Argumentation and Bias: A Review

FACT - is anything that has actually occurred or is acknowledged to have existed and can be supported by supporting documentation. OPINION - A personal view or judgment about a topic that may or may not be supported by facts or accurate information THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF OPINION: 1. Value Statem...

FACT - is anything that has actually occurred or is acknowledged to have existed and can be supported by supporting documentation. OPINION - A personal view or judgment about a topic that may or may not be supported by facts or accurate information THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF OPINION: 1. Value Statement - a style of judgment that conveys feelings about things. Example: English is an interesting subject. 2. Prediction Statement - conveys information about the future. Example: I will pass this subject. 3. Policy Statement - a declaration of one's beliefs on what they believe should be. (rules) Example: To avoid crimes such as rape, women should not wear revealing clothes BIAS - means a tendency to favor one person, group, thing or point of view over another, often in a questionable and unfair way. FIVE COMMON TYPES OF BIASES 1. Anchoring Bias - The tendency for a person to rely heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions. 2. Confirmation Bias - A confirmation bias is a type of cognitive bias that involves favoring information that confirms previously existing beliefs or biases. 3. Conformity Bias - The conformity bias is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using their own personal judgment 4. Affinity Bias - Affinity bias is an unconscious bias that causes people to gravitate toward others who appear to be like them (including those with similar interests, backgrounds, and appearances). 5. Halo Effect - Halo is when we see one great thing about a person and we let the halo-glow of that significant aspect affect our opinions of everything else about that person. HOW BIASES AFFECT US AND OUR DECISION MAKING? (THESE ARE ALSO THE CAUSES WHY WE BECOME BIAS) 1. Our Perception - It affects how we see people and perceive reality. 2. Our Attitude - It affects how we react towards certain people. 3. Our Behaviors - It is being shown on how receptive/friendly we are towards certain people. 4. Our Attention - which aspects of a person we pay most attention to. 5. Our Listening Skills - It affects how much we actively listen to what certain people say. 6. Our Micro-Affirmations - It affects how much or how little we comfort certain people in certain situations. PREJUDICE - an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc. A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. ARGUMENT - A statement or series of assertions used to try to persuade others that your point of view is accurate. An argument is a discussion or debate in which several participants present contrasting or opposing viewpoints. FOUR COMPONENTS OF ARGUMENT (Remember that these are in order, mostly seen in an argumentative essay) Claims are assertions regarding the truth or value of something, or about what actions ought to be taken or believed. (This is something you want to defend, where the topic is introduced) Reasons are explanations that support a claim, transforming it from a simple statement into a more convincing argument. (This supports the claim by adding information and elaborates the claim) Support provides justification for the reasons presented and encourages the audience to accept the claim. This consists of evidence. (It includes factual ideas and evidences to justify what’s in the reasons) Warrants are the underlying inferences or assumptions that link the support to the claim. Warrants often answer the question “what do you have to believe in order to believe that the support justifies the claim or reason being made?” (This can be the opinion and ideas that you observe and assumed to be connected to the claim) REVIEWER IN ENGLISH MA’AM AILEEN TWO TYPES OF ARGUMENTS Oral Argument: PHYSICALITY ❑ The human body is deeply involved in oral debate. ❑ Nonverbal communication techniques include the risk of misinterpretation. ❑ As a result, misunderstanding is often caused by the friction that might arise through verbal communication. ❑ Oral arguments lose their precise wording as soon as they are spoken and listeners frequently only comprehend oral arguments in part rather than in their entirety. As a result, developing really complicated arguments verbally is challenging. ❑ Since this is oral. The audience listens to the ideas. Written Argument: MEMORY ❑ Written evidence can be referred to repeatedly. ❑ Argumentation in writing is typically clearer. ❑ The preview provided by titles and subtitles helps readers understand what they are reading. ❑ This is written, to understand the arguments, an individual reads the ideas. RELEVANCE - In Shorter Oxford Dictionary, bearing upon, connected with, pertaining to, the matter in hand. Seems to relate both to the selection of information to be presented and the logical organization of that information. TRUTHFULNESS - A state of being realistic or true to life. About accepting, understanding, and presenting any truth. To determine the truthfulness, you must analyze if it comes from a reliable source. “MY FATHER GOES TO COURT” BY CARLOS BULOSAN "My Father Goes to Court" contains multiple underlying arguments about justice, integrity, social class, cultural identity, and the use of humor to tackle challenges. These arguments are conveyed through the characters' actions, conversations, and the main themes of the narrative. Summary of the story: My Father Goes to Court By Carlos Bulosan There was a young boy who lived with his big and happy family in a small town on the island of Luzon and they had a rich neighbor next door. The rich man was always cooking and frying good foods and the aroma of the food was wafted down to the children from the windows of the big house of their rich neighbor. As the time went on, the children of the rich man became thin and anemic, so the rich man filed a complaint against the poor family because the rich man claimed that they had been stealing the spirit of his wealth and food. They went to court to talk about this case. The poor father said that he will pay the rich man, so he walked and start collecting coins on his hat. Then he shook it and the sound of the coin was heard in the room. After that, he asked the rich man if he heard the spirit of the money and the rich man said “Yes”. So, the poor father told him that he was paid. The judge pounded his gravel and dismissed the case. They laughed and the laughter of the judge was the loudest of all. REVIEWER IN ENGLISH MA’AM AILEEN