Reading & Vocabulary Matter PDF

Reading & Vocabulary Biotechnology (L1) Matter Atoms The atom is the basic building block for all matter in the universe , whether...

Reading & Vocabulary Biotechnology (L1) Matter Atoms The atom is the basic building block for all matter in the universe , whether solid, liquid, or gas. Atoms are extremely small and are made up of a few even smaller particles called subatomic particles. The basic particles that make up an atom are electrons, protons, and neutrons. There are different kinds of atoms based on the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons each atom contains. Each different kind of atom makes up an element. There are 92 natural elements and up to 118 when you count in man-made elements. At the center of the atom is the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of the protons and neutrons. The electrons spin in orbits around the outside of the nucleus. The Proton The proton is a positively charged particle that is located at the center of the atom in the nucleus. The hydrogen atom is unique in that it only has a single proton and no neutron in its nucleus. Dr Ahlem Chelghoum Semester 1 (2022-2023)  Biotechnology READING & VOCABULARY (L1) The Electron The electron is a negatively charged particle that spins around the outside of the nucleus. Electrons spin so fast around the nucleus, scientists can never be 100% sure where they are located, but scientists can make estimates of where electrons should be. If there are the same number of electrons and protons in an atom, then the atom is said to have a neutral charge. Electrons are attracted to the nucleus by the positive charge of the protons. They are much smaller than neutrons and protons. About 1800 times smaller! The Neutron The neutron does not have any charge. The number of neutrons affects the mass and the radioactivity of the atom. Molecules Any time two atoms join together, they make a molecule. Molecules are neutral and carry no charge. They can have different shapes. Some are long spirals while others may be pyramid shaped. Compounds When atoms of different types of elements join together, they make molecules called compounds. Water consists of compound molecules made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. This is why it's called H2O. Other examples are carbon dioxide (C02), ammonia (NH3), and sugar or glucose (C6H12O6). Molecules and compounds are held together by forces called chemical bonds. There are two main types of bonds that hold most compounds together: covalent bonds and ionic bonds. Some compounds can have both types of bonds. Page 2  Biotechnology READING & VOCABULARY (L1) Covalent Bonds: They share electrons between atoms. This happens when it works out for atoms to share their electrons in order to fill their outer shells. Ionic Bonds: They form when one electron is donated to another. This happens when one atom gives up an electron to another in order to form a balance and, therefore, a molecule or compound. In other words, one atom receives an electron from another atom to form a stable molecule or compound. States of Matter Matter exists in three physical states, solid, liquid and gas. The atoms and molecules do not change, but the way they move about does. Water, for example, is always made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. However, it can take the state of liquid, solid (ice), and gas (steam). Matter changes state when more energy gets added to it. Energy is often added in the form of heat or pressure. Page 3  Biotechnology READING & VOCABULARY (L1) Solids All solids have a definite shape, and a definite volume. Strong forces of attraction hold particles together very tightly. Regular arrangement of particles. Particles vibrate about a fixed position, so the solid substance cannot flow. Solid particles have less energy than liquids and gases. Solids cannot be compressed because the particles are very close together. Liquids Weak forces of attraction hold liquid particles together, so they can move around each other. Random arrangement of particles As the particles can move past each other, they have no the liquid substance has no fixed shape. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of their containers. Liquid particles have more energy than solid particles, but less energy than gas particles Liquids cannot be compressed because the particles are closely packed together Gases Gas particles have no forces of attraction between the particles, so they move freely in all directions There is a random, spaced out arrangement of gas particles. Gases spread out to fill the shape of any container. Page 4  Biotechnology READING & VOCABULARY (L1) Gases have neither a definite volume, nor a definite shape. Gas particles have more energy than solid and liquid particles Gases can be compressed easily because there is more free space between particles Example: Water Solid water is called ice. This is water with the lowest energy and temperature. When solid, the molecules in water are held tightly together and do not move easily. A bloc of ice has both a definite shape and a definite volume; it does not need side support to maintain its shape. Neither its shape nor its volume can be easily changed by external pressure. Liquid water is just called water. As ice heats up it will change phases to liquid water. Liquid molecules are looser and can move about easily. Water occupies a definite volume, although its volume differs from that of ice, but water requires side support. Without this support, it spreads in all directions. If we wish to confine water, we must use a container, then water takes the shape of the container. But, because water occupies a definite volume, it has one free surface. Gas water is called steam or vapor. When water boils it will turn to vapor. These molecules are hotter, looser, and moving faster than the liquid molecules. They are more spread apart and can be compressed or squished. Steam is an example of matter in a gases state. In order to confine steam, a closed container is needed. Steam completely fills any container, no matter what its size, because steam has no definite volume. Since steam can be held only in a completely closed container, it has no free surface, and so it takes the shape of the container. Page 5  Biotechnology READING & VOCABULARY (L1) Activity One: Vocabulary Building Read the text carefully and define the following terms Atom: _________________________________________________________________ Particles: ______________________________________________________________ Electron: _______________________________________________________________ Neutron: ______________________________________________________________ Proton: _______________________________________________________________ Element: ______________________________________________________________ Nucleus: ______________________________________________________________ Molecule: _____________________________________________________________ Compound: ___________________________________________________________ Activity Two: Synonyms Find words close in meaning to the following Basic = …………………… Spin = …………………….. Estimate = ……………………….. Attracted = ……………………… Carry = ……………………… Shape: ……………………. Consist = …………………… Made up = …………………….. Bonds = ……………………… Definite = ……………………….. Tightly = …………………………. Page 6  Biotechnology READING & VOCABULARY (L1) Activity Three: Questions of Comprehension Q 1: What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Q 2: What is the difference between a molecule and a compound? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Page 7