Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 PDF

lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 with 100.pdf Fundamentals of Nursing (Santa Fe College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 with 100.pdf Fundamentals of Nursing (Santa Fe College) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Pathophysiology Exam 2 with 100% Correct Answers In昀氀ammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region) - Correct answer-Gastritis Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage - Correct answer-Acute Gastritis Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain - Correct answer-Acute Gastritis Gastritis develops gradually. - Correct answer-Chronic Gastritis Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Correct answer-Chronic Gastritis Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis. - Correct answer-Acute Gastritis Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Correct answer-Chronic Gastritis In昀氀ammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction - Correct answer-Gastroenteritis Usually due to primary in昀氀ammatory disease such as crohns disease - Correct answer- Chronic Gastroenteritis Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken or eggs - Correct answer-Acute Gastroenteritis Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting - Correct answer-Gastroenteritis Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Correct answer-Helicobacter pylori Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause in昀氀ammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility - Correct answer-Helicobacter pylori Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long- term use of nonsteroidal anti-in昀氀ammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Correct answer-Gastritis Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Correct answer- Chronic Gastritis Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Correct answer- Gastritis Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus. - Correct answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Re昀氀ux Disease) These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Correct answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Re昀氀ux Disease) Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, ca昀昀eine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying - Correct answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Re昀氀ux Disease) Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. - Correct answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Re昀氀ux Disease) Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease - Correct answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Re昀氀ux Disease) Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Correct answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Re昀氀ux Disease) Lesions a昀昀ecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Correct answer- Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti- in昀氀ammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Correct answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Vary in severity from super昀椀cial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms - Correct answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Correct answer-Duodenal Ulcers Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Gastric Ulcers Stress Ulcers Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Correct answer-Duodenal ulcers Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-in昀氀ammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Correct answer-Gastric Ulcers Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. - Correct answer-Stress ulcers Stress ulcers associated with burns - Correct answer-Curling's ulcers Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Correct answer-Cushing's ulcers Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the precipitating event. - Correct answer-Stress ulcers Often hemorrhage is the 昀椀rst indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to be masked by the primary problem - Correct answer-Stress ulcer Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Correct answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Correct answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Acute in昀氀ammation and necrosis of large intestine; it a昀昀ects the mucosa and sometimes other layers - Correct answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Di昀昀) Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Correct answer- Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Di昀昀) Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis - Correct answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Di昀昀) In昀氀ammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As 昀氀uid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Correct answer- Appendicitis Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 The appendix 昀椀lls with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed - Correct answer-Appendicitis Ischemia and necrosis develop. The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures. - Correct answer-Appendicitis Complications of?: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death - Correct answer- Appendicitis Manifestations of?: Vary from asymptomatic to sudden and severe. Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensi昀椀es (over about 12-24 hours), and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point). Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen. Pain will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate. - Correct answer-Appendicitis Manifestations of?: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and bowel pattern changes. indications of in昀氀ammation and infection (fever, chills, leukocytosis). Indications of peritonitis (abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension) - Correct answer-Appendicitis Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer. - Correct answer-Diverticular Disease May be congenital or acquired. Thought to be caused by a low-昀椀ber diet and poor bowel habits that result in chronic constipation. The muscular wall can become weakened from the prolonged e昀昀ort of moving hard stools. More common in developed countries where processed foods and low-昀椀ber diets are typical. - Correct answer-Diverticular Disease Asymptomatic diverticular disease, usually with multiple diverticula present - Correct answer-Diverticulosis Diverticula have become in昀氀amed, usually because of retained fecal matter. Can result in potentially fatal obstructions, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, and shock. Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious - Correct answer- Diverticulitis Manifestations?: abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal distension, constipation, obstipation, nausea, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, and leukocytosis - Correct answer- Diverticular Disease Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Consist of physical barriers, whereas functional obstructions result from GI tract dysfunction. Partial or complete blockage of small or large bowel. - Correct answer- Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Caused by?: foreign bodies, adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvulus, intussusception, strictures, Crohn's Disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease, and fecal impaction. - Correct answer-Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Also called paralytic ileuses, usually result from neurologic impairment; intra-abdominal surgery complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral disturbances; intra-abdominal infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and use of certain medications - Correct answer-Functional Obstructions Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that he metastasized from the breast, lung, or other GI structures - Correct answer-Liver Cancer Causes of primary tumors in : chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis - Correct answer-Liver Cancer Manifestations of?: Similar to those of other liver diseases. Include anorexia, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, third spacing, ascites, paraneoplastic syndrome, diaphoresis, and weight loss. - Correct answer-Liver Cancer In昀氀ammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. - Correct answer- Pancreatitis Causes of?: Cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors, and penetrating peptic ulcer. - Correct answer- Pancreatitis causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate autodigestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis. - Correct answer-Pancreatic Injury is replaced by 昀椀brosis, which causes exocrine and endocrine changes and dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans - Correct answer- is considered a medical emergency. Mortality increases with advancing age and comorbidity. - Correct answer-Acute Pancreatitis Complications of?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition, pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess. - Correct answer-Acute Pancreatitis Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Manifestations of?: usually sudden and severe. Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, and is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest. Nausea and vomiting. Mild jaundice. Low-grade fever. Blood pressure and pulse changes. - Correct answer-Acute Pancreatitis Manifestations of?: upper abdominal pain. Indigestion. Losing weight without trying. Steatorrhea. Constipation. Flatuence. - Correct answer-Chronic Pancreatitis In昀氀ammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi - Correct answer- Cholecystitis Varies in severity depending on size. May obstruct bile 昀氀ow and cause gallbladder rupture, 昀椀stula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and carcinoma - Correct answer-Cholecystitis Gallstones. A common condition that a昀昀ects both genders and all ethic groups relatively equally. - Correct answer-Cholelithiasis Risk factors of?: advancing age, obesity, diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, hormone replacement, and long-term parenteral nutrition. Calculi vary in size and shape. - Correct answer-Cholelithiasis Manifestations of?: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, and leukocytes - Correct answer-Cholelthiasis Sudden loss of renal function. Generally reversible. Most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients. - Correct answer-Acute Renal Failure Risk factors of?: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, and liver disease. - Correct answer-Acute Renal Failure Causes of Acute Renal Failure:. Extremely low blood pressure or blood volume. Heart dysfunction - Correct answer-Prerenal Conditions Causes of Acute Renal Failure:. Reduced blood supply within the kidneys. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Renal in昀氀ammation. Toxic injury. - Correct answer- Intrarenal Conditions Causes of Acute Renal Failure:. Ureter obstruction. Bladder obstruction and dysfunction. - Correct answer-Postrenal Conditions The four phases of Acute Renal Failure. - Correct answer- Asymptomatic Phase, Oliguric Phase, Diuretic Phase, and Recovery Phase Daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, such that waste products begin to accumulate. - Correct answer-Oliguric Phase Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L. - Correct answer-Diuretic Phase Glomerular function gradually returns to normal. - Correct answer-Recovery Phase Manifestations of?: decreasing urine output, electrolyte disturbances, 昀氀uid volume excess, azotemia, and metabolic acidosis - Correct answer-Oliguric Phase Manifestations of?: increased urine output, electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, and hypotension - Correct answer-Diuretic Phase Manifestations of?: symptoms begin resolving - Correct answer-Recovery Phase Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible. - Correct answer- Chronic Kidney Disease Causes of?: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urine obstructions, renal diseases, renal artery stenosis, ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic medications, sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, smoking, advancing age. - Correct answer- Chronic Kidney Disease How many stages are there for Chronic Kidney Disease - Correct answer-5 Kidney damage is present, but GFR is > 90 - Correct answer-Stage I CKD Kidney damage worsens as the GFR falls (60-89). - Correct answer-Stage II CKD Kidney function is signi昀椀cantly impaired as GFR is between 30 and 59 - Correct answer- Stage III CKD Kidney function is barely present with GFR dropping between 15 and 29 - Correct answer-Stage IV CKD Kidney failure as the GFR drops to less than 15 or the patient begins dialysis - Correct answer-Stage V CKD Manifestations of?: hypertension, polyuria with pale urine (early), oliguria or anuria with dark-colored urine (late), anemia, bruising and bleeding tendencies, muscle twitches and cramps, electrolyte imbalances, pericarditis, pericardial e昀昀usion, pleuritis, and pleural e昀昀usion, congestive heart failure, respiratory distress and abnormal breath sounds, sudden weight change, edema of the feet and ankles, azotemia, peripheral neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, seizures, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, malaise, fatigue and weakness, headaches that seem unrelated to any other cause, sleep disturbances, decreased mental alertness, 昀氀ank Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 pain, jaundice, persistent pruritus, recurrent infections - Correct answer- Chronic Kidney Disease Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Infection that has reached on or both kidneys - Correct answer-Pyelonephritis E. coli is the most common culprit. Kidneys become grossly edematous and 昀椀ll with exudate, compressing the renal artery. Abscesses and necrosis can develop, impairing renal function and causing permanent damage. May be acute or chronic - Correct answer-Pyelonephritis Complications of?: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, and sepsis - Correct answer- Pyelonephritis Manifestations of?: severe UTI symptoms, 昀氀ank pain, and increased blood pressure - Correct answer-Pyelonephritis In昀氀ammation of the bladder. The bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen - Correct answer-Cystitis Causes of?: infection and irritants - Correct answer-Cystitis Manifestations of?: UTI symptoms, abdominal pain, and pelvic pressure - Correct answer-Cystitis A condition in which the urethra, or the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, becomes in昀氀amed and irritated - Correct answer-Urethritis Inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of 昀氀uid- 昀椀lled cysts in both kidneys - Correct answer-Polycystic Kidney Disease Cysts enlarge the kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue. The exact trigger is unknown. Prognosis and progression vary widely depending on the type. - Correct answer-Polycystic Kidney Disease What are the 2 types of Polycystic Kidney Disease? - Correct answer- Autosomal Dominant PKD, Autosomal Recessive PKD Mutation on the short arm of chromosomes 4 and 16. Occurs in both children and adults, but is much more common in adults. Symptoms often do not show up until middle age. - Correct answer-Autosomal Dominant PKD Less common and more serious. Appears in infancy or childhood. Progresses rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy or childhood. - Correct answer-Autosomal Recessive PKD Complications of?: pyelonephritis, cyst rupture, retroperitoneal bleeding, renal failure, anemia, hypertension, and renal calculi - Correct answer- Polycystic Kidney Disease Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Bilateral in昀氀ammatory disorder of the glomeruli that typically follows a streptococcal infection. A昀昀ects men more than women. Leading cause of renal failure. In昀氀ammatory changes impair the kidney's ability to excrete waste and excess 昀氀uid. May be acute or chronic. Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes are the most prevalent forms. - Correct answer- Glomerulonephritis Loss of urinary control - Correct answer-Urinary Incontinence Involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age - Correct answer- Enuresis Bed-wetting - Correct answer-Nocturnal Enuresis Urinary incontinence resulting from a temporary condition - Correct answer-Transient Incontinence Causes of?: delirium, infection, atrophic vaginitis, use of certain medications, psychological factors, high urine output, restricted mobility, fecal impaction, alcohol, and ca昀昀eine - Correct answer-Transient Incontinence Loss of urine from pressure exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy. - Correct answer-Stress Incontinence Occurs when the sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened. Contributing factors: pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, cystocele, prostate removal, obesity, and chronic coughing - Correct answer-Stress Incontinence Sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine - Correct answer-Urge Incontinence Causes of?: Urinary tract infections, bladder irritants, bowel conditions, smoking, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, injury, and nervous system damage. - Correct answer-Urge Incontinence Urge incontinence with no known cause - Correct answer-Overactive Bladder Urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to the nervous system. Urgency is generally absent - Correct answer-Re昀氀ex Incontinence Increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void - Correct answer-Detrusor Hyperre昀氀exia Inability to empty the bladder, or retention. Other indications include dribbling urine and a weak urine stream. - Correct answer-Over昀氀ow Incontinence Causes of?: bladder damage, urethral blockage, nerve damage, and prostate Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 conditions - Correct answer-Over昀氀ow Incontinence Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Occurs because of a perceived inability to interrupt work to void that results in detrusor muscle are昀氀exia and over昀氀ow incontinence - Correct answer- Chronic Overdistension Occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence are experienced - Correct answer-Mixed Incontinence Occurs in many older adults, especially people in nursing home, who have a physical or mental impairment that prevents toileting time - Correct answer- Functional Incontinence A continuous leaking of urine, day and night, or the periodic uncontrollable leaking of large volume of urine. The bladder has no storage capacity. - Correct answer-Gross Total Incontinence Causes of?: anatomic defects, spinal cord or urinary system injuries, and 昀椀stulas between the bladder and an adjacent structure, such as the vagina. - Correct answer- Gross Total Incontinence Risk factors of?: being female, advancing age, being overweight, smoking, and other diseases - Correct answer-Urinary Incontinence Complications of?: skin problems, recurrent urinary tract infections, negative psychological consequences, and interruption of usual activities - Correct answer- Urinary Incontinence Enlargement of the prostate - Correct answer-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Manifestations of?: Hesitancy (di昀케culty initiating a stream), decreased stream or dribbling, urinary retention, obstruction to 昀氀ow, interruption of the stream, infection caused by retention - Correct answer-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Most common in men, particularly African Americans. Slow-growing tumor. Second leading cause of cancer deaths. The exact cause is unknown. As the tumor grows, the prostate impedes the urethra - Correct answer-Prostate Cancer Risk factors of?: history of STIs, family history, high-fat diets, and androgen hormone replacement - Correct answer-Prostate Cancer Manifestations of?: urinary di昀케culties, erectile dysfunctions, bloody semen, and hematuria - Correct answer-Prostate Cancer In昀氀ammation of the epididymis - Correct answer-Epididymitis Causes of?: ascending bacterial infections or sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and the antidysrhythmic medication amiodarone Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 (Cordarone) - Correct answer-Epididymitis Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Risk factors of?: being uncircumcised, recent surgey or a history of structural problems in the urinary tract, urinary catheterization, and sexual intercourse with more than one partner and not using condoms - Correct answer-Epididymitis Complications of?: abscesses, 昀椀stulas, infertility, testicular necrosis, and chronic epididymitis - Correct answer-Epididymitis Manifestations of?: Indicators of infection; scrotal tenderness, erythema, and edema; penile discharge; bloody semen; painful ejaculation; dysuria; and groin pain - Correct answer-Epididymitis Fluid accumulation between the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord. Can a昀昀ect one or both testes - Correct answer-Hydrocele Causes of?: congenital defect, in昀氀ammation, infection, trauma, and tumors - Correct answer-Hydrocele Abnormal rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord - Correct answer-Testicular Torsion Causes of?: trauma, but can also occur spontaneously (Reproductive system) - Correct answer-Testicular Torsion Manifestations of?: sudden scrotal edema and pain - Correct answer-Testicular Torsion Endometrium grows in areas outside the uterus. Most commonly grows in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum, but the tissue can grow anywhere in the body. The abnormal endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would during menstruation. Blood becomes trapped and irritates the surrounding tissue. - Correct answer- Endometriosis Complications of?: pain, cysts, scarring, adhesions, and infertility - Correct answer- Endometriosis Manifestations of?: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, pelvic pain, infertility, and pain during or after intercourse - Correct answer-Endometriosis Descent of the uterus or cervix into the vagina - Correct answer-Uterine Prolapse Causes of?: conditions that stretch or weaken the pelvic support - Correct answer- Uterine Prolapse What degree? cervix has dropped into the vagina. - Correct answer-First Degree Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 What degree? cervix is apparent at the vaginal opening. - Correct answer-Second Degree What degree?: cervix and uterus bulge through the vaginal opening. - Correct answer- Third Degree Manifestations of?: asymptomatic, visualization of the cervix or uterus from the vaginal opening, feeling of fullness in the pelvis or vagina, di昀케cult or painful sexual intercourse, vaginal bleeding, and di昀케culty with urination and defecation. - Correct answer-Uterine Prolapse Infection of the female reproductive system. Bacteria usually ascend from the vagina. Can be either acute or chronic - Correct answer-Pelvic In昀氀ammatory Disease Causes of?: sexually transmitted infection; bacteria introduced during childbirth, endometrial procedures, and abortions; and bacterial invasion from the bloodstream - Correct answer-Pelvic In昀氀ammatory Disease Complications of?: reproductive structure obstructions, peritonitis, abscesses, septicemia, adhesions, strictures, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, and problems with surrounding structures - Correct answer-Pelvic In昀氀ammatory Disease Manifestations?: indications of infection; pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back; abnormal vaginal and cervical discharge; bleeding after sexual intercourse; painful sexual intercourse; urinary frequency; dysuria; dysmenorrhea; amenorrhea; metrorrhagia; anorexia; and nausea and vomiting - Correct answer-Pelvic In昀氀ammatory Disease Ninth most frequent cancer in women and 昀椀fth leading cause of cancer death. Prevalence and mortality rates are the highest in Caucasian women. - Correct answer- Ovarian Cancer Risk factors of?: genetic predisposition (defects on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes), advancing age, infertility, excessive estrogen exposure, obesity, and androgen hormone therapy. - Correct answer-Ovarian Cancer Manifestations of?: abdominal distention, pelvic pain, eating disturbances, bowel pattern changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse, malaise, urinary frequency, and menstruation changes - Correct answer-Ovarian Cancer Rates have been declining in recent years with advancements in screening. Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV. Hispanic women have the highest cervical cancer prevalence, and African American women have the highest mortality rates. - Correct answer-Cervical Cancer Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Manifestations of?: asymptomatic; continuous vaginal discharge; abnormal vaginal bleeding between menstruation, after intercourse, or after menopause; and menorrhagia. - Correct answer-Cervical Cancer Infections that can be contracted through sexual contact. More than 30 di昀昀erent sexually transmissible bacteria, viruses, and parasites have been identi昀椀ed. Some can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth as well as through blood contact. Some of these are easily eradicated with appropriate treatment, whereas others remain for a lifetime. - Correct answer-Sexually Transmitted Infection What are three type of STIs? - Correct answer-Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, an intracellular parasite that requires a host cell to reproduce. The most commonly reported STI in the United States. Prevalence rates have been on a steady incline in the United States for the past 20 years. - Correct answer-Chlamydia Can be transmitted through sexual contact and from mother to child during childbirth. Complications: neonatal conjunctivitis, PID, epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Increases the risk for contracting other STIs - Correct answer- Chlamydia Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an aerobic bacterium with many drug- resistant strains. Rates have been declining but have started to increase again. Second most common STI. Rates are highest in men, American Indians and Alaskan natives, and those living in District of Columbia. - Correct answer-Gonorrhea Transmissible through sexual contact and from mother to infant during childbirth. Complications: neonatal conjunctivitis, PID, epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, arthritis, dermatitis, and endocarditis - Correct answer-Gonorrhea Ulcerative infection caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete that requires a warm, moist environment to survive. Transmitted from skin or mucous membrane contact with chancres and from the mother to child through the placental barrier. Prevalence rates have remained constant for the last 50 years. Rates are highest in men, men who have sex with men (MSM), African Americans, and those living in District of Columbia. - Correct answer-Syphilis How many stages are there in Syphilis? - Correct answer-3 Stages Painless chancres (usually one) form at the site about 2-3 weeks after infection and often go unnoticed and disappear about 4-6 weeks later, even without treatment. Bacteria become dormant, and no other symptoms are present. May not test positive, so testing should be repeated at a later date. Contagious during this stage. - Correct answer-Primary Syphilis Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Occurs about 2-8 weeks after the 昀椀rst chancres form. Treatment in the primary stage can decrease the likelihood of developing this stage. Manifestations: generalized, nonpruritic, brown-red rash; malaise; fever; and patchy hair loss. Symptoms will often go away without treatment, and again, the bacteria become dormant. Will test positive (if untreated) and is contagious, especially with direct contact with the rash. - Correct answer- Secondary Syphilis Begins when the secondary symptoms disappear and lasts 1-4 years. Can last for years as the infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones. Complications: blindness, paralysis, dementia, cardiovascular disease, pathological fractures, and death. Will test positive (if untreated) and is only contagious during the early part of this stage - Correct answer-Latent or Tertiary Syphilis Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) - Correct answer-Genital Herpes How many types are there of HSV? - Correct answer-2 Types Occurs above the waist and manifests as a cold. - Correct answer-HSV Type 1 Occurs below the waist. - Correct answer-HSV Type 2 How many stages are there of Genital Herpes? - Correct answer-4 Stages Begins at the actual time of infection and antibody development. May take 2 to 20 days to occur. Manifestations: asymptomatic, a painful lesion, malaise, low-grade fever, and groin lymph node enlargement - Correct answer-Primary Herpes Genitalis Begins once the antibodies are formed. Antibodies do not protect against reinfection but make the recurrent episodes less severe. During this phase, the virus travels up the nerve root and becomes dormant. Asymptomatic while the virus is dormant. - Correct answer-Latent Herpes Genitalis Virus is reactivated but produces no symptoms. Virus is excreted from the body and can be transmitted through sexual contact. This stage occurs infrequently. - Correct answer- Shedding Herpes Genitalis Characterized by the reactivation of the virus and manifestations. Virus travels back down the nerve root to the skin and causes a blister at the same site as with the 昀椀rst stage. Number of reoccurrences varies from none to many in a lifetime. Factors that can trigger a reoccurrence include stress, menstruation, and illness. - Correct answer-Recurrent Herpes Genitalis HPV is benign? - Correct answer-True Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 can lead to the development of reproductive and anal cancers. Prevalence has been rising for the last 50 years. Can occur on the external genitals, cervix, and anus. - Correct answer-HPV An acute and life-threatening complication of pregnancy, characterized by tonic-clonic seizures, usually occurring in a patient who had developed preeclampsia. - Correct answer-Eclampsia A potentially dangerous pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure. - Correct answer-Pre-eclampsia A severe type of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. - Correct answer- Hyperemesis Gravidarum Tall stature caused by excessive growth hormone prior to puberty - Correct answer- Gigantism Gigantism is caused by? - Correct answer-Hyperpituitarism Increased bone size caused by excessive growth hormone in adulthood - Correct answer-Acromegaly Acromegaly is caused by? - Correct answer-Hyperpituitarism Increased renal water retention caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone - Correct answer-Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Excessive prolactin that results in menstrual dysfunction and galactorrhea - Correct answer-Hyperprolactinemia Excessive cortisol that results from the increased ACTH levels - Correct answer- Cushing's Syndrom Hypermetabolic state caused by excessive thyroid hormones from increased TSH - Correct answer-Hyperthyroidism The pituitary gland secretes excessive amounts of one or all of the pituitary hormones. Most commonly caused by tumors that secrete hormone or hormone-like substances. - Correct answer-Hyperpituitarism Progressive disorder that can occur suddenly but usually develops slowly. Manifestations: headache, visual 昀椀eld loss or double vision, excessive sweating, hoarseness, galactorrhea, sleep apnea, carpal tunnel syndrome, joint pain and sti昀昀ness, muscle weakness, and paresthesia - Correct answer- Hyperpituitarism Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Short stature caused by de昀椀cient levels of growth hormone, somatotropin, or somatotropin-releasing hormone - Correct answer-Dwar昀椀sm Rare, complex condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce su昀케cient amounts of some or all of its hormones - Correct answer- Hypopituitarism Causes: congenital defects, cerebral or pituitary trauma, autoimmune conditions, tuberculosis, pituitary tumors, hemochromatosis, histiocytosis X, sarcoidosis, and hypothalamic dysfunction - Correct answer-Hypopituitarism Excessive 昀氀uid excretion in the kidneys caused by de昀椀cient antidiuretic hormone levels - Correct answer-Diabetes Insipidus Progressive disorder that can occur suddenly but usually develops slowly. Manifestations: fatigue, headache, cessation of menstruation, infertility (in women), decreased libido, low tolerance for stress, muscle weakness, nausea, constipation, weight loss or gain, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, cold sensitivity, visual disturbances, loss of body or facial hair, joint sti昀昀ness, hoarseness, facial pu昀케ness, thirst, excess urination, hypotension, short stature, and delayed growth and development - Correct answer- Hypopituitarism A condition in which the thyroid does not produce su昀케cient amounts of the thyroid hormones. Relatively common (1 out of 500 Americans has the condition). May be a result of hypothalamus, pituitary, or thyroid dysfunction. Risk factor: advancing age. Causes: autoimmune thyroiditis (also called Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and iatrogenic - Correct answer- Hypothyroidism Manifestations: fatigue, sluggishness, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, pale and dry skin, facial edema, hoarseness, hypercholesterolemia, unexplained weight gain, myalgia, arthralgia, muscle weakness, heavier than normal menstrual periods, brittle 昀椀ngernails, hair loss or thinning, bradycardia, hypotension, constipation, depression, and goiter - Correct answer-Hypothyroidism Rare and life-threatening advanced hypothyroidism. Manifestations include marked hypotension, respiratory depression, hypothermia, lethargy, and coma - Correct answer- Myxedema Causes: excessive iodine, Graves' disease, nonmalignant thyroid tumors, thyroid in昀氀ammation, and taking large amounts of thyroid hormone replacement - Correct answer-Hyperthyroidism Manifestations: sudden weight loss, tachycardia, hypertension, increased appetite, nervousness, anxiety or anxiety attacks, irritability, tremor (usually a 昀椀ne trembling in the hands), diaphoresis, changes in menstrual patterns, Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 increased sensitivity to heat, diarrhea, goiter, di昀케culty sleeping, and exophthalmos - Correct answer-Hyperthyroidism Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Also called thyrotoxicosis. A sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress. Fever, decreased mental alertness, and abdominal pain may occur. Medical emergency - Correct answer-Thyroid Crisis (Storm) Condition in which the parathyroid gland does not produce su昀케cient amounts of PTH. Causes: congenital defects (a lack of one or more of the four parathyroid glands) and damage (e.g., surgery, radiation, or autoimmune conditions). Complications: hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis - Correct answer- Hypoparathyroidism Manifestations of?: Paresthesias of the 昀椀ngertips, toes, and lips. Muscle twitching or spasms (tetany). Fatigue or weakness. Dysrhythmias. Hypotension. Abdominal cramping. Diarrhea. Painful menstruation. Patchy hair loss. Dry, coarse skin. Brittle nails. Anxiety or nervousness. Headaches. Depression or mood swings. Memory loss - Correct answer- Hypoparathyroidism Condition of excessive PTH production by the parathyroid glands. Causes: tumors, hyperplasia, and chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure). Complications: hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypermagnesemia, and metabolic acidosis - Correct answer- Hyperparathyroidism Manifestations: osteoporosis, renal calculi, polyuria, abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, weakness, 昀氀accid muscles, dysrhythmias, hypertension, depression, forgetfulness, bone and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia - Correct answer- Hyperparathyroidism Condition of excessive amounts of glucocorticoids. Causes: iatrogenic from ingestion of glucocorticoid medications, adrenal tumors that secrete glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH and cortisol, and paraneoplastic syndrome. Manifestations: obesity (especially around the trunk), "moon" face, "bu昀昀alo hump," muscle weakness, delayed growth and development, acne, purple striae, thin skin that bruises easily, delayed wound healing, osteoporosis, hirsutism, insulin resistance, hypertension, edema, hypokalemia, mood changes, and psychosis - Correct answer- Cushing's Syndrome De昀椀ciency of adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens). Causes: autoimmune conditions, infections, hemorrhage, tumors, and pituitary dysfunction that results in insu昀케cient ACTH levels. Manifestations: hypotension, changes in heart rate, hypoglycemia, chronic diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, pallor, extreme weakness, fatigue, anorexia, mouth lesions on the inside of a cheek, nausea, vomiting, salt craving, slow and sluggish movement, unintentional weight loss, mood changes, depression, and hyperkalemia - Correct answer-Addison's Disease Previously called insulin-dependent and juvenile-onset. Develops when the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells. Must have insulin. Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age. Exact cause unknown, but most likely a viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 people that causes an autoimmune reaction. Cannot be prevented - Correct answer- Type I Diabetes Previously called non-insulin-dependent and adult-onset. In adults, accounts for about 90-95% of all newly diagnosed cases. Usually begins as insulin resistance. The pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin. - Correct answer-Type 2 Diabetes Risk factors: advancing age, obesity, family history of DM, history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Paci昀椀c Islanders. Usually managed initially with oral antidiabetic medications that increase insulin production and action. As the condition progresses, supplemental insulin is often necessary as pancreatic production declines. - Correct answer-Type 2 Diabetes pH imbalance characterized by increased ketones in the urine caused by insu昀케cient insulin; if cells are starved for energy, the body may begin to break down fat-producing toxic acids (ketones). - Correct answer-Diabetic Ketoacidosis A defect in the diaphragm allowing part of the stomach to pass through into the thorax. Associated with conditions that increase intrabdominal pressure such as ascites, pregnancy, obesity, chronic straining or coughing SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - Heartburn, chest pain, and dysphagia - Correct answer-Hiatal Hernia In昀氀ammation of the liver. - Correct answer-Hepatitis spread by fecal oral route; most adults develop jaundice o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS: malaise, anorexia, nausea, low grade fever, and right upper quadrant pain - Correct answer-Hepatitis A Spread by parental contact with infected body 昀氀uids o SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - can have no symptoms to moderate illness to fulminant hepatitis; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer - Correct answer-Hepatitis B spread through blood and blood product; major risk factor for hepatocellular cancer - Correct answer-Hepatitis C Most common form of liver cancer; usually occurs in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - Weight loss, upper abdominal pain, jaundice, anorexia TREATMENT- surgery, transplant, freezing or heating the cancer cells, and chemotherapy - Correct answer-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cancer of the stomach RISK FACTORS? - Smoking, diets low in fruits and vegetables, and twice the Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 risk if H. Pylori Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 is found in stomach SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - no early signs or symptoms; Later symptoms: anorexia, weight loss, and GI bleeding; hidden blood in stool (occult) and anemia - Correct answer-Gastric Carcinoma Congenital disorder of large intestine- inadequate innervation of colon; with absent autonomic nerve ganglia in smooth muscle or very reduced if present CAUSES? - Genetic mutation; Cause unknown SIGNS/SYMPTOMS - no bowel movement within 48 hours in a newborn, swollen belly, gas, failure to thrive, fatigue, vomiting, chronic constipation, or diarrhea in children - Correct answer-Hirschsprung Disease Re昀氀ux of urine from the bladder to ureter and renal pelvis; urine is allowed to 昀氀ow backwards into the ureters and possibly into the kidneys CAUSES? - Shortened ureteral tunnel through the bladder wall resulting in lateral displacement of valvular mechanism making it incompetent TREATMENT? - About 80% of cases resolve spontaneously as a child grows; conservative treatment is management of cystitis with antibiotics, sometimes continuously - Correct answer-Vesicoureteral Re昀氀ux Absence or suppression of menstruation in females age 16 or older; if female misses or more periods in a row PRIMARY - failure to begin menses by age 16 SECONDARY - cessation of established, regular menstruation for 6 months or longer CAUSES - Usually due to abnormal pattern of hormonal functioning which causes interruption of normal sequence of events of endometrial tissue lining the uterus proliferating and sloughing - Correct answer-Amenorrhea "Hidden testis"; is when the testicle or testes are not in the scrotum and are considered to be in an extrascrotal position CAUSE? - Unknown CAN CAUSE IF LEFT UNTREATED? - Infertility, Increased risk of testicular malignancy, tubes can become 昀椀brotic, de昀椀ciency of spermatogenesis TREATMENT- surgery to bring testes into normal scrotal position; also known as an orchiopexy - Correct answer-Cryptorchidism Enlarged kidney - Correct answer-Hydronephrosis WHAT IS IT? - Progressive process, results from chronic kidney disease, is the irrevocable loss of functional nephrons Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 SIGNS/SYMPTONS - Headaches, edema, decreased ability to concentrate urine, polyuria turns into oliguria, increased BUN and serum creatine, GFR progressively decreases from 90 to 30 ml/min, mild anemia, high blood pressure, weakness and fatigue TREATMENT - Dialysis; used in stage 5 CKD to remove metabolic wastes and correct 昀氀uid and electrolyte abnormalities Hemodialysis - 3X/week, AV 昀椀stula Peritoneal Dialysis - peritoneum serves as the dialyzing membrane; access is a dialysis catheter surgically placed in the abdomen; can be done at home Continuous renal replacement therapy (CVVH) - done in the hospital through a central line - Correct answer-Chronic Renal Failure Decreased ability to accomplish the initial steps of swallowing in an orderly sequence Inability to initiate swallowing. Sensation that swallowed solid/liquids "stick" in esophagus. Pain w/ swallowing (odynophagia) may occur - Correct answer-Dysphagia Pain with swallowing - Correct answer-Odynophagia A - Acid-base balance W - Water balance E - Electrolyte balance T - Toxins removal B - Blood pressure control E - Erythropoietin production D - D vitamin activation - Correct answer-Kidney Function painful menstruationa) Primary: not related to any pathological condition, develops 1-2y after menarche Results from prostaglandin that promotes uterine contractions and ischemia of endometrial capillaries S/S: suprapubic cramping severe enough to limit activity, N/V, diarrhea, H/Ab) Secondary: associated w/ pelvic disorders such as endometriosis or pelvic adhesions. Dull quality and may increase w/ age - Correct answer- Dysmenorrhea Development or reproductive organs during puberty Development of secondary sex characteristics. Cyclic preparation of endometrium for implantation of an ovum - Correct answer-Estrogen Cyclic preparation and maintenance of endometrium for implantation of an ovum Stimulation of development of breast lobes and alveoli - Correct answer-Progesterone Urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of thepenis; more disabling Etiology and Tx: - Correlates w/ exstrophy of the bladder, because of failure of the abdominal wall to form- May extend proximally to involve urinary sphincter- urinary incontinence, Staged surgical procedures - Correct answer- Epispadias Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 Urethral meatus located on ventral undersurface of Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|43964769 penis Etiology and Tx: - Incomplete fusion of urethral folds- Meatus located anywhere between perineum and glans- 85% involve glans or corona- Evaluate for conditions of intersex- Tx is Sx repair - Correct answer- Hypospadias Increased menstrual blood 昀氀ow amount (approximately 80 mL per menstruation) and duration (usually 8-10 days) - Correct answer- Menorrhagia vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods in premenopausal women - Correct answer-Metrorrhagia short (less than 21 days) menstrual cycle, resulting in frequent menstruation - Correct answer-Polymenorrhea long (more than 42 days) menstrual cycle, resulting in infrequent menstruation - Correct answer-Oligomenorrhea Downloaded by Bruce Lee ([email protected])