quizlet patho 2.pdf

pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 1. Perception sensory input; interpretation of the environment 2. Memory retention of recall and past experiences of learning 3. Executive func- higher thinking process that allows...

pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 1. Perception sensory input; interpretation of the environment 2. Memory retention of recall and past experiences of learning 3. Executive func- higher thinking process that allows for flexibility, adaptabil- tion ity, and goal-directedness 4. Down syndrome impairment of language, cognition, learning, and memory 5. Pathogenesis of MRI - total intracranial volume is smaller; the difference down syndrome the cerebellum, brainstem, and frontal lobes 6. Tx for down syn- speech therapy, physical therapy, and communication drome techniques 7. Pathogenesis of genetic, alcohol and tobacco use from mother, premature ADD/ADHD delivery 8. Clinical man- Predominantly inattentive: difficulty finishing tasks, easily ifestations of distracted and forgets details of routines ADD/ADHD Predominantly hyperactive-impulse: fidgets or talks a lot, jump/run a lot, restless, impulsive, risk-taking behaviors Combined: both symptoms are equally present 9. Pathogenesis of Trisomy 21; abnormal number of chromosomes Down Syndrome 10. Cerebral Palsy Disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture; due to injury or abnormal development in a baby's bain, during birth or up to age 1 11. Risk factors for Cerebral hypoxia, hemorrhage, infection, genetic abnor- Cerebral Palsy malities, or low birth weight 12. Clinical manifes- Issues with muscle movement, gait (the way you tations of Cere- walk/run), and balance bral Palsy 13. Pyramidal/spas- Majority of Cerebral Palsy cases; increased muscle tone, tic rigidity of extremities 1 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 14. Extrapyrami- Dystonic: lack of fine motor coordination and purposeful dal/nonspastic movements Cerebral Palsy Ataxic: Damage to the cerebellum causing alterations in coordination and movement 15. Etiology risk fac- Paternal age, maternal health, and genetics tors for ASD 16. Clinical manifes- Deficits in communication and social interaction, repet- tations of ASD itive behaviors, varied presentation of symptoms, weak executive function 17. Tx for ASD Behavioral treatment programs 18. Pathogenesis of Abnormal amyloid plaque formation in brain, tau protein Alzheimer's clumps form inside neurons, loss of neurons in gray mat- ter 19. Early stage Delayed short-term memory, forgetfulness, losing objec- Alzheimer's tive 20. Intermediate Progresses to loss of long term memory, irritability, delu- stage sions, wandering, depression Alzheimer's 21. Late stage Mental capacity severely deteriorated, unable to perform Alzheimer's ADLs, combative and agitation can occur 22. Transient Is- focal deficit; brief period of neurological dysfunction (less chemic Attack than 1 hour); reversible - multiple can lead to dementia (TIA) 23. Stroke (Brain At- Irreversible, evidence of tissue infarction tack) 24. Ischemic Mitochondrial damage due to oxygen deficiency leads to anaerobic metabolism occurs and hydrogen ions accu- mulate leading to acidosis and causing death. Potassium leaves cell; Na+ and Ca++ enter leading to apoptosis 2 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 25. Risk factors for age, family history, chronic disease (diabetes, heart dis- stroke (CVA) ease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, alcohol) 26. Ischemic Interruption in blood supply to a region of the brain, fo- cal neurologic deficits present (facial dropping, speech difficulty, paralysis of one side); atherosclerosis leads to injury on vessel wall; WBCs proliferate at site leading to blockage 27. Hemorrhagic bleeding of a vessel, results in increased intracranial pres- sure with associated symptoms 28. Dementia chronic disorder of mental processes marked by memory impairment, personality changes, and impaired reason- ing 29. Delirium Most frequent complication of hospitalization in elderly population 30. Pathogenesis of Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, fever, hypoxia, med- Delirium ication side effects, excessive heat, infection, substance use 31. Clinical manifes- Occurs over hours to days an includes disorientation, tations of deliri- rapid speech, sudden onset, intense emotional swings um 32. Neurotransmit- Decreased GABA receptors (reduced reuptake); HPA: ters involved in inappropriate activation of norepinephrine system; im- Anxiety balance between NE and other neurotransmitter system (dopamine, glutamate, cortisol releasing hormone) 33. Clinical manifes- Sense of dread without any apparent stimulus, negative tations of anxiety coping mechanisms, avoids social interactions, relation- ships, opportunities for growth; Somoatic response: pal- pations, sweating, rapid breathing 34. Amygdala Part of the brain that causes a hyperactive or hyporespon- sive in anxiety 3 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 35. Clinical manifes- Recurring unwanted thoughts, ideas, or sensations (ob- tations of OCD sessions), that make them feel driven to do something repetitively (compulsions) 36. Neurotransmit- Decrease in serotonin, increase in cortisol ters involved in OCD 37. Generalized anx- state of excessive worrying that interferes with daily func- iety disorder tion (GAD) 38. Manifestations Worry generates, restlessness, fatigue, irritability, ten- of GAD sions - cognitive symptoms such as avoidant actions 39. neurotransmit- Increase in norepinephrine (fight/flight) and decrease in ters in GAD GABA 40. GABA Neurotransmitter that pumps the breaks on the other neurotransmitters 41. clinical manifes- Memory disorder (flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, im- tations of PTSD paired memory) cognitive symptoms (difficulty concentrating, hypervigi- lence) physical symptoms (sleep disturbances, somatic prob- lems) 42. Neurotransmit- Decrease in GABA ter in PTSD 43. Panic disorder Sudden episodes of intense fear 44. Clinical manifes- Increased sympathetic function: palpations, sweating, tations of panic feelings of unreality, avoidance disorder numbness, paresthesias (tingling) feeling of impending doom 45. panic disorder 4 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q Causes individuals to intensely fear and avoid their trig- gers all together 46. Neurotransmit- Increase in NORE ters in panic Decrease in GABA disorder Increase in glutamate 47. Pathogenesis of Genetic component (family history) depression chronic illness/stress 48. neurotransmit- Deficiency in nore ters in decreased serotonin depression decreased dopamine 49. Pathogenesis of Prefrontal cortex: smaller with decreased functioning bipolar disorder Genetics: family history stressful life events 50. Neurotransmit- excessive NE in mania ter in bipolar depleted NE in depression disorder dysregulation of serotonin and dopamine systems 51. Clinical manifes- Faulty perceptions, inappropriate actions and feelings, tations of schizo- disconnect from reality, delusions, hallucinations phrenia 52. Delusion Fixed beliefs not based in reality 53. hallucination Perceptions without external stimulus; hearing voices not present 54. First HIT genetic predisposition 55. Second HIT Caused by a stressor 56. Neurotransmit- Norepinephrine ters in Serotonin schizophrenia GABA Dopamine imbalance 5 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 57. Addiction compulsive drug taking despite desire to discontinue use of drug 58. Neurotransmit- Enhances effects of GABA ters in alcohol Decreases glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) use disorder Decreases the amount of GABA secreted in the brain Increase dopamine in the reward center 59. Rebound effect When a drug is removed, rebound overstimulation and nervousness 60. Tobacco use dis- Binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors and links to order dopaminergic reward center Rapidly absorbed in pulmonary circulation, circulated to brain Causes a physiologic dependence 61. Neurotransmit- Stimulant ters in tobacco Releases epinephrine use disorder Activates SNS 62. Opioid use disor- Analgesic, sedative, and euphoric effects der Relapsing illness that can become chronic Interacts with opioid receptor systems 63. Tx for addictions Cognitive behavioral therapy Medications Support groups/treatments 64. Cataracts cloudy/opaque discoloration of an otherwise clear lense 65. Pathogenesis gradual in onset, slow decrease in acuity, cloudy/blurring cataracts vision 66. Risk factors Age, UV light, medications cataracts 67. Glaucoma high intraocular pressure, painless vision loss, too much aqueous humor or it does not drain 6 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 68. Open angle glau- too much aqueous humor or does not drain, no symp- coma toms, peripheral vision affected first 69. Closed-an- Emergency, outflow stops, pupil not reactive to light, red- gle/narrow angle ness, pain, vomiting, blurred vision with halos, can occur glaucoma after dilating eyedrops 70. mascular degen- central part of retin, the macula, degenerates causing eration central vision loss 71. Dry eyes most common, less severe, blurry or wavy central vision with normal peripheral vision 72. Wet eyes sever, new blood vessels, form growing around macula and cause bleeding, scarring, and photoreceptor atrophy; irreversible 73. Retinopathy any disorder that leads to retina damage which is nerve layer lining inside of eye; damage results in vision loss in corresponding field 74. Diabetic change in blood vessels over time retinopathy 75. Nonproliferative elevated blood glucose over long period of time; walls of diabetic eye vessels weaken, and leak fluid into macula (a space retinopathy between the nerves) 76. proliferative dia- severe stage in which tiny vessels grow into vitreous betic retinopathy humor, clouding vision, and can lead to neurovascular glaucoma 77. Retinal detach- retina separates from underlying structure; can occur sec- ment ondary to cataract surgery, proliferative diabetic retinopa- thy, and trauma; causes floaters, flashes of light, veil failing over vision 78. cerumen im- wax blocks sound waves; biggest reason for conductive paction hearing loss 7 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 79. otosclerosis abnormal bone growth, fixation of stapes interferes with sound transmission 80. otitis media infection 81. presbycusis loss due to aging; biggest reason for sensorineural hear- ing loss; damage to structures of inner earl freqeuncy and sound can no longer be accurately processed or transmitted to auditory cortex 82. ototoxicity sensorineural hearing loss; medications damages senso- ry cells of cochlea 83. mixed hearing conductive and sensorineural hearing loss loss 84. acute stress short period of stress 85. episodic acute self inflicted form of stress; ex) taking on too many tasks stress at once 86. chronic stress long term stress that can affect you physically 87. GAS; alarm reaction; begins with a stressor that activates the hy- stage pothalamus and sympathetic nervous system to release cortisol; triggers fight/flight 88. GAS; stage of re- adaptation; vital signs increase; adrenal hormones corti- sistance sol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine 89. GAS; exhaustion chronic; occurs when stress continues and coping doesn't stage work; can decrease immune function, heart/kidney failure and death 90. HPA Axis After a trigger occurs the hypothalamus releases CRH, ACTH is transported through the blood to adrenal glands, cortisol is released by glucocorticoid hormones 91. LC/NE system catecholamines; located in the pons; includes epi and norepi 8 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 92. norepinephrine SNS: regulates bp, promotes arousal and vigilance, and anxiety 93. epinephrine SNS: increases cardiac activity, dilates blood vessels for more o2 94. cortisol CNS: stress hormone, arousal, cognition, mood, sleep, inhibits inflammatory effects during stressful events 95. allostasis body attempting to return back to homeostasis 96. stress age syn- neurohormonal, immune, tissue, and cell changes devel- drome op 97. coping making an effort to manage physical and psychological stress 98. hydrocephalus excessive amount (too much reabsored) of CSF in the cranial vault due to lesions 99. manifestations mental impairment, incontinence, unstable gait of hydrocephalus 100. meningitis inflammation of protective membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord 101. herniation displacement of brain tissue into other areas of the brain 102. subdural bleeding between dura and arachnoid mater due to tear- hemorrhage ing of the veins (hematoma) 103. epidural bleeding between dura and skull, caused by head trauma, hemorrhage pt will have loc, be okay, then rapidly decrease again (hematoma) 104. skull fractures open or closed fracture that are a high risk for intracranial hematoma 9 / 11  pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 105. Basilar skull fracture at the base of the skull fracture 106. basilar skull frac- otorrhea, rhinorrhea, battle signs (ecchymosis behind ture symptoms ear), raccoon eyes, halo sign 107. concussion mild traumatic brain injury due to blow, jarring, shaking, or closed head injury 108. manifestations brief loss of consciousness, light head, vertigo, tinnitus, of concussion blurred vision, personality changes 109. corticospinal originates in the brain, crosses over the brain stem, and cord injury innervates the opposite side of the body affecting motor skills 110. spinothalamic originates in the spinal cord, crosses over within 2 seg- cord injury ments of entry into the cord and ascends to the thalamus in the brain, affects pain and temp 111. posterior column posterior horn containing axons from the peripheral sen- cord injury sory nerves, affects proprioception (awareness of posi- tion of the body), light touch, and vibration 112. spinal shock temporary loss of all or most spinal reflex activity 113. central cord syn- decreased strength, pain, and temp sensation to upper drome extremities 114. anterior cord damage to corticospinal and spinothalamic pathways, syndrome loss of motor function, pain, and temp 115. brown sequard damage to one half of spinal cord, loss of position and syndrome vibratory sense, and paralysis 116. autonomic dys- occurs after a spinal shock resolves and causes an un- reflexia compensated cardiovascular response 117. cushings triad Signs of increased intracranial pressure: 1. hypertension 10 / 11 pathophys exam 2 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fko51q 2. bradycardia 3. irregular respirations 11 / 11