Reproductive Health PDF

Reproductive Health A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction Reproductive Health Program Reproductive health and chid care program (RHC) Initiated in India in 1951 To aware people about reproduction related as...

Reproductive Health A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction Reproductive Health Program Reproductive health and chid care program (RHC) Initiated in India in 1951 To aware people about reproduction related aspects Provide facilities and support to create a reproductively healthy society Population Stabilization and Birth Control Population Explosion In 1900, world's population -> 2 billion By 2000, -> 6 billion In India, at independence -> 350 million May 2000, -> one billion According to 2000 census report -> population growth rate= 1.7% Impacts of population Reasons for population explosion Control Measures explosion Motivate smaller families by Scarcity of basic requirements Increased Health facility using contraceptive methods (food, shelter & clothing) Better living conditions Aware people about ""Hum Do, Hamare Do"" Rapid decline in death rate (We Two, Our Two) (Maternal motility Rate Statutory raising of marriageable age of female (18 years) & male (21 years) Infant Motility Rate Increase in reproducible people Features of Ideal Contraceptive No interfere with Easily Available Ideal Contraceptive sexual desire User Friendly Effective & Reversible No side effects Statutory ban for sex determination Test for presence of genetic disorders Determine survivability of foetus Amniocentesis Analyse foetal cells & dissolved substances by taking amniotic fluid of developing foetus Non Steroidal Developed by Saheli Also called scientists at (Oral Contraceptive "Once a week" CDRI, Lucknow, for Female) pill India Very few side effects & Highly contraceptive value Contraceptive Methods Natural/ Traditional Barrier Intrauterine Others Condoms Devices(IUDs) Orals Period Abstinence Diaphragms Non, meditated Injectibles Coitus Interruptus Surgical Cervical Caps Cu-releasing Lactational Hormone Amenorrhea Vaults Releasing  Contraceptive Methods Natural/ Traditional Avoid chances of ovum & sperm meeting Periodic Abstinence Coitus Lactational 1.Avoid coitus from day 10-17 of Amenorrhea menstrual cycle (fertile period) Interruptus Prevention of conception 2.Chances of fertilization are high Withdraw penis from vagina just by breastfeeding child. during this period that's why it's before ejaculation to avoid Ovulation and the cycle called fertile period insemination Also called " Withdrawal method" do not occur in lactation No side effects. Barrier Method Condoms Diaphragm Made of rubber/latex sheath Rubber, dome shapred structure Used to cover Penis/vagina/cervix before coitus Fits over cervix Prevent semen to enter in female reproductive tract Used in conjunction with spermicide A vaiginal pouch, sometimes called female condom Inserted by female upto 6 hours before intercourse Cervical Caps Vaults Resembles a diaphragm Made of rubber Smaller & more rigid Inserted in female cervix during coitus Fits snugly over the cervix Block the entry of sperm through Must be fitted by a healthcare cervix Reusable Condoms StDs & AIDs prevention Disposable Diaphragms decrease the risk of STDs but don't Protect fully against HIV Give privacy to user Spermicidal creams, gels & foams are used along with barriers  Contraceptive Methods Intra Uterine Devices(IUDs) Ideal for females who want to delay pregnancy Most used method in India Increase phagocytosis of sperms within uterus Non meditated Copper Releasing Hormone Releasing eg, Lippes Loop CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 Progesterone, LNG 20 Supress sperm motility & Make uterus unsuitable for fertilizing capacity implantation Cervix hostile to sperms Oral Contraceptive Pills/ Tablets Injectable Progesterone/ Progesterone+ Estrogen Dosage: For 21 days, preferably in first Contraceptive Injections or implants under skin days of menstrual cycle Action same as pills Inhibit ovulation & implantation Duration of action is longer Surgical Vasectomy Tubectomy Sterilization in males Sterilization in females Small part of Vas deferens is removed Small part of fallopian tube is removed Tied up through a small incision on or tied up through a small incision in scrotum abdomen or vagina Side effects: Nausea, Abdominal pain, break through, bleeding, irregular menstruation, breast cancer  Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTPs) Legalized by Indian Government in 1971 Safe during First trimester (first 12 weeks) Risky in 2nd & 3rd trimester To avoid unwanted pregnancy When continuation of pregnancy could be (due to failure of contraception or rapes) harmful for mother or foetus Sexually Transmitted STDs/ Venereal Diseases/ Reproductive Tract Infections Diseases (STDs) Diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse Disease Causes Other diseases include Gonorrhea Neisseria Gonorrhea (a bacterium) Genital Herpes Syphilis Treponema Pallidum Genital Warts Chlamydiasis Chlamydia Trachomatis Trichomoniasis AIDs Hepatitis B HIV Transmission of HIV & Hepatitis B Blood transfusion From infected mother to foetus Sharing needles or surgical instruments with infected person Early symptoms Still births Early symptoms Ectopic pregnancies Infertility Fluid discharge Pelvic Inflammatory diseases Pain in genitals Abortions Swelling in genitals Itching Reproductive Tract cancer Prevention Avoid sex with unknown Use condoms Go for clinical checkup  Infertility Inability of male or female to produce children Treatment of Infertility In vitro fertilization Intra cytoplasmic sperm injections Gamete Intra Fallopian transfer Artificial Insemination technique In vitro Fertilization IVF (Test Tube Baby program) Wife donor Husband donor Egg Sperm Under stimulated conditions in Laboratory Zygote Embryo with 8 blastomeres Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres Fallopian tube Gamete Intra Fallopian transfer (of female) Uterus Donor female (of female) Ovum Fallopian tube of Zygote Intra fallopian another woman Intra uterine transfer transfer (ZIFT) For females who cannot produce ovum (IUT) but can provide environment for fertilization & Intra cytoplasmic sperm injections Development A single sperm from male partner is injected directly into egg of female partner. The fertized egg is planted into uterus Artificial Insemination technique Problems of ART Semen from husband or male donor is Requires a highly artificially introduced in vagina professionalized handling useful for male infertility Expensive instruments Emotional, religious and social problem