Sociology 323 Race & Ethnicity Exam Review Winter 2024 PDF

**Sociology 323: Race & Ethnicity** **Professor Rugh** **Exam 2 Review Sheet: Winter 2024** ***[Exam \#2 will be open on Learning Suite during BYU Finals Period]*** ***[\*\*\*Closed book, closed notes, must take on your own\*\*\*]*** ***50 points:** 50 multiple choice questions (1 point each)*...

**Sociology 323: Race & Ethnicity** **Professor Rugh** **Exam 2 Review Sheet: Winter 2024** ***[Exam \#2 will be open on Learning Suite during BYU Finals Period]*** ***[\*\*\*Closed book, closed notes, must take on your own\*\*\*]*** ***50 points:** 50 multiple choice questions (1 point each)* **Immigration and the Color Line** - Eduardo Bonilla-Silva - Italian American - Tri-racial divide - A racial classification system with three main groups - Latin American racial stratification - Mestizaje as a historical fand national ideology of racial mixing - Plural system w/ intermediate groups - Colorism & skin tone stratification - Blanqueaminto (whitening process) - Mestizaje as a national ideology - Nonracial & colorblindness e.g. "somos todos mexicanos" - In America - White - The new whites (italians, russians, albanians, irish, etc). Assimilated white latinos, some multiracials, assimilated urban native americans - Honorary White - Groups partially accepted into dominant social structures - Light skinned latinos, east Asians, middle eastern/west Asians, some multiracials, polynesians - Category that includes marginalized racial groups - Vietnames, filipinos, hmong people, dark-skinned latinos, black people, undocumented immigrants, some Polynesians - \* as the US becomes more diverse its racial order will begin to resemble latin American societies. More multi-racial = more complexity - Three groups, most people think they are in the middle, ignores African ancestory - Middle category is growing - The people who count as white at the top do not need to be the high numerical majority to control power in the - Immigration to the U.S. since 2010 - Trends in racial and ethnic diversity since 1965 **Asian Americans** - Model-minority stereotype - Generalization that portrays Asian americans as universally succedsful, hardworking, and academically exceptional. Creates unrealistic expectations. - Honorary white status - Social positioning where Asian americans are sometimes seen as closer to white people in the racial hierarchy, while still experiencing racial discrimination - Forever foreigner stereotype (see slides) - Persistent perception of Asian americans as perpetual outsiders, regardless of citizenship or generational status - Argument of *Asian American Achievement Paradox* (Jennifer Lee & Min Zhou) - Ethnic capital - Social and cultural resources within an ethnic community that can be leveraged for educational and economic advancement - Hyper-selectivity - The tendency of immigrant groups to be unusually selected for high educational and economic advancment - Minority culture of mobility - cultural practices and values that prioritize educational and economic advancement - Starting points - Starting points are where your parents are at. - Subject-centered approach - Success frames in Lee & Zhou - Mexican Americans - Widest success frame. Family, owning a business, credential for a means to an end. Lowest starting point, feel the most successful because they are comparing themselves to their parents/grandparents. - White Americans - See themselves as individuals, starting point is parents eduation. If parents went to college, then you go to college. Tend to still have higher wealth, incomes due to starting points advantage - Black Americans - College, no matter on parents education, institutional barriers. Starting point, low. - Chinese and Vietnamese - Eliete schools, STEM, Law, MD, high degrees, highest starting point. Highest apparent achievement, but feel least successful. - Who Counts as Asian? **Latinos Racial History & Racial Identity Today** - "How Dominicans and Puerto Ricans Understand Identity and Race" (Wendy Roth) - "Housing Segregation and the Forgotten Latino American Story" (Jacob Rugh) - Mexican American Study Project Mexican (Telles and Ortiz) from "Americans and Immigrant Incorporation" (Telles) - [[Video Presentation: "Making Hispanics: How Activists, Bureaucrats, and Media Constructed A New American" (Christina Mora)]](https://youtu.be/bTjeAAlN0l8?t=1m38s) - 1947 *Mendez et al. v. Westminster* court case and decision (María Blanco) - Legal case challenging school segregation for Latino students - César Chávez and Dolores Huerta - Found for latino workers rights - Study: "How Are Self-Identified \'White\' Latinos Seen by Others? (Nicholas Vargas) - NPR *Latino USA* podcast segment*,* "Segregated Six Feet Under" - "Re-envisioning our Understanding of Latino Racial Identity" (Julie Dowling) - *Barrios to Burbs: The Making of the Mexican American Middle Class* (Jody Vallejo) **Latinos and Immigration Today** - "The Walls in Our Heads" (*NY Times*) - \"Putting the U.S.-Mexico 'Border Crisis' Narrative into Context\" (March 2021) - Border enforcement changes and the effect on immigration. - Trends of undocumented immigration since 1960s to today - "The tragedy of immigration" ([[PBS *Latino Americans* Episode 6]](http://www.pbs.org/video/2365076202/)) - Mixed legal status households - Trends in Latino population growth today - The "Real Hispanic Challenge" (Douglas Massey) - (DACA) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals: Issues and Church position. - Deferred action for childhood arrivals - Roberto Gonzales on undocumented status (see slides) - Learning to be illegal: undocumented youth and shifting legal contexts to the transition to adulthood - Becomes masters status - [Op-Ed on Dreamers and DACA](https://www.deseret.com/2021/11/30/22810120/daca-we-must-pass-immigration-reform-now-reconciliation-bill-dreamers-utah-compact) by Nori Gomez de Bybee (TA) and Dr. Rugh **Multiracial Americans and the Color Line** - [Why the Announcement of a Looming White Minority Makes Demographers Nervous](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/22/us/white-americans-minority-population.html) - Changes in US diversity since the 1960s - Differences in intermarriage by race - US history of interracial unions (graph on slides from last day of class) - "The Myth of a Majority-Minority America" article & chapter (Richard Alba) - Grow what people see as white. White population is changing. How you define white is the key. Hispanic category is ambiguous itself. - About 90% of mixed-race Latinno/Hispanic americans mark White for one of their multiple race responses. **The Sum of Us: Towards Solutions** - Chapter 10, "The Solidarity Dividend," by Heather McGhee - Black immigrants in the U.S. today - Lewiston, Maine The diversity paradox (lee and bean) - White/black = historical US colorline - White/nonwhite= racialization of BIPOC - Black/nonblack - Tria Federal immigrataion and nationality act of 1965 (hart celler act) - Replace dnational origin quotes, aimed to attract skilled Trends in racial and ethnic diversity since 1965 - Asian americans are the most educated, least segregated, and most likely minority group to intermarry today - Asian americans are the fastest growing minority group - Asian immigration has exceeded latino immigration - Undocumented immigration is at the lowest levels today since the 1970s - Latin American population is not growing through immigration - Rates of unauthorized immigration are not higher than ever today Forever foreigner/model minority sterotype - Still not seen as true americans, but as foreinghers no matter how long they've been in the US. - Implicity cases Asian American as different tan whites, pits them against other grups which causes resentment - Honorary status/appeasement -- allowing honorary whites to rise in power and privilege to keep unequal... Are Asian americans becoming white? - "so becomubg white or not is beside the point. The bottomline is Americans of Asian ancestry still have to constantly prove that they are true loyal americans. David woo Immigration trends since 2010 - Rates of immigration are not higher then ever today, theysuccess in the Asian american are actually at a low - Each yar more immigratns come from asia than latin America - Most latino immigrants are central American, not Mexican -- cold war legacy - Most latinos in the US are not immigrants, document or dundocuented - Immigrants are less likely to commit creimes that native-born americans - Violence... Asian American achievement paradox - Success in the asain American community is due to culture and structure - Within Asian culture, there is a focus on an individuals efforts being the driving force bethind their successes - Both hyper selectivity and starting points are missing from the cultural argument - Social institutions reinforce the model minority stereotype - Middle and upper class Asian americans generate thnic capital for lower class co-ethics - Around people with other ethic capital - Which Asian immigrants are not hyper-selected? Which are? - Hyper= eastern Asian, india - Hypo= southest asia (Thailand, Vietnam) Asian American success frame - Ivy league schools, California UC schools - Post graduate degree - Straight A's ie "what is the asisan F" - Four celebrated professions: scientist, engineer, doctor, or lawyer (STEM majors) (minimizing bias) - Have a better future then their parents Latino American success frame - Greatly influenced by hypo-selectivity - Not one success frame, wide array - For many 2^nd^ generation, graduation from college is necessary but it doesn't matter what college - Grading from high school and getting a job where they can support their family is considered success - Lee & lhou's argument about Mexican americans: they are the most successful African American success frame - College degree regardless of parents education level - Don't have the institutional class and ethnic resources to get them there - Above all, upward mobility - Helping co-ethnics -- they don't feel successful as an individual, success is measure off the state of their community - A note on the subject centered approach: not all respondents personally adhere to the success frame of their group - Malcom and Cynthia - Malcom became foreman after jail, lifted up people like him, felt successful - Cynthia = phd, standard path to success, not successful bc she felt isolated. White American success frame - Varies greatly by class - Individualistic - Becoming self-reliant and not taking handouts - More flexibility "follow your dreams, the American dream" Lee and Zhou - Minority culture of mobility - Set of cultural elements that is associated with a minority group, a way to manage upward mobility in the unique contest of discrimination/disadvantage, they prefer to identify as a racial minority not white (ethnic capital) - Asian americans look to coethnics as their reference group - What was lee and zhous argument against essentialist claims that Asians are a superior race - Experience of Chinese immigratsn in spain and Koreans in Japan - Difference in experiences is an Issue of politics not race or genetics bc it is different in different places. Inherently an American factor Christina moras argument - The Hispanic category was created by social advocaty movements, the census bureau, and media markets - Census- without a category they were getting put into either the black or white category - Activists -- wanted to identify Hispanics as an underrepresented minority and they couldn't do that if there wasn't a term - Spanish language meida -- saw Hispanics as consumers - Ambiguity was by design 1947 medez et al v Westminster - Plaintiffs argued that segregation is unconsitutal due to the 14^th^ amendment, landmark court case that came before brown v board Housing segregation and the forgotten latino American story - Domincans and Puerto Ricans have been placed in a position similar to black americans. This fate is no accident, it is a product of structural racism located in historical context. How Dominicans and Puerto Ricans understand identity and race - Race and identity are based more on shared heritage and have less to do with differences in skin tone, more on life experiences How are self-identified white latinos seen by others - Experience of race is most influence by how others identify you - Latinos externally identified as white based primarility on their social class - It does not appear that latinos are becoming white. Re-enviorning our understanding of lation racial idenityt - Conflation that being American = being white - Racial discrimination, not racial privilege is what motivates white identification - Don't want to be Hispanic -\> wanting to be white - Others that face discrimination cling more to cultural heritage - Racial identification of Mexican americans -- driven by colorblind vs antiracist ideology - Latinos who select white are doing so through a colorblind view because they are minimizing the experience race has had on their life. Antiracist = ive experienced rasicum bc I am latino Segreated six feet under - Mexicans were not allowed to be buried in the same cemeteries as whites - Legalistic fallacy of racism The walls in our heads - Argument against building walls - Ineffective, more of a metaphor - Psychological and discriminatory divies in our minds - Persist in social divides long after they come down - Actual results of the militarized US and Mexican border in 1990s - Did not affect migrants likelihood of making an undocumented crossing, only more dangerous Trends in latino population growth today - Dramatic era of mass immigration is over - Net immigration from mexico since 2008 is zero - Mexican American population is natural Assimilation models/latino incorporation - Straight line (conventional assimilation) - Linguistic, educational, economic, spatial, marital, and eventually racial assimilation, everyone becomes white and middle or upper class - Minority culture of mobility - Using coethnics as your reference group - Racialized minority -- Putting the US mexico border crisis narrative into context - More children are crossing the border alone - There is no way for some to seek asylum - From 2016-2020 there was the smallest flow of migration at the border since the mid 2000s - The exclusions of migrants creates a deadly cycle of deportation Trends of undocumented immigrations in 1960s - Undocument immigration has declined by about 1 million since 2007 - Lowest level of undocument immigration in decades - Mexican/central American make up 68% of all undocument immigrants, but make up 94% of all deported undocument immigrants - They are disproportionately targeted by law enforcement and ICE - Low today relative to past years Border enoforcement changes since 1960s - CA Prop 187 (1994) -- gov should take an intitiave in closing the broder -- used the latino threat narrative -- latino population fights back and the bill is mostly shut down - Federal gov wont pass laws so states do - Arizona gave local law enforcement power to arrest those they believe are here illegally, even on routine traffic stops - States like Georgia adopt these laws which actually ends up hurting their economy - The more border enforcement you have, undocument immigration goes up PBS latino amerians episode 6 - Immigration from central America - Immigrants or refugees, American government involvement with central American government during cold war, what did accepting refugees admit. Admits that our actions in those countries were causes a conflict in these countries and so we just didn't grant refugee status so we didn't have to admit we were complicit. - Marta tienda reading - Consequences of immigration = familes with mixed status - How do they exhibit the tragedy of immigration? We want workers but we get families The real Hispanic challenge - Our harsh immigration laws keep undocument immigrantrs in and prevent them from assimilating - Restrictive border policies have increased the Hispanic population -- halted the revolving door - Mass illegality -- our immigration laws manufacture illegality as a master status (affects latino identity) - Legal barrier to assimilation - Remember PBS latino americans documentary about mixed-status family whose mother was deported Deffered action for childhood arrivals DACA - Unstable futures -- will they be able to build and sustain a career or receive an education? - Mixed legal-status families (tragedy of immigration - Not a pathway to citizenship - No sense of belonging - Undocumented status = master status (affects all aspects of life), threat of deportation - Bipartisan support Why the annoucemnt of a looming white minority makes demographers nervous - The info is misleading -- implies a one drop rule whenit comes to rce - It has been used by white nationalists as a call for alarm - The negative effects that came from reading about a white decline were largely erased when the same people read about how the white category was in fact getting bigger... The likely persistence of a white majority - Census adheres to a one drop rule, foces multiracials on the non-white side of a white/non-white color line - Many children growing up today in mixed families are integrating inot still largely white mainstream society and liekey to think of themselves as part of that mainstream rather then as minorities excluded from it The great demografic illisuion - Alba argues - Census conflates minority population - More mixed-race people = shifting assimilation of nonwhites - White mainstram is diverse -\> post ww2 assimilation of southern European immigratns Changes in diversity since the 1960s - Rising immigration from asia and latin America - 1965 hart-celler act - 24% of pop. Todau are 1^st^ and 2^nd^ generation immigratns - Rising intermarriage - 1967 loving vs virginia - Interracial marriages have increased nearly 50fold since 1960 - Rising multiracial generation - 59%... - Unions the lowest during jim crow and reconstirction era, getting higher today. Differences in intermarriage by race - Asian americans and latinos are the most likely to intermarry - Black and white people, especially balck women, are the least likely to intermarry - Color lines connection The Sum of Us : chapter 10 - The solidarity dividend - Solidarity is the anser- the sum of us can accomplish far more than just some of us - Cross racial connections people of different backgrounds..... Author summary - Alba -- latino identity is the most flexible for multiracial people in the US mainstream - Garcia -- latino identity in an important part of LDS history and culture - Gonzalaz -- latino identity is overridden by undocumented master status - Vargas -- identity is based off others perception of you - Massey -- real Hispanic challenge: latino identity has become racialized by immigration laws - Dowling -- identity is driven by raical ideology - Mora -- latino identity ambiguous to fit needs of various groups - Rugh -- latino identity influenced by parallel neighborhood experiencesa to black americans - \