen and started to read aloud herself. I grew tired of listening to sounds that had no meaning for me. Instead I watched the cheerful little flame. That is why my mother told me the story of the young moth and the flame. Lessons; ∞ The story of the moth was reflective of Rizal’s Life, and that of his mother as the old moth and Rizal as the young moth. ∞ Rizal said in his diary: “I was listening: all my attention, all my mind, and all my thoughts were concentrated on the fate of that moth, young, dead, full of illusions”. ∞ The mother of Rizal said otherwise, she told the young boy after telling him a story “Don’t imitate the young moth and don’t be disobedient: you’ll get burned by it. ∞ Jose Rizal: Undoubtedly, was the young moth burned because of his passion for ideas and love of country. ∞ The story revealed to me things until then unknown. Moths no longer were, for me, insignificant insects. Moths talked, they knew how to warn. They advised just like my mother. The light seemed to me more beautiful. It had grown more dazzling and more attractive. I knew why moths circled the flame. The Child Rizal and the Oppressed Filipino People ❦ At a young age, Jose Rizal was already exposed to the brutalities of Spanish authorities in the Philippines, particularly the Guardia Civil who were supposed to protect the people from harm. Rizal wondered why such abuses happened especially to the poor. Lesson 3 Rizal and Nationalism: QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Nation: Creating an Imagined Community ❦ Definition of Nationalism ∞ Is a statement in which a person manifests his pride in being part of a nation. A person who exhibits nationalism shows his loyalty to the nation for which he is willing to serve its interest. Elements of Nationalism ① A common geographical space, one that is defined and occupied by that group of people; ② A common but unique culture which was developed about by a prolonged period of interaction; ③ A common experience, which created a bond within that people; ④ A common cause or aspiration that transcends personal and individual goals. Nation, as an imagined Community ❦ According to Benedict Anderson; A nation is an imagined community because it created delineations and artificial boundaries. Boundaries are those created by human action. Example of Imagined community: Happy and Progressive State. ❦ Nationalities are created because of different cultural and social developments. ❦ According to Anderson; People constitute a Nation and part as an imagined community, and they have become separate communities it because of elements that create nationalism. ❦ Cultures also transcend boundaries. ❦ The effect of nationalism is very strong because of cultural and historical forces that people of a country are willing to defend and die for the land to which they have sworn allegiance. Nationalism as a Way of Change ☑ For colonized people their awakening about their oppressed state led to nationalism. This nationalism led to revolutionary movements, which eventually overthrew foreign colonizers. Nationalism in the Philippine Context In the Philippines, nationalism is associated with the word bayanihan. The etymological root term is the Bayan. Bayan in common usage means Bayan it also means a community and to an extension it may mean a country. Bayanihan or Nationalism connotes a sense of community. Example: Damayan Filipinos were always looking for better and less oppressive conditions and in moving the house to new location, it was expected that the house owner and family will live a better, more comfortable and contented lives. The state of contentment is called Kaginhawaan. Bayan, Bansa and Kalayaan and the Goal of Filipino Nationalism ☑ Bayan is a communal perspective will turn to Bansa. ☑ Bansa means the Nation and it also means the State ꚙ Definition of nation refers to the people identified as occupying a certain piece of territory. ꚙ Definition of State refers to a community of person more or less numerous occupying a definite portion of a terrory having a government of their own to which of great body of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control. ☑ Bayanihan or Nationalism is not just about feeling of pride and attachment to the country. It must have purpose. ꚙ Example: Kaginhawaan or the State of contentment, Freedom is the objective of nationalism and it is integral to kaginhawaan. ꚙ Before 1869-1872, the year of the execution of Father Mariano Gomes, Jacinto Zamora and Jose Burgos, the word Kalayaan did not exist in the dictionary of the Philippine terms. ꚙ The root word of Kalayaan is the word “laya” which means to separate like the leaves that fall off a tree branch is called laya. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Nationalism and Patriotism The higher and more intense than nationalism is patriotism. Patriotism the root word comes from Patria- which comes from Patri or Father. In patriotism, the person no longer manifest his love or attachment to his nation or country but is willing to actively fight and struggle for its interests. Patriots are willing to sacrifice even their very lives and fortunes for the country. It leads to heroism where the patriot is recognized for his efforts. Filipinos consider the Philippines as motherland or Inang Bayan. The outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, Katipuneros held recruitment rites in a cave in Montalban. The cave has a symbolic importance; it was the womb of Inang Bayan. Lesson 3.1 Rizal as Viewed by the Common People: Popular Nationalism Rizal as Viewed by the Common People ∞ Austin Craig – he was an American historian and an author; he mentioned that Jose Rizal was a Philippine Patriot. ∞ Leon Maria Guerrero – he is a filipino historian and a writer, he mentioned that Jose Rizal is a First Filipino. ∞ First monument built by the Filipinos in his honor in Daet, Camarines Norte. It was designed by Lt. Col. Antonio Sanz with the help of Ildefonso Alegre in compliance with the directives from Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo. It is the oldest surviving Rizal Monument in the country, construction of which started on December 30, 1898 using the funds contributed by the people of Daet. Now, it is a national monument and a historical landmark. ∞ In 1996, there was a move from the National Historical Institute (now National Historical Commission of the Philippines) to contextualize Rizal in the perspective of Philippine history. “There is no Bonifacio without Rizal and no Aguinaldo without Bonifacio”. o Jose Rizal is the great visionary. o Andres Bonifacio is a Man of Action. o Emilio Aguinaldo is the great general. ∞ Nick Joaquin – is a Filipino writer and he mentioned that Jose Rizal is the Last Spaniards. ∞ The Friars – mentioned that Jose Rizal is an ingrate and a rabble-rouser. ∞ Jose Rizal girlfriend for 11 years – Leonor Rivera. ∞ Renato Constantino – is a writer and he mentioned that Jose Rizal is an American-Made Hero. Rizal was Admired Abroad ∞ Malays including the Malayans consider Rizal as the Great Malayan for inspiring them to fight against the Dutch and British colonizers. ∞ In 1995 visit in Manila, a Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister called him Renaissance Man for having reawakened the Malay about their true past and their future destiny. The Nationalist Struggle – Sidelines and Undersides QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ∞ Since many of these hinterland folks learned about the concept of salvation, they tend to imitate Christ’s passion and suffering. From ancient gods replaced by a Father God, Bathala, Christ was the son and they readily accepted Christianity. The belief in Bathala and admiration to Rizal fused and intertwined together. ∞ Some of these hinterland folks became “Remontados and started to substitute or add a personality to the approximating labors of Christ – one of such personality was Rizal. o In Reality Jose Rizal is not an example of “Remontados”, it is just a mere belief of a Rizalistas. o The term "Remontados" comes from the Spanish word "remontar," which means "to go back" or "to retreat." In this context, it refers to people who retreated into the hinterlands or mountains to escape colonial rule or other forms of oppression. ∞ The Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi is a religious organization in the Philippines known for its unique approach to faith and spirituality, distinct from mainstream Christian denominations. It was the first and original Rizalist group based in Lecheria Hill, Calamba City. It was founded by Arsenio de Guzman, originally from Masbate on December 25, 1936 with Fr. Luis Fabrigar and Jose Baricanosa as the first Supreme Bishop and president. The cult believes that suffering is part of life but they should remain faithful and virtuous and eventually they can be rewarded with salvation. ∞ Rizalistas Kristong Tagalog - Rizal is more than a man. He is a saint or a manifestation of God himself. Rizalistas believe that he is a Tagalog Christ (Kristong Tagalog) because he advocated change in the society, persecuted, and unjustly tried for attempting to overthrow a colonial rule like Christ allegedly trying to insinuate rebellion against Rome. ∞ Rizalistas believe that Rizal will return someday to liberate or redeem the Philippines from its oppressors. ∞ Under his guidance, there will be an utopian society where everyone will live happily. ∞ Another millenarian group, the Santa Iglesia in Pampanga believes that Rizal is a supernatural being. Founded by Felipe Salvador (Apo Ipe), the group revolted against the Americans. Apo Ipe was captured and later executed at the Bilibid Prison in 1907; his followers did not believe that he died because they professed seeing him talking with Rizal. ∞ Another millenarian group, the Santa Iglesia in Pampanga believes that Rizal is a supernatural being. ∞ Founded by Felipe Salvador (Apo Ipe), the group revolted against the Americans. Apo Ipe was captured and later executed at the Bilibid Prison in 1907; his followers did not believe that he died because they professed seeing him talking with Rizal. ∞ The Sambahang Rizal is a religious group that venerates José Rizal as a divine figure. It integrates elements of Rizal’s ideals with religious worship, positioning him as a central figure in their spiritual practice. In 1918, Sambahang Rizal was founded by Basilio Aromin in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija. His followers are taught to honor Rizal because he was appointed by Bathala to redeem the Filipino race. Like Christ, Rizal offered his life to save humankind. ∞ Bathalismo is a religious movement that combines pre-Hispanic Filipino beliefs with Christian elements. Bathalismo, founded by Venancio Wagan, believed that Rizal was not executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan but managed to fled the Philippines to China as a Chinese. According to Bathalismo, Rizal was the incarnation of Christ and he came to this world to reach reason. ∞ The Adarnistas is a group that venerates José Rizal as a supernatural being and integrates his teachings into their spiritual framework. Adarnista or Iglesiang Pilipina was founded by Candida Balantac, a 93-year old widow called as Inang Adarna by her followers. The Adarnistas believe that Rizal is the god of the Filipino people, a true god and a true man, and that he was not executed as popularly claimed by historians. ∞ Sagrada Familia is a religious group that includes José Rizal in its pantheon of revered figures, often attributing to him supernatural or messianic qualities. In Candelaria, Quezon, Sagrada Familia Sect believes that Rizal is the Second Christ and that his everywhere is Christ. He will succeed Christ in the Second Coming. Most of its beliefs are borrowed from the Catholic Church. ∞ Watawat ng Lahi is another group that venerates José Rizal, often positioning him as a significant spiritual. The Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi believes that when World War III breaks, Rizal will lead the army of god. The sect believes that its founder, Arsenio de Guzman, is Rizal himself, and a mysterious voice called the founding members to form the association. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ∞ Iglesia Filipina Independiente (Philippine Independent Church) considers Rizal as one of its saints. Isabelo delos Reyes, its founder, advocated Rizal’s canonization along with the three martyred priests – GOMBURZA on September 24, 1903. ∞ According to Isabelo delos Reyes, Rizal’s canonization is an expression of intensely nationalistic phase of the development of the church. But it is a thing of the past and for now – he is no longer considered as a saint. ∞ Jose Rizal is not the only Kristong Tagalog. It is also attributed to Apolinario dela Cruz or Hermano Pule from Tayabas (Quezon), the founder of Cofradia de San Jose and the leader of the Tagalogs’ quest for peace and equality with the Spaniards in 1841. His cofradia competed with the mainstream Catholicism that irked the friars. Like Rizal, he was also unjustly tried and executed; his body was quartered and hang in four places in Tayabas to serve as example to the natives. ∞ Most of the adherents to these religious cults are ordinary people and simple folks without formal training in religious instructions and relied upon their prior knowledge to devise ways of worship from Christian rituals and doctrines. ∞ In Mindanao, the Colorums of Surigao who fought the Americans in 1923-1924 believed that Rizal will come in a big ship and carry the faithful to Cebu where they would celebrate victory in the presence of the Holy Child Jesus. ∞ Rizalists still exists until today and they can be seen taking care Rizal Shrine in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte and pay homage to the national hero in Luneta during Rizal Day celebrations. Lesson 4 Examining Rizal’s Historical and Social Context ∞ Goods not available in European nations – coffee, chocolate, sugar cane, cotton and tobacco. ∞ In the Philippines, when the islands were still a Spanish colony, it was affected in the twin commercial and industrial revolutions that were affecting Europe. The nature of the economy of the islands began to change as the Philippines, which used to be a mere entrepot or transshipment point for the Galleon Trade, began to serve the world market by exporting its own product. Like: Sugar, tobacco, coffee, abaca fiber, etc. ∞ Manila Galleon Trade – operates in the Philippines for 250 years. Trade route from “Manila to Acapulco”. Acapulco is now part of Mexico. ❦ The Inquilinos; ☑ The big land owners lease their lands to primary tenants. ☑ These inquilinos sublease the lands to sharecroppers known as “kasamas”. The kasamas who do the actual cultivation of the fields. ☑ The inquilinos on the other hand were in contract with the traders who sold the goods locally or abroad. ☑ Example of Inquilinos: Jose Rizal’s family. ☑ An inquilinos is not a sharecroppers or kasama’s. ☑ The inquilinos are the managers of the land and they are the one who hire tenants or sharecroppers or kasamas. ☑ Sharecroppers or kasamas they are the one who cultivate the lands. ❦ Dark Side of Commercial Revolution; ☑ Demand for agricultural goods, more lands had to be opened for cultivation. ☑ Lands were titled to those who can read and write. ☑ Increasing gap between the rich and the poor. ☑ Poor tenants either had to bear the burden of the sharecropping system and the taxes and levies of the government. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Political Change in Spain ❦ When the Spanish- French alliance faltered, Napoleon forced the King of Spain Charles IV to abdicate the throne and replace him with the crown prince Ferdinand VII. When Ferdinand proved to be unsatisfactory to his demands, Napoleon had him replaced with his own brother Joseph. The Spaniards refused to honor Joseph as their king and pledged their loyalty to Ferdinand VII whom they called EL Deseado (The Desired One). ∞ Charles the IV two sons “Ferdinand VII” and “Joseph Bonaparte” ❦ Cadiz Constitution; ☑ Gave equal rights to both Spanish citizens and colonials. ☑ It abolished forced labor. ☑ Ferdinand VII reassumed absolute rule. ¤ He dissolved the Cortes and abrogated the Cadiz Constitution. ¤ He also imprisoned all liberals who wanted to share power with monarchy. ¤ It because, he persecuted all the patriots who helped him during the French occupation of Spain, Ferdinand who was called EL Deseado was now called EL Rey Traidor (The Traitor King). ☑ With the abrogation of the Cadiz Constitution forced labor was reinstated in the Philippines. Obstacle of the Middle Class; Limpieza De Sangre; ☑ The only way the Indios and Mestizos can advance was through business. Indios can still enter in the fields of study such as becoming a lawyers such as Facultated de Derecho Civil was opened in the year 1731 or a secular priest. ∞ Indios/ Native Filipinos – the occupation available for them are businessman, lawyer, secular priest, medicine, limited position the offices such as municipal mayor or cabeza de barangay, etc. as allowed by the Dominican friars. ☑ The Spanish adherence to the Limpieza de Sangre (Purity of Blood/ Spaniards) left some offices and positions off limits to indios and mestizos no matter how well they did improving their economic and social status. ☑ The Spanish adherence to the Limpieza de Sangre/ or Purity of blood of the Spaniards closed the avenues for advancement for the natives. ☑ Despite their advancement in wealth and educational attainment the natives and mestizos were looked down by the full-blooded Spaniards who were either Penisulares or Spaniards born in Spain or Creoles or Spaniards born in the colonies. ☑ The real Filipinos were the Spaniards born in the Philippines called Filipinos Insulares who were either called Filipinos or Insulares. ☑ The full-blooded and Caucasians looked on the progressive indios and mestizos as “bestias cargadas de oro” or beasts loaded with gold. Freemasonry ☑ Freemasonry was introduced to the Philippines by the Europeans. th ∞ Its rapid change spread in the islands would be in the latter part of the 19 century when masonic lodges would be established such as the lodge Nilad by Pedro Serrano Laktaw. The Spanish Empire in Rizal’s Time; QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT th ❦ During the 19 century the Philippines was one of the last large colonies of Spain that was left after the independence of its Latin America colonies. It was actually the richest of Spain”s last colony. ☑ Under Spanish Rule; ① Philippines; ① Cuba (was the jewel of the Spanish crown it because of Tobacco and Sugar); ① Puerto Rico. The Soberania Monacal- Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines; ☑ While Spain was moving toward a modern and secular environment the Philippines was stuck in a time warp with the Church assuming an influential role in the management of the islands. ✓ “Obscurantism”. th ☑ In the 19 century the legacy of the patronato real or the royal patron of which originated in the Middle Ages in Europe was still existing in the Philippines. ☑ At the time of Rizal; the church continued to wield political influence over the Filipinos. ☑ The priests and friars first came to the Philippines as missionaries. ☑ A friar is a religious person belonging to the friars orders. T ☑ he words friar comes from the Latin word “Frater” which meant “Brother”. To belong to a friar community means to belong to a community brother. Not all of them are priests. ☑ The friars is the first teacher of the native native Filipinos or indios. ☑ Governor- General Rafael Izquierdo is the Governor General in the Philippines at that time of the execution of the three (3) martyred priest or the Gomburza. ☑ According to historian Teodoro Agoncillo 48% of the land in the Tagalog region was owned by the Church through the sale of produce to sustain their missionary activities as well as the operations of their educational and charitable institutions. ☑ Some Friars curates lived far from their superiors and they had many families as well as mistresses. They had children from these mistresses who were well rewarded and the rewards came from the sweat of the kasamas or sharecroppers who farmed the friar estates. Lesson 5 Jose Rizal and the Chinese Connection The Ancestry of Jose Rizal: “The Chinese Connection” Mestizo Sangley or Chinese Mestizo Jose Rizal’s bloodline came from a line of many ethnicities. His great- great grandfather was a man named Lam-co. He was a son of Siang Co and Zunio from the village of Sinque in the district Chin Chew in Fujian, China. In 1690, Lam-co migrated to the Philippines and settled in Manila. During the early times, China had already a burgeoning population and events such as prolonged drought, floods or war can send large groups of Chinese trying to settle outside their country. Under this decree, ordinary indios or natives had to choose a new surename from catalogue called Catalogo Alpabetico de Appellidos. Exempted from this decree were QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Filipinos from the old nobility such as the Lakandulas and Makapagals whose ancestors helped in the pacification of the islands. Rizal was a product of the mixture of races. In Rizal’s veins flowed the blood of both East and West. These are the following; Negrito – (Mother side of Jose Rizal ) Maternal great-great grandmother of Jose Rizal. Indonesian Malay Chinese – Father side of Rizal (Paternal Great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal) Japanese – Mother side of Rizal (Maternal Great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal). Spanish – Mother side of Rizal (Maternal grandfather of Jose Rizal) Jose Rizal belongs to a mixture of races such as Negrito, Indonesian, Malayan because the Maternal great-great grandmother of Jose Rizal is a native Filipina named Benigna Ochoa. Benigna she was an adopted daughter of Benigna Ochoa. AANCESTOR’S OF JOSE RIZAL PARENTS Jose Rizal Father’s side. (Francisco Mercado Rizal) Domingo Lam-co or Domingo Mercado is the Paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal. Ines dela Rosa – is the Paternal great-great grandmother of Jose Rizal. Francisco Mercado – is the Paternal great grandfather of Jose Rizal. Bernarda Monica – is the Paternal great grandmother of Jose Rizal. Juan Mercado – is the Paternal grandfather of Jose Rizal. Cirila Alejandro – is the Paternal grandmother of Jose Rizal. Jose Rizal Mother’s side. (Dona Teodora Alonso Realonda) Eugenio Ursua is the Maternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal. Benigna Ochoa – is the Maternal great-great grandmother of Jose Rizal. Manuel de Quintos – is the Maternal great grandfather of Jose Rizal. Regina Ochoa – is the Maternal great grandmother of Jose Rizal. Lorenzo Alberto Alonso – is the Maternal grandfather of Jose Rizal. Brigida de Quintos – is the Maternal grandmother of Jose Rizal. Parents of Domingo Lam-co or Domingo Mercado; Siang Co & Zun Nio Grandparents of Ines Dela Rosa Chin-Co & Zun- Nio Parents of Ines Dela Rosa Agustin Chingco & Jacinta Rafaela Father of Benigna Ochoa is Stanislao Manuel Ochoa Domingo Lamco o a Chinese immigrant from the Fukien City of Changchow, who arrived in Manila about 1690. o He was the Great- great grandfather of Jose Rizal on his father’s side. o He became a Christian and married to a well- known Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa. o He used the surname Mercado in the year 1731. o The Spanish term “Mercado” means “Market” in English. QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07  EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE CAVITE Gov. D. Mangubat Ave., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4339/41 www.eac.edu.ph GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Domingo Mercado and Ines de la Rosa had a son named, Francisco Mercado. Francisco Mercado o Who resided in Biñan. o Married to a Chinese- Filipino Mestiza, Bernarda Monica. o He was elected as Gobernadorcillo (Municipal Mayor) of the town. o One of their sons named Juan Mercado (was Jose Rizal’s Grandfather). Juan Mercado o Married Cirila Alejandro, a Chinese- Filipino mestiza. o Like his father, he was elected Governadorcillo of Biñan. o Capitan Juan and Capitana Cirila had thirteen children, the youngest was Francisco Mercado who was the father of Dr. Jose Rizal. Francisco Mercado Rizal o At the age of 8 his father died (Juan Mercado). o He studied Latin and Philosophy in the College of San Jose in Manila. o He meet and fall in love Alonso Realonda, a student in the College of Santa Rosa. o Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda were married on June 28, 1848 and settled down in Calamba. Doña Teodora’s family was the descendant of Lakan Dula, who is the last native King of Tondo. Teodora Alonso Realonda o Her Great-grandfather (Jose Rizal’s maternal great-great- grandfather) was Eugenio Ursua (of Japanese Ancestry). Eugenio Ursua o Married to a Filipina named Benigna Ochoa. o Their daughter, Regina Ochoa Ursua. Regina Ochoa Ursua o Married to Manuel de Quintos which is a Filipino- Chinese lawyer from Pangasinan. Manuel de Quintos o One of the daughter of Attorney de Quintos and Regina was “Brigida de Quintos”. Brigida de Quintos o Married to Lorenzo Alberto Alonso which is the prominent Spanish- Filipino mestizo of Biñan. o Their children were Narcisa, Teodora, Gregorio, Manuel and Jose o Teodora Alonso Realonda was (Dr. Jose Rizal mother). PREPARED BY: FACULTY OF GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT. PLEASE DO NOT REPRODUCE! THIS IS AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF YOUR PROFESSORSINAGE9 00 LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS OF RIZAL FIRST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024-2025 QF-PQM-035 (03.07.2024) Rev.07