Research Methodology PDF

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY **Research Methodology**- is a chapter that show how the problem will be investigated; it is the chapter that contain the plan in collecting and analyzing data. Is a part discussing the following element: a. **Research design**- is very important aspect of rese...

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY **Research Methodology**- is a chapter that show how the problem will be investigated; it is the chapter that contain the plan in collecting and analyzing data. Is a part discussing the following element: a. **Research design**- is very important aspect of research methodology which describes the research mode whether quantitative or qualitative or mixed or the researcher use a specific type b. **Research Locale-** this discusses the place or setting of the study. It describes in brief the place where the study conducted. Is a term that refers to a specified area and/ or subject that is being studied in a research project. c. **Population and Sampling Procedure** **Population**- is the entire group that you want to draw conclusion about. A **SAMPLE** is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is always less than the total size of the population. **Sample**- is subset of the population. The process of selecting sample is known as sampling. **Two Types of Sampling Methods:** 1. **Probability Sampling**- involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. **Types of Probability Sampling Methods**: a. **Simple random Sampling**- in this case each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member or the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected. One way of obtaining a random sample is to give each individual in a population a number, and then use a table of random numbers to decide which individual to include. b. **Systematic Sampling-** Individual are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame. The interval are chosen to ensure an adequate sample size. c. **Stratified Sampling**- in this method, the population is first divided into subgroup (or strata) who all share a similar characteristics. It is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different subgroup, and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups. d. **Clustered Sampling**- the subgroups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population is divided into subgroup, known as cluster, which are randomly selected to be included in the study. **Types of Non- Probability Sampling Methods:** a. **Convenience Sampling**- is perhaps the easiest method of sampling, because participants are selected based on availability and willingness to take part. b. **Quata Sampling**. This method of sampling is often used by marked researchers. Interviewers are given a quota of subjects of a specified type to attempt to recruit. c. **Purposive Sampling**- (Judgement) also known as selective, r subjective, sampling this technique relies on the judgement of the researcher when choosing who to ask to participate. Researchers may implicitly thus choose a specifically approach individual with certain characteristics. d. **Snowball Sampling**- This method is commonly used in social sciences when investigating hard-to reach groups. Existing subject are asked to nominate further subjects known to them, so the sample increase in size like a rolling snowball. 2. **Non Probability Sampling**- Involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria allowing you to easily collect data. d. **Data Gathering (collection) Tools-** A systematic process of gathering the research data. Allow the researchers to gain first hand knowledge, information and original insights into a research problem. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Data Collection Method** | **Data Collection Tools** | +===================================+===================================+ | A. **Survey** | **A. Questionnaire** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 1. **Close ended | | | Questionnaire**. - refers to | | | any question in which the | | | responded is provided with | | | choices or option for his/her | | | answer | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | 2. **Unstructured Close ended | | | interview-.** Systematic | | | follow carefully organized | | | question that only allow a | | | limited range of answer such | | | as yes or no or expressly by | | | a rating/ number on a scale | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 1. Structured Interview or close | | | ended interview | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2. **Experimental Research** -- | | | the effect of independent | | | variable on the dependent | | | variable is observed and | | | recorded to draw a reasonable | | | conclusion. Regarding the | | | relationship to the variable. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ e. **Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument** **Reliability of a method** is the measure of consistency with which it measures something. The measurement shall be regarded as a reliable if it can consistently achieve a comparable result with the use of identical techniques provided that they are applied at similar condition. **Validity- refers** how accurately a method measures what is intended to measure. **Research Made Instrument**- refers to a measurement tool that are created by the researchers specially for the study. **Standardize Instrument-** is a pre-existing measurement tool that has been develop and validated by researcher. f. **Ethical Consideration** **Ethics**- are norm for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Or refers to rightness and wrongness of human act. g. **Data Gathering Procedure** 1. Narrate the data gathering process after the instrument has been created and approved 2. Discuss the various stages and procedure that were included in the data gathering process (securing of permit etc) 3. Include limitation encountered during the data gathering process. 4. Discuss distribution and recovery of the instrument. h. **Statistical Treatment**- subjecting our data to different but appropriate statistical formulas and processes. **Research Method-** is the strategy used in the collection of data for analysis to come up with new information or to understand a particular topic or phenomenon. Refer to the specific process used in carrying out research. **Research Methodology-** is a plan that contains the specificity of the research method.