Respiratory System PDF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATION EVENTS OF RESPIRATION - Process of breathing in (O2) and out 1. Pulmonary ventilation (CO2) through respiratory system Moving air in and out of the lungs...

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATION EVENTS OF RESPIRATION - Process of breathing in (O2) and out 1. Pulmonary ventilation (CO2) through respiratory system Moving air in and out of the lungs 2. External respiration TYPES OF RESPIRATION Gas exchange between pulmonary 1. External Respiration blood and alveoli 2. Internal Respiration 3. Respiratory gas transport Transport of oxygen and carbon ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT dioxide via the bloodstream 1. The Conducting Portion 4. Internal respiration System of interconnecting cavities Gas exchange between blood and and tubes that conduct air into the tissue cells in systemic capillaries lungs. Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2. The Respiratory Portion That organ of body which System where the exchange of participate in respiration known as respiratory gasses occurs. Respiratory organ and that system Respiratory bronchioles, alveolary is Respiratory system. duct, alveoli The upper respiratory tract: Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx The lower respiratory tract: Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs TWO GROUPS FUNCTIONALLY The Conducting Portion System of interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct air into the lungs. FUNCTIONS Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi Oversees gas exchanges between The Respiratory Portion the blood and external environment System where the exchange of Exchange of gases takes place respiratory gasses occurs within the lungs in the alveoli (only Respiratory bronchioles, alveolary site of gas exchange, other duct, alveoli structures passageways) Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air Shares responsibility with cardiovascular system Created by: Charlie Suico  ANATOMY OF THE NASAL CAVITY Structures of the Pharynx Lateral walls have projections called Auditory tubes enter the conchae nasopharynx o Increases surface area Tonsils of the pharynx o Increases air turbulence o Pharyngeal tonsil within the nasal cavity (adenoids) in nasopharynx The nasal cavity is separated from o Palatine tonsils in the the oral cavity by the palate oropharynx o Anterior hard palate (bone) o Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue THE NOSE The only externally visible part of the respiratory system Air enters the nose through the external nares (nostrils) The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum PHARYNX (THROAT) Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx LARYNX Passage way for air, leads to trachea The voice box, where vocal chords Three regions of the pharynx are located o Nasopharynx – superior Routes air and food into proper region behind nasal cavity channels o Oropharynx – middle Plays a role in speech region behind mouth Made of eight rigid hyaline o Laryngopharynx – inferior cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap region attached to larynx of elastic cartilage (epiglottis) The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are the common passageways for air and food Created by: Charlie Suico  TRACHEA (WINDPIPE) Connects larynx with bronchi Lined with ciliated mucosa o Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air o Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away Structures of the Larynx from lungs Thyroid cartilage Walls are reinforced with C-shaped o Largest hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage o Protrudes anteriorly (adam’s Tube from pharynx to bronchi rings apple) of cartilage provide structure, keep Epiglottis the windpipe open. o Superior opening of larynx Lined with fine hairs called cilia o Routes food to the larynx which filter air before reaches lungs and air toward the trachea COVERINGS OF THE LUNGS Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity Pleural fluid fills the area between Both males and females develop Adam's layers of pleura to allow gliding apples, but they tend to stick out more in males than in females. This is because the male larynx generally grows bigger and faster during puberty. A larger larynx explains why males tend to have deeper and louder voices than females. Created by: Charlie Suico RESPIRATORY TREE DIVISIONS HUMAN RESPIRATION STEPS Primary bronchi Breathing Secondary bronchi Gaseous exchange Tertiary bronchi Gaseous transport Bronchioli Expiration Terminal bronchioli 1. BREATHING Taking and removal of gas Two steps o Inspiration (Inhalation) o Expiration (Exhalation) INSPIRATION Gas from atmosphere ® nostrils ® nasal chamber ® pharynx ® larynx ® trachea ® BRONCHI bronchi ® bronchioles ® alveoli Two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung EXHALATION Alveoli ® bronchioles ® bronchi ® trachea BRONCHIOLES ® larynx ® pharynx ® nasal chamber ® Smallest branches from the bronchi nostril ® atmospheric gas to lung tissue and to lung sacs Have reinforcing cartilage 2. GASEOUS EXCHANGE Terminal bronchioles end in alveoli a. In between blood vessels and lungs ALVEOLI The functional respiratory units in the lungs where gases (O2 and CO2) are exchanged (enter & exit b. In between blood vessels and body the blood stream) tissue Created by: Charlie Suico  3. GASEOUS TRANSPORT Fine hair and mucus lining Main function of blood is to Air is taken into body through nostril transport gas of nose Transport of O2 – most transported The nostril of nose consists of fine by Hb (red pigmen protein in hairs that lines the passage and also erythrocytes), (97%) lined with mucus O2 combine with hemoglobin to Fine hair of nostril - filter the air from form oxyhemoglobin dust, dirt, and microorganism Hb + O2 ® HbO2 Mucus – traps the dust and A small amount of O2 is transported facilitates smooth flow of air with its in solution in the blood plasma (3%) moist characteristic and other body fluid Then the air passes through the throat/windpipe/trachea which is surrounded by rings of cartilage What cells produce mucus in the lungs? In the airways – the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, the lining of mucus is produced by specialized airway epithelial cells called goblet cells, and submucosal glands. INTERESTING FACTS About half a liter of water/day is lost through breathing Yawning bring more O2 to lungs Right lung is larger than left lung We breathe 13 pints of air every CELLULAR RESPIRATION minute Occur inside the cells People under 30 take in double the Organism uses O2 and food to amount of O2 in comparison to 80 produce energy ATP and other e.g. years old water and CO2 Glucose + O2 ® ATP + H2O + CO2 NONRESPIRATORY AIR MOVEMENTS Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions Ex. Cough & sneeze – clears debris off lungs, laughing, crying, yawn, hiccup Created by: Charlie Suico  RESPIRATORY SOUNDS Two phases: Sounds are monitored with a o Inspiration – flow air into lung stethoscope o Expiration – air leaving lung Bronchial sound – produced by air INSPIRATION rushing through trachea and bronchi Diaphragm and intercostal muscles Vesicular breathing sounds – soft contract sounds of air filling alveoli The size of the thoracic cavity increases External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in interpulmonary volume EXHALATION Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity As muscles relax, air is pushed out 1. Crackles of the lungs High pitched Forced expiration can occur mostly Heard during inspiration by contracting internal intercostal Not cleared by cough muscles to depress the rub cage (Discontinuous) 2. Rhonchi EXTERNAL RESPIRATION Rumbling Oxygen movement into the blood Course sounds o The alveoli always has more Like a snore oxygen than the blood May clear with coughing or o Oxygen moves by diffusion suctioning (Continuous) towards the are of lower 3. Wheeze concentration Musical noise during o Pulmonary capillary blood inspiration/expiration gains oxygen Usually louder during Carbon dioxide movement out of expiration (continuous) the blood o Blood returning from MECHANICS OF BREATHING tissues has higher (PULMONARY VENTILATION) concentrations of carbon Completely mechanical process dioxide than air in the Depends on volume changes in the alveoli thoracic cavity o Pulmonary capillary blood Volume changes lead to pressure gives up carbon dioxide changes, which lead to the flow of Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen- gases to equalize pressure rich and carbon dioxide-poor Created by: Charlie Suico  GAS TRANSPORT IN THE BLOOD Oxygen transport in the blood o Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2]) o A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma Carbon dioxide transport in the blood o Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) o A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but a different binding sites than those of oxygen INTERNAL RESPIRATION Exchange of gases between blood COMMON RESPIRATORY DISORDER and body cells Caused by exposure to infection, An opposite reaction to what occurs pathogens, tobacco smoke, polluted air. in the lungs CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY o Carbon dioxide diffuses out DISEASE (COPD) of tissue to blood Most victims retain carbon dioxide, o Oxygen diffuses from blood are hypoxic and have respiratory into tissue acidosis Will develop respiratory failure EMPHYSEMA Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through Chronic inflammation leads to lung fibrosis Airways collapse during expiration Patients used a large amount of energy to exhale Over inflation of the lungs leads to permanently expanded barrel chest Cyanosis appears late in the disease Created by: Charlie Suico CHRONIC BRONCHITIS Mucosa of the lower resp. passages PULMONARY HYPERTENSION becomes severely inflamed — a type of high blood pressure that Mucus production increases affects the arteries in your lungs and Pooled mucus impairs ventilation the right side of your heart. and gas exchange — one form of PH, called pulmonary Risk of lung infection increases arterial hypertension (PAH), Pneumonia is common blood vessels in your lungs are Hypoxia and cyanosis occur early narrowed, blocked or destroyed. HYPOXIA PNEUMONIA Body is deprived of adequate — an infection that inflames the air oxygen supply sacs in one or both lungs. The carotid body, a cluster of — The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus specialized cells detects low oxygen (purulent material), causing cough levels in the blood and alerts the with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and brain. In response, the brain sends difficulty breathing. signals to increase breathing rate — A variety of organisms, including and constrict vessels in the lung, bacteria, viruses and fungi, can increases heart rate cause pneumonia. LUNG CANCER Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in US Increased by smoking Three common types o Squamous cell carcinoma o Adenocarcinoma o Small cell carcinoma ASTHMA Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing Created by: Charlie Suico