Reading.docx

**Reading flexibility** is the goal of many reading classes. We used to think that **reading fast** is the goal of successful readers. However, the developments in reading research show that reading fast is **not** the only indicator of successful reading. READING FLEXIBILITY - is the ability to c...

**Reading flexibility** is the goal of many reading classes. We used to think that **reading fast** is the goal of successful readers. However, the developments in reading research show that reading fast is **not** the only indicator of successful reading. READING FLEXIBILITY - is the ability to choose appropriate reading skill\ and reading rate to meet one's reading **purpose** and to match **text type**, **familiarity** with the topic, and the **difficulty** of the words in the reading text. Characteristics of FLEXIBLE READERS - They have **clear reading goals**. They know when they need to read a text to get the main idea or to get specific details. - They **adjust their reading pace** depending on their goals and the difficulty of the text. - They are **not bothered by difficult [words]**, because they believe that they can understand the passage even if there are some unfamiliar words. Characteristics of FLEXIBLE READERS - They match their reading **strategies** and reading **goals**. - They know that they **do not have to read all** reading passages **intensively**. - They know when to skim, scan, or preview certain texts. - They **read a lot**, because they want to learn new things. **Reading building blocks** **Limited vocabulary** **Lack of concentration** **Lack of clear purpose in reading** **Lack of confidence in your reading ability** **Limited awareness and use of strategies** **Goal-oriented reading** **Effective strategy use** **Self-directed reading** **Constant practice** **READING SKILLS** READING SKILLS AND PURPOSES +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Skills | Purposes | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Rapid Reading | Fast reading to get the main idea | | | (skim) or to locate specific | | 2. Previewing | information (scan) in a text. | | | | | 3. Literal reading | Surveying to get a bird's eye | | | view of a text. | | 4. Inferential reading | | | | Nothing and relating details | | 5. Critical reading | looking for context clues | | | Identifying text patterns and | | | development. | | | | | | Drawing conclusions and | | | predicting outcome based on | | | information in the text. | | | | | | Distinguishing facts from | | | opinions and evaluating tone, | | | implications, and propaganda | | | tools | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Text** - is a large unit of written language. It is actually connected *discourse*. It is a group of ideas\ put together to make a point or one central idea. **Discourse** - is a mere expression of ideas. Discourse can be an utterance, talk, speech, discussion, conversation, etc. **I. Narration -** the most basic pattern of development. Describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence actually happened**.** Used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events **Components of Narrative Text** **1. Logical Actions -** are considered the very movements within the plot or the narrative that drive the characters forward, be it during the dialogue, or within a scene. **2. Way of Narration -** refers to how the writer presents the story**.** includes the pace by which scenes are given out. **Clipped Narration** - where the writer only writes the most important event andgives the general picture of what happened. This type of narration is concise yet informative. **Paced narration** -where the writer writes about each event and provides specific details about what happened. This type of narration is very vivid and complete. **3. Terminology**- places emphasis on the fact that concepts are critical to the narration **Concrete Terms -** words that identify things, places, and events that can be measured and observed. Terms that have physical manifestation in our world **Abstract Terms** - refer to ideas or concepts that are intangible **General Terms** - commonly used to denote groups. Example: furniture **Specific term** - refer to an individual component of the group Examples: cabinets, desks, chairs **II. Description -** the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance. **Varieties of Description** **1. Objective Description -** looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible. **2. Subjective Description -** a sort of description that the author would normally use to "paint a picture" of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to see a character. **III. Definition** - explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc. **Varieties of Definition** **1. Scientific Definition** - defines concepts in the most factual way, which is often used in scientific, proper, or real world facts. 2\. Subjective Definition - defines the objects in a more personal Way. usually derived from the author\'s own experiences and opinion. often used by a writer to state something from the point of view of the characters or in relation to the setting **IV.Classification and Exemplification** **Classification -** divides things into groups, classes, or categories**.** organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards **Exemplification -** provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject matter**.** presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea. **V. Comparison and Contrast** **-** organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another **a. separately -** involves describing one item first followed by the second item **b. side-by-side -** involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison **VI. Cause and Effect** \- explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces. **VII. Problem-Solution** \- focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation **VIII. Persuasion** \- convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic. A well-written text is like a connect-the- dots picture. Once the dots are properly connected, the image or message becomes clear and understandable. **Properties of a well-written text** **Organization** refers to the arrangement of the ideas in a text. ▷ Outline is the key to organization of ideas: Main idea to support details **Coherence** refers to the unity of ideas, sentences, and paragraphs in a text. ▷ This could be achieved by using transitional devices or signal words. **Cohesion** refers to the connection of ideas at the sentence level, or the grammatical aspects of writing. **Mechanics** refers to the conventions of writing such as capitalization, punctuation, correct spelling and numerals, abbreviation, acronyms, and contractions.