Urban Land Use Models (QUIZGEKO.pdf)

Urban Land Use Models The Concentric Zone Model (Burgess) & The Sector Model (Hoyt) Topic 2: Lecture 1 Chicago, USA as it currently looks....

Urban Land Use Models The Concentric Zone Model (Burgess) & The Sector Model (Hoyt) Topic 2: Lecture 1 Chicago, USA as it currently looks. The models discussed in this lecture are based on the land use patterns of Chicago. Photo: iStock.com/NatChittamai Introduction As urban areas have grown over time they have become increasingly complex. Each urban area has a variety of functions. The different activities that take place mean that the ways which people use the land changes throughout the urban area. A number of models have been created to identify and describe patterns of land use. Two models you may be familiar with are the Burgess (concentric ring) model and the Hoyt (sector) model. Burgess Concentric Zone Model The Concentric Zone Model also known as the Burgess Model was the first to explain distribution of social groups within urban areas. Based on the land use evident in the city of Chicago, it was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925. This model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. The rings (zones) are: Zone 1. The commercial heart of the city, including the CBD at the centre. Zone 2. The transition zone, otherwise known as the Inner City (subject to invasion) Zone 3. Working people’s homes (Inner Suburbs, a place of upward mobility) Zone 4. Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs, increased wealth) Zone 5. Commuters zone Image source: https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/concentric-zone-model-burgess-model  Chicago is situated on the edge of Lake Michigan, which provides a definite edge to the east side of the city The core of the CBD in Chicago is called the Loop because of the circular route of the elevated Note: This diagram shows railway which the core of the city as two serves the central rings: most diagrams of the business area Burgess Model combine these into Zone 1. Image source: https://citybuildingcrashcourse.wordpress.com  Burgess observed that there was a correlation between the distance from the CBD and the socio-economic status of the inhabitants; richer families tended to live further away from the CBD. Elements of the city compete for favourable locations. Competition causes outward growth, invasion and succession. Burgess also observed that as the city grew, the CBD would expand outwards; this in turn forced the other rings to expand outwards as well. The model is more detailed than the traditional down-mid-uptown divide by which downtown is the CBD, uptown the affluent residential outer ring, and midtown in between.  Hoyt’s Sector Model The Sector Model also known as the Hoyt Model was proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. It is a model of urban land use which modified the concentric zone model of city development. Uses Chicago as the basis for the model In Chicago, Hoyt observed: An upper class residential sector grew outward from the CBD and towards the north, along the desirable Lake Michigan shoreline, while industry extended southward in sectors that followed railway lines. It was common for low-income households to be near railway lines, and commercial establishments to be along business thoroughfares. Higher levels of access meant higher land values, thus, many commercial functions would remain in the CBD but manufacturing functions would develop in a wedge surrounding transportation routes.  Hoyt’s Sector Model The CBD Zone remains Zone 1 at the heart of the city Hoyt suggested that various socio- economic groups expand outward from the city centre along railway lines, highways, and other transportation routes. These routes provided improved access to Zone 1. This expansion took the shape of sectors rather than concentric rings/zones because the land use pattern follows a transport route. Image source: https://www.markedbyteachers.com/  Hoyt’s Sector Model Image source: https://planningtank.com/settlement-geography/sector-model-hoyt-model  Hoyt's model attempts to broadly state a principle of urban organization. Recognizing that the various transportation routes into an urban area, including railway lines, roads and tram lines, represented greater access, Hoyt theorized that cities tended to grow in wedge-shaped patterns - or sectors - emanating from the central business district and centred on major transportation routes. Residential functions would grow in wedge-shaped patterns with a sector of low-income housing bordering manufacturing/industrial sectors (traffic, noise, and pollution makes these areas the least desirable) while sectors of middle- and high-income households were located furthest away from these functions.  Limitations to the Burgess and Hoyt land use models The models are based on one North American city The models do not make allowances for private cars and mass car ownership that enables commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries Physical features – the landscape of Chicago is flat and uniform. In many other places physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain zones or sectors No reference to out-of-town development is included in these models Note: the terminology used in these models (e.g. immigrant settlement, low- class, and ghetto) was common and accepted at that time but can be problematic today and/or may have a slightly different meaning now. Original publication details for these two models: Burgess E.W. (1924). ”The growth of the city: an introduction to a research project” Publications of the American Sociological Society, 18:85-97. Hoyt H. (1939). “The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American cities” Washington DC; Federal Housing Administration.