Review Topics for Unit 1 Test PDF

**Review Topics for Unit 1 Test** **Mr. Herbstritt - Biology 106** **MODULE 1 or 2** **Scientific Method** 1. Be able to outline steps of the scientific method - Observation: Notice something interesting or a phenomenon that sparks curiosity. - Question: Ask a specific question about...

**Review Topics for Unit 1 Test** **Mr. Herbstritt - Biology 106** **MODULE 1 or 2** **Scientific Method** 1. Be able to outline steps of the scientific method - Observation: Notice something interesting or a phenomenon that sparks curiosity. - Question: Ask a specific question about the observation you made. - Hypothesis: Form an educated guess or possible explanation for the observation, which can be tested. - Experiment: Design and conduct a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis. - Analyze Data: Collect and interpret the results of the experiment. - Conclusion: Summarize the findings and state whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected based on the data. 2. Be able to distinguish between Experimental and Control Groups in experiments **An experimental group is the group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment. The control group is the group in an experiment that does not receive the variable you are testing** - Experimental Groups: Groups of organisms with the Ind variable - Ie- Current vaccination trials -- Yes vaccine people - Control Groups: Groups of organisms without the Ind Variable - Ie- Current vaccination trials -- No vaccine people - Not always control group - Ind Variable: Vaccine - Dep Var: Effectiveness of the vaccine - Controlled/standardized variables. - Method of vaccination - Exposure to Covid 19 3. Distinguish between independent, dependent and controlled/standardized variables - Independent Var - [Cause]. It is the manipulated variable (by the researcher) Therefore, the researcher always knows the Ind var BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT - Dependent Variable - [Effect] It is the Responding/measured Variable because you don't know this result until you DO the experiment **Life Characteristics and Organization** 4. List characteristics of living organisms. (See powerpoint and/or book) - Organization - Energy Use - Internal constancy - Reproduction and development - Evolution 5. Distinguish between consumers, producers, detritivores, and decomposers in ecosystems - Producers: Plants and other organisms that do photosynthesis and make their own food - Consumers: Non-plants (mostly animals) that depend on producers for food - Detritovores: Eat dead organisms - Decomposers: Fungi and bacteria 6. **Define/understand Homeostasis.** it is a process which maintains relatively constant internal conditions such as body temperature, blood glucose levels, heart rate, etc) 7. Outline the hierarchy of life from atom through biosphere. (See powerpoint and/or book) - - Atom - Molecules - Organelle - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem - Biosphere 8. List the 3 steps of the original cell theory. (See powerpoint and/or book) - All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells - The cell is the fundamental unit of life - All cells come from preexisting cells **Atomic Structure and Acids/bases** - **Atoms consist of protons (pos charge in nucleus)** - **electrons (neg charge in "shells")** - **neutrons (no charge in nucleus)** 9. Outline atomic structure (including 2-8-8 rule) First electron shell holds up to 2 electrons 2^nd^ electron shell holds up to 8 electrons 3^rd^ electron shell holds up to 8 electrons  10. Interpret period table of element. The \# of protons of an element IS the Atomic \# and DEFINES THE ELEMENT Atomic Mass is the atomic number plus the neutron 11. List the "bulk elements" that make up the vast majority (96%) of living organisms - - OXYGEN - NITROGEN - - CARBON - HYDROGEN 12. Outline the characteristics of acids and bases and understand the pH scale - Acids: Have lots of H+ ions few OH- ions pH 1-6 - Bases Have few of H+ ions lots of OH- ions pH 8-14 - Neutral Equal amts of H+ and OH- pH 7 The number of electrons needed by an atom to fill its outer shell always equals the number of covalent bonds it forms Ex. Hydrogen needs 1, therefore it always has 1 bond Carbon needs 4, therefore, it always has 4 bonds 13. Distinguish between covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds Atoms form covalent and ionic bonds TO FILL THEIR OUTER (VALENCE) ELECTRON SHELL. (Remember the 2-8-8 rule!) - Covalent: Shared electrons to form bonds - Ionic : Electrons are transferred to form bonds - Hydrogen bonds: a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an [[electrostatic]](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=247a3cc0ba513c42&sxsrf=ADLYWIL2gYk8r7CHD8HrBahdOXnwiYIRyw:1728496897618&q=electrostatic&si=ACC90nzeIzR7eQ3kZwtyqq-Z0Z5j1BMYelUC2ZYOmyT4Z1D8La8nhn7WZG3o8BTA5u9437NC-iyLRr1oIP753ydExKdZuCC0qeyRQH79_qWL0jGIf-FlYoc%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrqs_c8IGJAxVOFFkFHSmIKh0QyecJegQIExAP) attraction between a [[proton]](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=247a3cc0ba513c42&sxsrf=ADLYWIL2gYk8r7CHD8HrBahdOXnwiYIRyw:1728496897618&q=proton&si=ACC90nwdkA2npcVVmNPViiSe8FMKC0ruq2C51FL2bpnuq4emXrETPn-fMbP2_-lN83PJfb-I8CnpTQJvLR8fkbI0MwYcahYstQ%3D%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrqs_c8IGJAxVOFFkFHSmIKh0QyecJegQIExAQ) in one molecule and an [[electronegative]](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=247a3cc0ba513c42&sxsrf=ADLYWIL2gYk8r7CHD8HrBahdOXnwiYIRyw:1728496897618&q=electronegative&si=ACC90nxbGKaGCVspwxvAd4dU9RvhECMUzgh0_vpMdIsppASKVWYmBRv3CwVwvLPeIIvsaIMHGtkPis8TR4Zm5lwKi-fsq0weZoywxoMnKgpQSl9g3QSe4KFIO9iYgy_J-XAgPc1syxa4&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjrqs_c8IGJAxVOFFkFHSmIKh0QyecJegQIExAR) atom in the other.  14. Explain the role of electronegativity in the formation of polar covalent bonds Electronegativity is a measure of how "greedy" and atom is with regard to electron sharing Atoms with high electronegativity attract more of the electron and end up forming POLAR covalent bonds The atom with high electronegativity takes on a neg charge because its attracting the negatively charged electrons. The other atoms takes on a pos charge because they are getting less off the electron. 15. Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties (as relates to cell membranes) **Cell Membrane (made of 2 layers of phospholipids)**  Hydrophobic -- Water fearing (Ex. oil. Does not dissolve easily in water) Hydrophilic - Water loving (Dissolve easily in water) 16. Describe cell membrane structure (components and "fluidity) Fluidity means the membrane is Flexible See book/powerpoint for details on structure **Water Chemistry** 17. Describe the many unique properties of water and the role of polar covalent/hydrogen bonds in water in these unique properties Cohesion/adhesion a. Cohesion: Attraction of one water molecule to another water molecule - Helps water move from roots to leaves b. Adhesion: Attraction of one water molecule to a non-water substance - Surface Tension allows organism to live on the surface of the water. This characteristic is due to the cohesiveness of the water molecules at the surface of the water. c. Temperature Regulation: Water holds heat well and helps humans maintain body temp in the winter (warming) Water evaporates as sweat and helps humans maintain body temp in summer (cooling) d. Solvent: Because water is polar (+ and -) it breaks up other molecules and is a good solvent Very important in being able to transport solutes (dissolved molecules) in our bloodstream e. Becomes less dense when freezing (therefore floats) Ice floats. If it didn't life could not exist in water because lakes, rivers etc would freeze solid in winter. Hydrogen Bonds are formed because oxygen has a high electronegativity (attracts electrons more -- it is greedy)   **Organic Molecules/Macromolecules** 18. List the 4 organic molecules that make up living organisms - Carbohydrates - Proteins - Lipids - Nucleic Acids \* These molecules are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (some Phosphorus also) 19. Describe the structure/function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (must know the monomers of each and their structure also) Proteins ( Amino Acid Monomer) 1. Structural (they make the stuff of our body!) 2. Enzymes (control chemical reactions) 3. Hormones (control body reactions) 4. Storage 5. Transport (moving substances in and out of cells) 6. Cell signaling Carbohydrates ( monosaccharide) Main source of Energy Lipids ( Main source of Energy Also, they make up cells wall (phospholipids) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA monomers) Contain the information for making proteins List the common carbohydrates that are  20. Enzymes: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Some reactions are [anabolic] (join smaller molecules into larger ones) and some are [catabolic] (break down larger molecules into smaller ones). The diagram below is catabolic a. Enzymes are proteins that have a very specific shape that ONLY fits the substrate it. (called enzyme-substrate specificity. This is the "lock and key" idea (see diagram above) b. The shape of the enzyme is key to its ability to function. The enzyme shape does not change in the reaction **Cell Structure** 21. Outline the characteristics that ALL cells share (Pro and Euk) - CELL MEMBRANE - DNA - CYTOPLASM (Liquid portion of a cell) - RIBOSOMES (these are where proteins are assembled) 22. Distinguish between the structure of prokaryote vs eukaryote cells Prokaryotes do not have internal organelles (Nucleus, ER, Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes etc  Prokaryotes = Bacteria Eukaryotes= Non-bacteria 23. Explain the significance of surface area to volume ration in living cells.  Cells could never be large because large things (on right) have a much lower SA/Vol ratio than small things (on left). In small structures with a high SA/Vol ratio the exchange of materials (waste to remove and oxygen/glucose coming in) is very [quick and efficient] 24. Outline the structure and function of ALL eukaryotic organelles (need an image) Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus stores DNA. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body are involved in protein maturation and transport. Mitochondria generate usable energy for the cell. (See Power point/Book)