Rationale 1-150 PDF

Rationale: 1- 50 correlations occur when individuals actively seek environments that match their genetic 1. B. Klinefelter syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome is a...

Rationale: 1- 50 correlations occur when individuals actively seek environments that match their genetic 1. B. Klinefelter syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome is a predispositions. A student with intelligent parents chromosomal disorder where males have an extra X who actively seeks out libraries to enhance learning is chromosome, resulting in an XXY karyotype instead of an example of this. the typical XY. This condition is characterized by symptoms such as reduced testosterone levels and C. A lady with a schizophrenic mother becomes infertility. schizophrenic. describes a genetic disorder (schizophrenia) rather than a correlation type. Down syndrome involves an extra chromosome 21, not an extra X chromosome. D. A dancer parents with kids inclined to dancing creates a good surrounding conducive to dancing. Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation on the X describes a passive correlation where parents create chromosome but does not involve having an extra a conducive environment based on their own chromosome. interests. Passive genotype-environment correlations Turner syndrome is characterized by a single X occur when parents provide an environment that chromosome in females (XO), not an additional X complements their own genetic predispositions, chromosome in males. influencing their child's development indirectly. 2. D. Sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is a 7. D. Neither A nor B is true. Broca’s area is involved genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, causing in speech production, while Wernicke’s area is them to become rigid and shaped like a crescent or involved in language comprehension. sickle, which can lead to various complications. It is 8. B. Anxious-ambivalent. The anxious-ambivalent most common among individuals of African descent. attachment style is characterized by insecurity due to Phenylketonuria is a metabolic disorder affecting inconsistent or unavailable caregiving. This results in amino acid metabolism. a child who is anxious and ambivalent about the caregiver. Hemophilia is a blood disorder affecting clotting factors. Secure is characterized by stable and reliable caregiving. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder affecting the respiratory and digestive systems, not red blood cells. Anxious-avoidance involves caregivers who are consistently unresponsive. 3. C. Chorionic villus sampling. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a prenatal diagnostic procedure Disorganized involves confusion or fear in response where a small sample of the placenta is taken to test to the caregiver’s behavior, not just inconsistency. for genetic disorders. 9. B. Theory of mind. Theory of mind is the ability to Ultrasound Sonography is a non-invasive imaging understand that others have different thoughts, technique that visualizes the fetus but does not beliefs, and perspectives from one's own. This is involve tissue sampling. crucial for social interactions and empathy. Amniocentesis involves taking a sample of amniotic Egocentrism is the inability to see things from others' fluid, not placenta. perspectives, the opposite of theory of mind. Maternal Blood Screening tests for markers in the Self-awareness refers to recognizing oneself as an mother's blood but does not involve sampling from the individual. placenta. Object permanence is understanding that objects 4-6. A. A happy child smiles and becomes friendly continue to exist even when not seen. to others. is an example of an evocative correlation 10. C. Symbolic Representation. Symbolic Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur representation is the ability to use symbols (like words when an individual’s genetic traits elicit specific or images) to represent objects and concepts, which responses from the environment. A happy child who is a critical skill in language development. smiles and becomes friendly is an example of how their genetic disposition can influence their social Object permanence involves understanding that interactions. objects continue to exist even when not visible. B. A student with intelligent parents looks for Fine motor control relates to small muscle libraries to learn more. Active genotype-environment movements, not language development. Sensory perception involves processing sensory syndrome will always have intellectual disabilities, as information, not symbolic use. the degree of intellectual impairment can vary. 11. C. Morality evolves through stages of reasoning. 18. Only B. is true. Bilingualism is shown to enhance Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development executive function skills such as attention switching posits that morality progresses through a series of and problem-solving. The idea that bilingualism leads stages, each representing a higher level of moral to confusion or delays in language acquisition is a reasoning. This staged approach highlights how misconception. individuals develop more complex and abstract moral 19. Only B. is true. Adolescents experience a surge in reasoning over time. intrinsic motivation and desire for independence and 12. C. Both A and B. Research indicates that maternal self-discovery, which is a significant part of their stress during pregnancy can increase the risk of development. While peer pressure and social various developmental issues in children, including acceptance are also important, the emphasis in this both Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention question is on the intrinsic motivation aspect. Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, both (a) 20. Only B. is true. Early attachment patterns can and (b) are supported by evidence. influence later relationships, but they are not 13. B. Unconditional love and responsive determinative. Personal choices and life experiences caregiving in early childhood. Attachment theory also significantly impact future relationships. emphasizes the critical role of unconditional love and 21. Only B. is true. Moral development is shaped not res ponsive caregiving in forming secure attachments only by individual cognitive processes but also by in early childhood. This foundation supports sociocultural contexts, which results in varied emotional and social development. expressions of morality across different cultures and 14. C. Offers a safe space to express emotions and societies. While stages offer a framework, there’s no experiment with identities. Play is crucial for universal sequence, and cultural contexts childhood development as it provides a space for significantly influence moral reasoning. children to express emotions, explore different roles, 22. A. Sperm carry either a Y or an X chromosome, and experiment with identities. This helps in social, while ova have an X chromosome. Sperm cells carry emotional, and cognitive development. The other either an X or a Y chromosome, determining the sex of options are incorrect because: the offspring, whereas ova (egg cells) always carry an 15. A. Egocentrism. In Piaget’s theory, egocentrism is X chromosome. demonstrated when a child cannot see things from 23. B. Observation and imitaiton. Social Learning perspectives other than their own. Believing that the Theory emphasizes that individuals learn behaviors by moon disappears because they cannot see it reflects observing and imitating others, rather than through this egocentric thinking. direct reinforcement or punishment. This approach Conservation of volume refers to understanding that highlights the role of modeling in learning. quantity remains the same despite changes in shape. 24. A. The embryonic period. The embryonic period Object permanence is the understanding that begins approximately three weeks after conception, objects continue to exist even when not seen. marking the stage when major organs and structures begin to form. 16. B. Conservation. During the concrete operational stage, children develop the ability to understand The fetal period begins later, around nine weeks after conservation, which is the concept that quantity conception. remains the same despite changes in shape or The gestational period encompasses the entire arrangement. pregnancy, not just the three-week mark. Abstract reasoning is developed in the formal The germinal period covers the first two weeks after operational stage. conception. Symbolic thought is a characteristic of the 25. D. Cohort. A cohort refers to a group of individuals preoperational stage. who experience the same event or period in time, such 17. Only B. is true. Early intervention can significantly as classmates who graduated in the same year. support cognitive development in children with Down 26. B. A substance or condition that can increase syndrome, improving their outcomes. However, it is the risk of prenatal abnormalities. A teratogen is any not accurate to say that all children with Down substance or condition that can cause malformations commitment. Bryan is exploring different career paths or increase the risk of developmental abnormalities in but has not committed to one, fitting the moratorium a fetus. status. 27. B. Genotype The genotype refers to the complete Foreclosure involves committing to an identity set of genetic information an organism carries. This without exploration. includes all the genes inherited from both parents. Achievement refers to having made a commitment Genome refers to the entire DNA sequence, but after exploration. genotype specifically refers to the genetic makeup. Diffusion is characterized by a lack of commitment Zygote is the fertilized egg, not the genetic heritage. and exploration. Gamete refers to sex cells (sperm or ova), not the 35. B. Sandwich generation. The sandwich entire genetic inheritance. generation refers to individuals who are simultaneously caring for their children and their aging 28. B. One ovum is fertilized by one sperm, and then parents. This term best describes the situation of splits to form two clusters. Monozygotic twins, or taking care of both groups. identical twins, are produced when a single fertilized ovum splits into two embryos, resulting in two Empty-nest syndrome refers to parents experiencing genetically identical individuals. sadness when their children leave home. (A) Two ova fertilized by a single sperm; and (C) Two Biological clock relates to reproductive timing and ova fertilized by two different sperms describe aging. fraternal twins. Emerging adulthood describes a phase of life 29. B. Heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and between adolescence and full adulthood. reflexes. The Apgar scale evaluates five vital signs: 36. D. Endorses the discontinuity view. The notion heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes, that development occurs in stages is consistent with to assess the health of a newborn immediately after the discontinuity view, which suggests that birth. development involves distinct and separate stages. 30. D. Speeds up the nerve impulse transmission 37. B. Symbolic representation. Symbolic between neurons. Myelination involves the formation representation is not a characteristic of the of a fatty sheath around nerve fibers, which increases sensorimotor stage; it develops later during the the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse preoperational stage. The sensorimotor stage transmission. includes object permanence, lack of conservation 31. B. Infant’s attachment to their mothers. Mary abilities, and trial-and-error problem-solving. Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" experiment is 38. Only B. is true. Brain scans provide valuable designed to assess the quality of an infant's information but cannot definitively diagnose attachment to their caregiver, specifically their developmental disorders or predict future potential mother. without considering other factors. 32. A. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). It is a disorder 39. Only B. is true. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory that occurs in infants as a result of alcohol exposure highlights how cognitive development is influenced by during pregnancy, leading to physical and interactions with cultural tools and practices. developmental abnormalities. 40. Only B. is true. Future relationships are built on 33. B. Assimilation. Assimilation occurs when a child the brain connections and emotional control that are incorporates new information into existing schemas. shaped by early attachment patterns. The past In this case, Linda sees a cat and calls it a "doggy," traumas might not entirely disappear, but intervention demonstrating assimilation as she fits the cat into her can aid in the development of coping skills and existing concept of a "doggy." healthier relationships. Accommodation would involve adjusting existing 41. Only B. is true. While hormonal changes play a schemas or creating new ones to incorporate new role, adolescence is also a time of cognitive information. maturation. While emotionally might fluctuate, 34. D. Moratorium. The moratorium status describes adolescents develop sophisticated reasoning skills individuals who are actively exploring various options and engage in future-oriented thinking. and are in a state of crisis, but have not yet made a 42. Only A. is true. Piaget’s stages provide a helpful Rationale: 51- 100 organizing principle, but development is not always 51. C. Cultural transmission. Cultural transmission linearor universal. Rates and sequences vary across is the process by which culture, including beliefs, individuals and cultures, and environmental factors customs, and practices, is passed from one like access to resources and learning opportunities generation to another. can impact specific skills acquisition. Genomic inheritance refers to the transmission of 43. Only A. is true. While initially navigating two genetic material, not cultural practices. languages can be demanding, research suggests bilingualism offers cognitive benefits beyond Cultural assimilation involves one culture being language proficiency. Juggling two systems enhances absorbed by another, not the generational passing executive function skills and promotes cognitive down of cultural beliefs. flexibility, multitasking, and even problem-solving Genetic variation refers to the differences in genes abilities. between individuals, unrelated to cultural practices. 44. Only B. is true. Morality is complex and influenced 52. B. Identical twins share 100% of their genes, by various factors. While cognitive development plays while fraternal twins share 50%.Identical twins a role, social interactions, cultural contexts, (monozygotic) come from a single fertilized egg that emotional processing, and exposure to diverse splits, so they share 100% of their genetic material. perspectives all shape how individuals understand Fraternal twins (dizygotic) develop from two separate and practice morality. eggs, making them share about 50%, just like regular 45. Only B. is true. Authoritarian parenting can lead to siblings. fear, resentment, and lack of intrinsic motivation. 53. B. Epigenetics.The field of epigenetics Authoritative parenting, with clear boundaries investigates how environmental influences can combined with warmth and responsiveness, modify a gene’s expression, resulting in altered promotes children’s sense of responsibility, behavior and psychological characteristics. cooperation, and positive self-esteem. Genetics is the study of genes, but it does not focus 46. Only A. is true. Standardized tests have on the interaction between genes and the limitations. They often reflect cultural biases, neglect environment. diverse learning styles, and miss essential aspects of intelligence like creativity, critical thinking, and Genomics is the study of the entire genome, not the emotional intelligence. interaction with environmental factors. 47. Only B. is true. Development is influenced by the Genetic counseling involves advising individuals dynamic interaction between genetic and about their genetic makeup and potential inherited environmental factors, rather than being solely conditions, but not environmental interactions. determined by genetics. 54. A. A precise point in growth when a particular 48. C. Higher self-esteem and emotional resilience. thing happens and has a big impact. A critical period Secure attachment provides a foundation for healthy is a specific time during development when certain social-emotional development. skills or abilities must be acquired, or they may never fully develop. 49. A. Genotype. The genotype refers to the specific genetic composition of an individual, encompassing 55. D. Behavioral genetics. The field of study that the range of genetic possibilities inherent in their DNA. explores the influence of genetic factors on behavior, personality, and psychological traits. 50. C. Eye color. Eye color is a hereditary trait, determined by genetic factors. 56. B. By natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which advantageous traits become more common in a population because they improve survival or reproduction. Mutation in the genetic code involves random changes in genes, but not all mutations are beneficial or passed down. Recombination of genes refers to the mixing of genes during reproduction but does not specifically favor survival or reproduction. Genetic sway is not a recognized term in evolutionary location of genes.Phenotype refers to observable biology. traits, not the gene’s location. 57. B. Parenting style.One environmental component 65. A. Musical talent. Musical talent can be that might have a big impact on child’s development is influenced by genetic predispositions and their parenting style. It encompasses characteristics environmental factors such as exposure to music and like responsiveness, discipline, and warmth that practice. affect behavioral and emotional growth. 66. C. The study of epigenetics. Epigenetics 58. C. Hereditary.Hereditary refers to traits and investigates how gene expression is affected by characteristics that are passed from parents to their environmental factors without changing the DNA offspring through genes. sequence. 59. C. The investigation of gene activity variations Molecular biology focuses on the molecular without changes to DNA sequence. Epigenetics mechanisms of biological activity, not gene- examines how gene expression can be altered by environment interaction. environmental factors without changing the Ecology is the study of organisms and their underlying DNA sequence. environments, not specifically gene-environment 60. A. Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget proposed a theory of interactions. Ecological science is another term for cognitive development that includes both biological ecology, unrelated to epigenetics. (nature) and environmental (nurture) influences, 67. A. Genetic components. Genetic components emphasizing how children interact with their play a significant role in determining IQ, although surroundings to develop intellectually. environment can also influence it. Erik Erikson focused more on psychosocial 68. D. Lifespan development. Lifespan development development stages. refers to the continuous interaction between genetics Lev Vygotsky emphasized the social aspects of and environmental factors throughout a person's life. cognitive development, but not specifically nature vs. 69. C. Healthcare accessibility. Healthcare nurture. accessibility directly impacts a person's health and B.F. Skinner focused on behaviorism, emphasizing well-being by affecting access to treatments and environmental factors over biological ones. preventive care. 61. A. Heredity.Heredity refers to the genetic 70. A. Heritability. Heritability refers to the proportion transmission of traits from parents to offspring, which of variation in a trait within a population that can be explains the physical differences between siblings. attributed to genetic differences. 62. C. Aggression.Aggression can be influenced by Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution genetic predispositions (e.g., temperament) and characterized by random fluctuations of a particular environmental factors (e.g., upbringing, social version of a gene (allele) in a population. context). Allelic frequency refers to how common an allele is in 63. B. Cystic fibrosis.Cystic fibrosis is a genetic a population, unrelated to heritability. disorder passed down through families, caused by Genetic recombination is the process by which mutations in the CFTR gene. genes are shuffled during reproduction, not a measure Diabetes type 2 has both genetic and environmental of trait variability. components, making heredity less of a sole factor. 71. A. Social Cultural Theory. The Zone of Proximal Cancer of the lung can be influenced by Development (ZPD) is part of Vygotsky's Social environmental factors such as smoking. Cultural Theory, which emphasizes the role of social interaction in learning and development. Being overweight is influenced by both genetics and lifestyle choices, but not solely heredity. Attachment Theory focuses on the emotional bonds between a child and caregiver, unrelated to ZPD. 64. B. Locus. Locus refers to the specific location of a Psychosomatic Theory deals with the interaction of gene on a chromosome. the mind and body in illness, not learning. Social Allele is a variant form of a gene.Genotype refers to Development Theory is too broad and explains that the genetic makeup of an organism, not the specific socialization directly affects the process of learning. 72. C. Phonemes. Phonemes are the smallest units of 78. B. Nicotine and alcohol. Nicotine and alcohol are sound in a language that can differentiate meaning, common teratogens that can harm fetal development such as the difference between /p/ and /b/. when consumed by the mother during pregnancy. Grammar refers to the rules governing sentence 79. B. Piaget’s cognitive development theory. structure. Piaget's cognitive development theory introduced the concept of schemas, which are mental frameworks Prefix is a type of morpheme added to the beginning that help children understand and interact with the of a word to modify its meaning. world. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, which Erikson’s psychosocial development theory focuses can be a whole word or a part of a word like a prefix or on social and emotional stages. Harlow’s attachment suffix. theory is about emotional bonds, not cognitive 73. B. Syntax. Syntax refers to the rules that govern the schemas. Kohlberg’s moral development theory structure of sentences, determining the correct word focuses on moral reasoning, not schemas. order in a language. 80. A. Contextual. Contextual development refers to Semantics deals with the meaning of words and the idea that human development is shaped by a sentences, not structure. variety of factors such as family, culture, and time period, which aligns with Baltes’ perspective. Morphemes are units of meaning, not sentence structure. Phonemes are sound units, unrelated to Multidirectional suggests development can move in word order. multiple directions but does not emphasize the impact of context. 74. B. Disorganized. Disorganized attachment involves erratic behavior, including confusion, fear, Multidimensional refers to the idea that development and alternating between anger and withdrawal. This involves multiple aspects (physical, cognitive, social), occurs when the child experiences inconsistent or not just the influence of context. frightening caregiving. Plastic means that development is flexible, which is Ambivalent attachment is characterized by important but not related to context. clinginess and difficulty being comforted. 81. B. Normative history-graded influence. Avoidant attachment shows the child avoiding Normative age-graded influence relates to biological contact with the caregiver. or environmental influences that are typical at certain ages (e.g., puberty). Secure attachment involves trust and comfort in the caregiver's presence. Normative history-graded influences refer to social changes or common events that affect large groups of 75. B. Newborn’s cheek is touched. The rooting people during specific periods, such as retirement reflex occurs when a newborn's cheek is touched, norms. causing the baby to turn toward the stimulus, seeking to suckle. Non-normative life event refers to unique, individual experiences. Non-normative socioemotional event Newborn’s foot is tickled would trigger the Babinski refers to atypical emotional experiences. reflex, not rooting. Newborn hears a loud noise would trigger the startle reflex (Moro reflex). 82. A. The environments in which the person resides and engages in daily activities. The 76. D. A young child’s psychological and microsystem is the immediate environment in which a physiological characteristics are influenced by his person interacts directly, like family, school, and surroundings. Temperament refers to the innate traits peers. that influence how children experience and react to the world. It includes psychological and physiological 83. A. Real-world validity. Naturalistic observation characteristics. allows researchers to study behaviors in real-world settings, giving them high ecological validity. 77. C. Zygote, embryo, fetus. The three stages of prenatal development are zygote (fertilized egg), 84, A. Cross-sectional Cross-sectional designs embryo (early development stage), and fetus (later involve comparing different age groups at the same development before birth). point in time. Longitudinal design studies the same individuals over time. Latin squares is a statistical design, unrelated to psychosexual stages of development focus on the developmental studies. impact of early interactions. Correlational design measures the relationship Erikson – Psychosocial Theory also acknowledged between variables, not age differences. the importance of early experiences but focused more on social factors across the lifespan. 85. B. Only B is true The statement, “Changes in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains Piaget – Cognitive Developmental Theory focused happen all at once” is not entirely true. While there is on cognitive development, not personality. often some overlap, changes in these domains don’t Vygotsky – Sociocultural Cognitive Theory always occur simultaneously and can differ in pace emphasized social learning but did not focus on and timing throughout our lives. personality development in early childhood. 86. A. Only A is true. A is correct as puberty is initiated 92. A. Scribbling down notes in pencil. Fine motor by hormonal changes (e.g., the release of sex skills involve small, precise movements, such as hormones). writing or manipulating objects with fingers. Others B is incorrect because puberty is the result of these are examples of gross motor skills, which involve hormonal changes, not the other way around. larger muscle groups and broader movements. 87. A. Only A is true. A is correct because Kohlberg's 93. C. Swimming across a pool. Gross motor skills theory posits that moral development follows a fixed involve large muscle movements, such as swimming, sequence where one cannot skip stages. running, or jumping. Others involve fine motor skills, which require more precision and control. B is false because Kohlberg did not support the idea that one can skip stages, even in rare circumstances. 94. C. “dodo” for bottle. Holophrasic speech refers to when infants use single words to express complex 88. A. Only A is true. A is correct as there is strong ideas. Saying “dodo” for "bottle" is an example of this. evidence that cognitive, physical, and psychosocial factors interact and influence each other. 95. B. Postconventional Postconventional morality, according to Kohlberg, involves thinking beyond B is incorrect as it suggests the influence is indirect, oneself and considering broader principles, such as which is less supported compared to the direct justice and human rights. interactions of these domains. Preconventional morality is focused on self-interest 89. B. Only B is true. B is correct as Piaget believed and avoiding punishment. that as children grow, their cognitive structures (schemes) become more complex. Conventional morality involves following rules and norms but is not yet concerned with higher principles. A is incorrect as Piaget did not propose that children have implicit understanding beyond their observable 96. C. Identical twins. Identical twins result from a schemes. single fertilized ovum splitting into two, resulting in genetically identical individuals. 90. C. Conservation. Conservation is the concept that quantity remains the same despite changes in Fraternal twins arise from two separate ova being shape or arrangement, a key part of Piaget’s concrete fertilized by two different sperm. operational stage. Multiple birth refers to any instance of more than one Seriation is the ability to arrange objects in order baby being born (e.g., twins, triplets). Twin birth is a based on a characteristic. general term for the birth of twins, but does not specify if they are identical or fraternal. Decentering is the the ability to objectively view thoughts and feelings from a third-person perspective 97. D. Germ cells. Germ cells (sperm and eggs) so that they can be considered as events rather than contain only 23 chromosomes, not 23 pairs, as they truths about the self. are haploid cells intended for reproduction. Holophrase refers to single-word utterances used by Red blood cells don’t have a nucleus, so they don’t infants to express complex ideas. contain chromosomes. 91. A. Freud. Freud emphasized that early childhood Bone marrow cells and White blood cells both have experiences, particularly within the first five years, are 23 pairs of chromosomes. critical in shaping an individual’s personality. His 98. D. 1-3 years The stage of autonomy vs. shame and Rationale: 101-150: doubt occurs in early childhood (1-3 years), where 101. A. Down’s syndrome. Down syndrome is caused children begin to assert independence. by trisomy 21, where a child has three copies of 99. D. Rationalization. Rationalization is a defense chromosome 21. mechanism where an individual justifies improper Turner syndrome is due to a missing or partially behavior with logical reasons. missing X chromosome, affecting females. Mesmerization means to have someone’s attention Klinefelter syndrome occurs in males with an extra X completely so that they cannot think of anything else, chromosome (XXY), not chromosome 21. like a hypnosis. 102. Reinforcement. This was the key factor in Aggression is an outward, hostile response. Skinner’s operant conditioning experiments. By Projection involves attributing one’s own providing rewards (positive reinforcement) or unacceptable feelings to others. removing unpleasant stimuli (negative reinforcement) upon a desired behavior, he encouraged the organism 100. D. None of the above. The superego operates to repeat that behavior, effectively shaping learning. based on moral principles (internalized societal rules) rather than the pleasure principle (driving the id) or the 103. Repression. It involves blocking distressing reality principle (driving the ego). thoughts or feelings, which can include rejecting aspects of reality. Denial is rejecting specific facts, but not necessarily all of reality. Regression involves returning to an earlier developmental stage when faced with stress. Rationalization involves making excuses for unacceptable behavior or feelings. 104. A. Head-to-foot direction. Cephalocaudal development refers to growth and development starting from the head down to the feet. Centre-periphery direction. This refers to proximodistal development, which is from the center of the body outward. Maturational direction. This is a more general term for the sequence of growth, not specific to head-to- foot development. Differentiation refers to the process by which cells or systems become specialized. 105. D. Klinefelter’s syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome involves males having an extra X chromosome (XXY), causing the imbalance in sex chromosomes. Down syndrome is due to an extra chromosome 21, not the X chromosome. Turner syndrome involves a missing X chromosome, but this question refers to an imbalance rather than absence. 106. B. Formal operational stage. The formal operational stage, according to Piaget, is when abstract thinking and hypothetico-deductive reasoning begin. Concrete operational stage. In this stage, children 111. C. We transcend. While humans grow and use logical thinking but are limited to concrete objects change, "transcend" refers to moving beyond the and experiences. physical realm, which is not a universal aspect of development in psychology. Pre-operational stage. This stage involves symbolic thinking, but logical reasoning is not yet fully 112. A. Development is lifelong. While humans grow developed. and change, "transcend" refers to moving beyond the physical realm, which is not a universal aspect of Sensorimotor stage. This stage is characterized by development in psychology. sensory experiences and motor actions, not reasoning. Development is multidimensional - This refers to the many aspects (physical, cognitive, emotional) of 107. D. Phallic stage. The Oedipus complex occurs development, but it does not emphasize learning during the phallic stage, where children develop throughout life. unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent. A. The latency stage is a period of calm in psychosexual Development is multidirectional - This suggests that development. development can proceed in different directions (gains and losses), but it doesn't focus on the The genital stage occurs during adolescence, where continuous nature of learning. sexual interests mature. Development is contextual - This refers to the The oral stage is the earliest stage focused on oral influence of different environments (social, cultural) pleasures. on development, but it does not emphasize lifelong 108. A. Freud and Erikson. Both Freud and Erikson learning. developed theories that combine psychoanalysis with 113. C. Brushing teeth. Fine motor skills involve development, focusing on stages of emotional small, precise movements. growth. 114. C. Both A and B are true. A is true because Pavlov and Skinner - These are behaviorists, not development includes change across the lifespan, psychoanalysts. and B is true because development also involves Vygotsky and Piaget - These theorists focused on decline in abilities as people age. cognitive development, not psychoanalytic learning. 115. D. Multiphasic. This is not a recognized aspect Bronfenbrenner developed ecological systems of the life-span perspective. Development is not theory, and Watson was a behaviorist, neither described as multiphasic (having multiple stages) in focused on psychoanalysis. the same way the other options are. 109. B. Learning. Learning theories, like those of Multidimensionality - This is an aspect, referring to Skinner and Bandura, emphasize how the how development involves multiple factors environment shapes behavior. (biological, cognitive, emotional). Behavioral - Though behavioral theory does involve Multidirectionality - This refers to how development the environment, it focuses narrowly on observable includes both growth and decline. behaviors rather than long-term behavior adjustment. Multidisciplinary - This reflects how many fields 110. B. Cognitive perspective. The cognitive (psychology, biology, sociology) study development. perspective emphasizes mental processes like 116. A. Brain activity. Plasticity refers to the brain's thinking, perception, and memory and how they ability to adapt and change in response to influence behavior. experiences, especially in early life and during Learning perspective focuses on how experiences learning. shape behavior through conditioning, not mental Human capacity - While plasticity reflects processes. adaptability, it more specifically refers to brain and Contextual perspective looks at development within neural changes, not overall human capacity. the context of relationships, culture, and the 117. D. All of the above. Historical aspects have environment. rather indirect impact to our development due to Evolutionary perspective focuses on how natural changed environmental landscape we are growing selection and evolution influence behavior, not that were shaped by various historical events; mental processes. Economic aspects directly impact our health and 126. A. First statement is true, the second is false. opportunities that has direct influence on our Freud’s theory is heavily influenced by biology as he development; believes that our development is influenced by sex and aggression, but he also emphasizes the role of Cultural aspects impact human development due to nurture in shaping our personality. the practices and traditions that we are subjected. 127. C. Both statements are true. The continuity 118. A. First statement is true, the second is false. model suggests gradual development, while the Biology and culture have equal importance in terms of discontinuous model suggests development occurs in its impact in human growth and development that stages. involves maintenance and regulation of loss. 128. D. Both statements are false. The first 119. B. Culture. Though all listed aspects have statement is incorrect because the nature vs. nurture influences to human development, culture arguably debate "does" focus on heredity and environment. The has the most one because it has a more direct impact second statement is also false, as environmental in terms of our rearing practices, beliefs development, features don't directly dictate hereditary roles. worldviews, and overall changes across the lifespan. 129. A. Rooting reflex. The rooting reflex is when an 120. D. Ecological view. The ecological view infant turns toward the side that was touched, often in emphasizes how perception allows organisms to search of food. interact with and adapt to their environments effectively. 130. A. Allele. An allele is a variant of a gene and part of an individual’s genotype (genetic makeup), not a Dynamic systems theory focuses on how complex phenotype (observable trait). Other choices are behaviors emerge from simpler interactions over time. examples of phenotype. Sociological theory focuses on how social structures 131. B. Gene. A gene is the fundamental unit of and interactions influence behavior, not perception heredity, carrying the instructions for development and adaptation. that are passed from one generation to the next. Ecological theory, as defined by Bronfenbrenner, 132. C. Chromosome. A chromosome is the focuses on how different environmental systems threadlike structure made up of genes, and humans influence human development, not perception. have 46 in each body cell. 121. D. Both statements are false. Reversed. 133. A. Zygote. The zygote is the single cell that forms 122. B. Primary circular reaction. Primary circular after a sperm fertilizes an egg. reactions occur when infants repeat actions that 134. D. DNA. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the long, involve their own body, like thumb-sucking. double-stranded molecule that forms chromosomes. Simple reflexes - This stage involves basic reflex 135. D. Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a actions, not intentional repetition of actions. neurotransmitter, not a component of DNA. It should Secondary circular reactions involve external be Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine. objects, not just the infant’s body. 136. A. The process in which a cell duplicates its Coordination of secondary circular reactions – This chromosomes and then divides into two stage involves more complex combinations of genetically identical daughter cells. Mitosis is the actions, not simple repetitive movements. process by which a cell divides, producing two genetically identical daughter cells with the same 123. B. Biomechanics. Biomechanics refers to the number of chromosomes. study of mechanical principles in human movement, which is more related to nurture (environmental 137. C. Development is multidirectional. This factors) and learned skills. principle explains that some abilities improve while others decline, such as how language-learning ability 124. C. Tertiary circular reaction. Tertiary circular diminishes as a person ages. reactions involve experimentation with different actions to see varying results, such as making the 138. C. The process by which a germ cell divides, block spin or fall in different ways. producing gametes (sperm or ova) that each contain half of the parent cell’s original 125. C. Traits. Traits are typically inherited complement of chromosomes.Meiosis is the characteristics influenced by nature (genetics), not nurture. process by which germ cells divide to form gametes, 146. D. Both statements are false. The Y each with half the number of chromosomes. chromosome is shorter, not longer, and normal females have two X chromosomes. 139. C. Germ cell. Germ cells are specialized cells that undergo meiosis to produce gametes, which 147. B. Through the simple dominant-recessive carry genetic information to offspring. gene. Recessive genes can remain hidden for generations, explaining how traits like eye shape could Germline cells are the cells that lead to the emerge even if they weren't visible in recent production of gametes, but they do not pass on genes generations. themselves. 148. A. Homozygous. Homozygous refers to having While gametes pass on genes, the term "germ cell" is two identical alleles for a specific gene. more appropriate in this case. Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a 140. A. Germline cells. Germline cells carry genetic specific gene. information that is passed on to the next generation. Monozygotic refers to identical twins, not to allele Germ cells contribute to the production of gametes, pairs. Dizygotic refers to fraternal twins. but "germline cells" is the more accurate term for the lineage of cells that passes on genetic information. 149. B. Recessive allele. A recessive allele is less powerful and only expressed phenotypically when While gametes do carry genetic information, the paired with another recessive allele. process begins with germline cells. A dominant allele is the more powerful gene that 141. D. Both statements are false. The correct terms masks the expression of a recessive gene. are reversed: "embryo" refers to the early stage (up to the eighth week), and "fetus" refers to the later stage 150. C. Carrier. A carrier is an individual who has one (from the ninth week to birth). dominant and one recessive allele, where the recessive allele is not expressed but can be passed to 142. B. It produces 23 chromosomes.Meiosis offspring. produces gametes (sperm and ova) with 23 chromosomes, which is half the typical number of 46 chromosomes in human cells. Mitosis and meiosis are different processes. Meiosis results in gametes with half the number of chromosomes, not a product of mitosis. 143. D. None of the above. Crossing over happens during meiosis, not mitosis, so none of the options are correct for the process during mitosis. Crossing over occurs during meiosis, not mitosis. Independent assortment refers to how chromosomes are distributed into gametes during meiosis, not specifically the exchange of genetic material. Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell production and does not describe the exchange of genetic material. 144. A. First statement is true, the second is false. The first statement accurately describes monozygotic twins, while the second statement mistakenly suggests only one egg is released, but in reality, dizygotic twins occur from two separate ova. 145. C. Both statements are true. Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes, which are identical in males and females, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes that differ between males and females.