Practical Research Methods PDF

**REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2** **LESSON 7: SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES** **2 GENERAL MODES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES** a\. **Random sampling techniques** - techniques where each one in the population stands to have an equal chance as the others b\. **Nonrandom sampling techniques** - These...

**REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2** **LESSON 7: SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES** **2 GENERAL MODES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES** a\. **Random sampling techniques** - techniques where each one in the population stands to have an equal chance as the others b\. **Nonrandom sampling techniques** - These are techniques where only a portion of the population is given the chance to be selected as members of the sample. Members of the sample are selected on the basis of specific requirements, criteria, or purpose. **Random Sampling Techniques** 1\. **Simple random techniques** a\. Drawing lots or \"fishbowl\" method b\. Use of table of random numbers - consists of sets of randomly listed numbers to form a table. 2\. **Stratified random sampling** - Researcher selects subgroups for the sample 3. **Cluster random sampling -** used when the population is big but is in clusters or groups. **NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES** 1\. **Systematic sampling** - selection of the sample follows a particular pattern or system. 2\. **Convenience sampling -** involves getting a sample where the process is convenient or easy to the researcher 3**. Purposive sampling** - requires certain conditions or criteria set by the researcher for inclusion in the sample. 4\. **Snowballing technique** - the members of the sample are asked to identify other people who may meet the requirements to become members of the sample **Population** - the target group that a researcher is interested in studying **Sample** - group that it supposed to represent the population **Sources of data** - general term for those who provide the data for researcher **Table of random Number** - A numerical table of randomly arranged numbers used as a tool for selecting the sample **Fishbowl Method** - Slips of paper with names are picked from a container, where those picked will serve as a sample **Equal chance of being selected** - what makes random sampling techniques mainly different from nonrandom sampling techniques **Random Sampling** - sampling technique where everybody in the population is given the equal chance to be a member of a sample **Nonrandom Sampling** - sampling technique where certain conditions or requirements should be met for inclusions as a sample **Purposive Sampling** - most appropriate sampling technique for a research with an objective of studying **Convenience Sampling** - preferred group of data sOurce because of its comparative ease, convenience, efficiency, and manageability **LESSON 8: DATA GATHERING AND INSTRUMENTATION** 1. **Standardized tests** - tests that can measure different characteristics, like personality, vocational interest, mental ability, reading proficiency, and a lot more 2\. **Observation schedule -** used for observing behaviors or characteristics of individuals by the researcher. 3\. **Interview schedule** - requires a face-to-face oral exchange or interaction between researcher or interviewer and the one being interviewed. 4\. **Pencil-and-paper data-gathering tools -** written form and the responses of the respondents have to be written also. 4.1. **Questionnaire** - tool consisting of a series of written questions, where the respondent responds also in writing. 4.1.1. **Close-ended questions** - This type of question limits the respondent\'s responses to the choices or options provided. 4.1.2. **Open-ended questions** - This type of question gives the respondents much freedom to respond in a way they like or prefer. 4.3. **Checklist** - it is a list of items, which could be practices, characteristics, things, or behaviors **TYPES OF DATA-GATHERING TOOLS OR TESTS ACCORDING TO PURPOSE** 1\. **Achievement Test** - It measures what one has learned over a specific time 2\. **Aptitude Test** - It measures what one is able to do and identifies what area or field one is most likely to be successful in the future. 3\. **General Mental Ability Test -** It measures general intelligence or general mental ability 4\. **Personality Test** - It measures characteristics like attitude, vocational interest, emotional well-being, stress levels, emotional adjustment, and many more. **Personality Test** - tool that measures the amount of anxiety a person may or may not have **Soft** - The field of study that largely makes use of results taken from personality test **Questionnaire** - set of written questions that a group of respondents are asked to answer in writing **Achievement test** - tool that determines what students **Aptitude test** - a tool that determines a student's success in the area of engineering sciences in the future **Measurement** - a tool that determines what students have learned in Mathematics during the first term **Validity** - characteristic of a test that is supposed to measure vocational interest **Open ended questions** - type of question asked in a questionnaire where a respondent is given freedom to answer in a manner he sees fit **Content Related Validity** - tool is said to be valid if its contents measure what are considered most important to know about that characteristic **Standardized** - process of administering a test developed by a researcher to determine if vocabulary is within the comprehension level of respondents **LESSON 9: PLANNING FOR DATA COLLECTION** The quantitative designs you studied earlier can be classified into two: **nonexperimental and experimental**. **LOOKING AT THE GENERAL STEPS IN GATHERING DATA** 1\. Identifying your sources of data 2\. Planning for instruments or data-gathering tools to use 3\. Planning for the intervention (independent, experimental, or treatment variable) 4\. Planning for the data-gathering proper 5\. Planning for data analysis and hypothesis testing 6\. Presenting the written research methodology **IMPORTANT TOPICS OR PARTS OF THE METHODOLOGY** 1. General methodology 2. Sample description **Lesson 10: COLLECTING AND ORGANIZING DATA** **Ordinal** - Birth order of each of 10 children **Ratio scale** - Length of 20 tables in the school library **Nominal scale** - Numbers written on the bar codes of medicines **Interval Scale** - The scores of 50 students taken from a personality test **Nominal scale** - Religious affiliations of the people in certain town, like roman catholic, protestant, and islam. **Nominal Scale** - House numbers on Ilang-ilang Street in the town of Santiago **Interval Scale** - Scores of 30 students from a test that measures attitudes toward schooling **Interval scale** - Language test scores of 100 grade 12 students in Pag-asa School. **Ratio Scale** - The distance in kilometers of each of 10 barangays to the town center of Aurora **Ordinal scale** - Candidates of a beauty contest vying for the title Miss Philippines (1); first runner-up (2); second runner-up (3) **Nominal scale** - Religious affiliations of the people in a certain town, like Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Islam. **There are four types of data according to level of measurement:** **Nominal scale** - The data are only used to describe, identify, or name, **Ordinal scale** - The data denote rank or order, in addition to being able to name, or identity **Interval scale** - The data have no \"true\" zero point. **Ratio scale** - The data have a \"true\" zero point. **LESSON 11: ANALYZING AND COLLECTED DATA** **Interpretation** - means deducting other thoughts, ideas, or meanings that may be inherent or embedded in the poem. **Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency)** **-** describe the typical characteristics of a group. \- determine the point where most of the values or characteristics tend to congregate or group together **Mean** - It is the \"average\" value of data obtained from a group. **Mode -** It is the most frequently occurring value in a distribution of values. **Median** - It is the midpoint of a distribution of values **Pearson n or Pearson** - One of the many correlation tools often used for studies establishing simple relationships between variables \- It determines whether or not one variable, X, is related to the another variable, **There are two things that can be revealed by a correlation test like Pearson r.** a. **Strength of the relationship** - A correlation figure indicates how strong or how weak the relationship is between variables b. Direction of the relationship \- positive correlation \- negative correlation **t-test** - one test that looks into differences between two means of two different \- determines if the differences between the two means are \"true\" differences **LESSON 12 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND INFORMATION** **Recommendations** - generally for the purpose of improving existing conditions