Abnormal Psychology PDF

PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY *Not enough to characterize abnormality or ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY declare an individual is exhibiting a mental...

PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY *Not enough to characterize abnormality or ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY declare an individual is exhibiting a mental disorder Abnormal Psychology is the field of science that concerns the understanding the nature, Deviance causes, and treatment of mental disorders. Unconformity (Barlow et al., 2018) Unusual, atypical, not culturally expected “It’s normal to become abnormal in a abnormal Being different from the majority situation” – (if there is earthquake your reaction *Deviance is relative to one’s culture, as culture varies worldwide. is not your typical reaction) Distress Defining Abnormality Manifestation of stress Suffering Affect physical/physiological - can be physical, emotional, or mental Disturbance in thinking (negative Maladaptiveness emotions arise) - inability to adjust and adapt *Psychological dysfunction follows Statistical Deviancy distress. Before distress, an individual Violation of the standard of society must exhibit some sort of dysfunction Social discomfort *It is normal to experience distress from Irrationality and unpredictability time to time. - behavior should be predictable and Danger rational Dangerousness Hurt someone/self - inflicting harm towards oneself or *also not sufficient to justify manifestations of another mental disorders Duration The 4Ds of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR How often or how long the behavior can manifest Dysfunction Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functional Behavioral affects daily functioning of an individual PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized TREATMENT by clinically significant disturbance in an Intervention and/or treatment strategies individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or are guided by major theoretical behavior. This disturbance reflects a perspectives dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF USED IN DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MANUAL OF Mental Disorders- 5tH EDITION (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATIONA, THREE DOMINANT TRADITIONS 2013) Supernatural ▪ All physical and mental disorders were Abnormal Psychology considered the word of the devil NATURE Biological Presenting problem ▪ Psychological disorders might also be Clinical description and caused by brain pathology or head symptomatology trauma and could be influenced by Classification and diagnosis of the heredity. problem Psychological How common is the disorder? ▪ Psychoanalysis emphasizes the inner Prevalence, incidence, gender ratio, age dynamic of unconscious motives of onset Pattern of the Disorder SUPERNATURAL TRADITIONS Chronic, episodic, time-limited, Trephination-chipping away an area of prognosis, acute onset, insidious onset the skull with crude stone instruments ETIOLOGY to make a hole letting the evil spirit in head to escape through it. Biological Somewhere along the way, a creative Psychoanalytic “therapist” decided that hanging people Behaviorism over a pit full of poisonous snakes Humanism might scare the evil spirits right out of Socio-cultural their bodies. PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY The moon and the stars FAST FORWARD… Paracelsus, a Swiss physician who lived from Louis Pasteur 1493 to 1541, rejected notions of possession - Germ theory was influencial in curing by the devil, suggesting instead that the syphills movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. John Grey - Emphasis on rest, diet, and proper room BIOLOGICAL TRADITIONS temperature and ventilation. Grey even invented the rotary fan to ventilate his large Hippocratic-Galenic approach is the humoral hospital theory of disorders Emil Kraeplin - he attempted to classify mental discorders Humanitarian Reform France Philippe Pinel-French, unchained patients, placed them in sunny rooms and treated them with exercise and kindeness. This was very TREATMENTS successful. Bleeding or bloodletting, a carefully England measured amount of blood was William Tuke – established the York Retreat, a removed from the body, often with country house for the mentally ill. He treated leeches. with kindness and acceptance The other was to induce vomiting and half-boiled cabbage PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY MORAL MANAGEMENT – DIED DUE TO HIGH manner. It permits us to look at cases IMMIGRANT POPULATION IN HOSPITALS with subjects that cannot be AND MENTAL HYGIENE experimental or replication because of other ethical and physical constraints. Psychological Traditions Correlation Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) took the first major steps toward understanding This type of study is one that is designed to psychological factors in mental determine the presence and degree of disorders relationship between variables. Key terms: Degree of relationship - Hysteria, Hypnosis, Catharsis Direction of the relationship CORRELATION ≠ CAUSATION Late 1900s and 20th century focuses on Changing general public’s attitude Epidemiological research towards mental patients Research and training in psychiatry Epidemiology is the study of the and clinical psychology incidence, distribution, and Rehabilitation facilities paired with consequences of a particular problem community settings or set of problems in one or more Raising the importance of mental X populations. physical health awareness RESEARCH Is defined as a carefully consideration of study regarding a particular concern or a problem using scientific methods. Research Methods (research by correlation) Case study Case study allows us to study a particular behavior in a more rigorous PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Research by Experimentation 2. ADOPTION STUDIES often try to see whether siblings raised in a different It involves the manipulation of variable and environment display the same disorder the observation of its effects. to the same extent? Criteria for TRUE Experiment 3. TWIN STUDIES At least one experimental and control group. STUDYING BEHAVIOR OVER TIME Researcher-manipulated variable. Random assignment Cross-sectional designs Clinical trial Cohorts cohort effect- the confounding of age and is an experiment used to determine the experience, is a limitation of the cross- effectiveness and safety of a treatment or sectional design treatments. Group experimental designs Longitudinal Designs Control groups have the dangers of Cross-generational effect involves trying to Placebo effect generalize the findings to groups whose o Single blind (participants) experiences are different from those of the o Double blind (both) study participants. Single-Case Experimental designs Repeated measurements WHAT DO WE MEAN BY ETHICS? What Withdrawal design does being unethical mean?? Multiple Baseline The Right of Informed Consent Studying Genetics Individual must give their consent 1. FAMILY STUDIES examine a behavioral freely, without the use of force, duress pattern or emotional trait in the context or coercion of the family. They must be free to drop to the Proband is the family member w ith the experiment at any time. trait singled out for study. Researchers must give subjects a full explanation of the procedures to be PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY followed and offer to answer any Anonymity and Confidentiality question about them. Data should be collected anonymously The ASSENT or AGREEMENT of minor and identified by code numbers or children ages 7 and above is usually a fictitious names. requirement of their participation Data must be stored in a secure place, kept confidential, and used only for purposes explained to the subjects. CONSENT FORM Subjects’ reactions in experiments do The Nature of Experiment no become items of gossip to be shared An Overview of the procedures that will with friends. occur. When shared with colleagues, data How long will it take. must be treated with discretion and The potential risk and benefits subjects’ identities protected. What they will be required to do Other identifying details are also disguised if there is a chance that a subject will be recognizable. How Can deception be reconciled with the principles of informed consent The principle of Full disclosure Debriefing At the end of an experiment, the researcher should be explaining the true nature and purpose of the study. FULL DOSCLOSURE AND DEBRIEFING We cannot always reverse our experimental effects, so it makes sense to avoid using procedures that are potentially harmful, painful, or upsetting to subjects. PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Causation of Psychopathology = coverage (body fluid) interact with the other quiz influence (ex. behavioral) to cause psychopathology One-dimensional Focusing on one cause of disorder. Example: Emotional Influences - “Kaya yan nabaliw dahil baliw din Emotions could actually trigger yung nanay niya” biological dysfunctions and influence - “Nag break kasi sila ng lone-time the way individual perceive an event. A partner nya kaya s’ya na depressed” particular emotion can cause physical Vs. and psychological changes which manifest in thought and behavior. Multidimensional Model Psychopathology can be caused by multiple influences of multi factors. Social Influences Suck influences are biological, behavior, The way people react or support an social, emotional and cognitive individual during a particularly These dimensions are inter-connected situation may also contribute with/to the other influences which strengthen the psychopathological vulnerabilities of Behavioral Influences the individual. This explains that a certain abnormality can be developed because of learned response that is being elicited by a Developmental Influences certain stimulus which also a The fact that an individual is evolving contributing factor with/to other and is always subjected to changes influences. Ex. Ivan Pavlov’s classical throughout his/her developmental conditioning. stages, his/her way of reacting to a certain event or situation may vary as he/she ages or matures. Biological Influences In this viewpoint factors such as biological dysfunctions, genetic vulnerabilities, chemical imbalance, brain dysfunctions and temperament PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO Chromosomes are the chain like structures PSYCHOPATHOLOGY within a cell nucleus that contain the genes. Although neither behavior nor mental disorder Each normal human cells have 46 are ever determined exclusively by genes, there chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs is substantial evidence that most mental One chromosome in each pair comes disorders show at least some genetic influences from the father and one from the mother. ranging from small to large (e.g., Plomin et al., Sex chromosomes, determines an individual’s 2008; Rutter, 2006a) sex. Female both chromosomes are X = XX Uni-dimensional = it’s a linear way of chromosomes explaining psychopathology Males, mother contributes an X but the Multi-dimensional = systemic way explaining father contributes a Y chromosome = XY the casual or causes of psychopathology chromosomes Dominant gene is one of a pair of genes that Huntington’s Diseases strongly influences a particular trait. A degenerative brain disease that Recessive gene, by contrast, must be paired appears in early to middle age of a with another (recessive) gene to determine a genetic defect that causes deterioration trait, Otherwise, it won’t have any effect. in a specific area of the brain, the basal ganglia. It causes broad changes in personality, cognitive functioning, and Abnormality in the structure of number of personality, motor behavior, including chromosomes are associated with malfunctions involuntary shaking or jerkiness and disorders (ex. Down syndrome). Research throughout the body. in developmental genetics has shown that abnormalities in the structure or number of the Nurture = genetic chromosomes can be associated with major Nature = environment defects or disorders. Genes are long molecules of deoxyribonucleic According to some book out IQ are 62% acid (DNA) at various locations on heritability. chromosomes within the cell nucleus PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY NATURE – NURTURE Diathesis-Stress Model Personality traits and mental disorders are not Individuals inherit tendencies to express affected by chromosomal abnormalities perse. certain traits or behavior, which may Instead, they are more often influenced either then be activated under conditions of by abnormalities in some of the genes on the stress. chromosomes or by naturally occurring variations of genes known as polymorphisms. Diathesis: relatively distal necessary or Stress. Responses Vulnerabilities to mental disorders are almost contributory cause of individual to that is not sufficient taking demands always polygenic/polygenetic, which means to cause disorder they are influenced by multiple polymorphisms of genes, with any one gene having only very small effects (Kendler, 2005; Plomin et al., 2008). Diathesis-stress-models: Combination of diathesis and stress to cause disorder Genotype = total genetic endowment, meaning what you inherit The Gene-Environment Correlation Model Phenotype = observed structural and Genetic endowment may increase the functional characteristics. What is expressed probability that an individual will (interaction between genes and environment) experience stressful life events The higher genetic vulnerability inherited the more it is prone to “Both psychological traits and mental disorders experience stressful life events. are multifactorial in origin – meaning that they involve some kind of combination, and interplay, among several genetic factors Epigenetics providing contributions to susceptibility or liability and several environmental factors that These are changes that do not occur on similarity play a part in the casual pathway” the gene itself but can change the (Rutter, 2006, p 29) expression of gene brought by the environment. So environmental factors such as stress, nutrition, and the other affect the genetic expression, which is the immediately passed down to the next generation. PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Nongenomic Peripheral nervous system Meaning that a certain Somatic: Controls voluntary muscles psychopathological or disorder can not and conveys sensory information to the only be accounted to genetics and that central nervous system strong environmental influences Autonomic: Controls involuntary sufficiently override genetic factors as muscles casual factor of psychopathology. - Sympathetic: Expends energy - Parasympathetic: Conserves energy Neuroscience and its contribution to Psychopathology The Neurotransmitter Disorder can also result from the Neurons communicate by releasing disruption of brain functions by physical neurotransmitters into synapse. or biochemical means and often involve Neurotransmitters chemical substances psychological or behavioral aberrations. that are released into the synapse by the For example, damage to certain areas in presynaptic neuron when a nerve the brain can cause memory loss, and impulse occurs. damage to the left hemisphere that Presynaptic neuron = release electrical occurs during a stroke can cause impulses depression. Also, abnormalities in Postsynaptic neuron = receive electrical neurotransmitter systems in the brain impulses can lead to mental disorders without causing damage to the brain. How Neurotransmitter work Finer points = neurotransmitter receptors 1. Neurotransmitter are stored in tiny sacs at the end of the neuron (axon ending) 2. An electric jolt makes the sacs merge with Neuroscience examines the STRUCTURE and the outer membrane and the FUNCTION of the human brain and nervous neurotransmitter is released into the system. synapse. 3. The molecules diffuse across the gap and bind receptors, specialized proteins, on the The Nervous System adjacent neuron. Central nervous system (CNS) 4. When sufficient neurotransmitter has been absorbed, the receptors release the Brain molecules, which are then broken down or Spinal Cord PSYCH313 – ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY reabsorbed by the first neuron and stored for later use. Neurotransmitter Imbalances Imbalances in neurotransmitter in the brain can result in abnormal behavior. These imbalances can be created in a variety of ways: Excessive production and/or release of neurotransmitter into synapse Dysfunction in deactivation of neurotransmitter in synapse Receptors nay be abnormally sensitive or insensitive. Neurotransmitter functions Agonists – effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects. Antagonists – decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter; Inverse agonists – produce effects opposite to those produced by neurotransmitter Two types of classic neurotransmitter most relevant to psychopathology – monoamines and amino acids. Neurotransmitter in the monoamine class include norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline), serotonin, and dopamine. Amino-acid neurotransmitters include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate