Demographic Transition Model PDF

​ ​ ​ Demographic transition model - a model that shows the transition of high birth and death rate demographic patterns to low birth and death rate. It shows gradual population change.​ ​ Stage 1: Pre-transition - high birth and death rate (natural increase rate ~ replacement rate), hunting and tra...

​ ​ ​ Demographic transition model - a model that shows the transition of high birth and death rate demographic patterns to low birth and death rate. It shows gradual population change.​ ​ Stage 1: Pre-transition - high birth and death rate (natural increase rate ~ replacement rate), hunting and trapping are common, simple subsistence farming (farming done to support family’s needs rather than commercial purposes), many children meant more workers and a few could survive to adulthood, harsh living conditions​ ​ Stage 2: Early transition - high birth rate, low death rate (natural increase rate is high), farmers, technology meant farmers could focus on commercial agriculture, improved food storage, sanitation decreased disease​ ​ Stage 3: Late transition - lower birth rate, low death rate (natural increase rate is lower, but present), accelerated movement to cities, machines result in increased agricultural productivity, less children because parents knew their children would live to adulthood​ ​ Stage 4: Post-transition - low birth rate, low death rate (natural increase rate = replacement rate), accelerated movement to cities, technology increased productivity, role of women (many working full-time careers)​ ​ Replacement rate - the total fertility rate that will result in a stable population (usually considered 2.1)​ ​ Population implosion - drastic decrease in population​ ​ Group 1: ​ Post-transition, Canada is in the group ​ Birth rate and death rate are low (hardly change) ​ People have high life standards ​ Economically stable, government wants to maintain economic growth ​ Environmentally friendly laws are passed out Group 2: ​ Generally at stage 3 and moving toward stage 4; examples are China, Brazil, and Turkey ​ Death rates are low, birth rates around near stage 4 level Group 3: ​ Later part of stage 2 or early part of stage 3 ​ High birth rates and low death rates ​ Some countries in this stage are growing economically which causes their extra money to support populations to grow ​ When countries in this stage have little money to support themselves, they cannot speed up the process to stage 4 (this is called demographic trap) ​ Economic and social growth is also stopped by wars, droughts, and ineffective government (these are fragile states) ​ Government foreign aid: ​ Wealthy countries provide help (aka Official Development Assistance) to poorer countries ​ ODA focuses on getting countries through the demographic transition as soon as possible  ​ Spends money on things like healthcare, education, and food security ​ Unit 4: Liveable Communities​ ​ Chapter 12: Land Use In Our Cities And Towns ​ ​ Liveability - Characteristics in a community that contribute to the quality of life (e.g. economic, educational, social opportunities) ​ Sustainability - Improving quality of life while living within carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems​ ​ Carrying capacity - the ability of an environment to support a population without environmental damage Land use - various functions of land in urban and rural areas Parts of transportation systems ​ Vehicles - trains and trucks used to move goods; cars, bikes, buses, etc to move people ​ Travel paths - rail lines and 4 road categories (expressways, arterials, collectors, local roads) ​ Terminal facilities - stations, rail yards, airports, parking lots, garages ​ Residential density - a measure of the number of housing units per hectare ​ Two major factors that affect residential density are land cost and age of areas​ ​ Influences of residential density ​ Lifestyle: includes apartment residents not needing to spend time on exterior maintenance, owners of detached houses have gardens and snow to shovel ​ Transportation: lower density means use of car to get around, higher means better public transit services are closer ​ Microclimates: higher-density areas are warmer than lower density/rural areas because large buildings and large paved areas give off heat. Air quality is also affected ​ High rise - a building that is 35-100 m tall Skyscraper - a building that is over 100m tall​ ​ Factors that affect residential density ​ Land Cost ​ Most important factor that affects residential density ​ Cheaper land usually means lower densities, costly lands mean higher residential density exist ​ Construction of high-rises and skyscrapers mean greater residential density ​ Construction of single-family houses mean lower residential density Age of neighbourhood ​ Development of residential areas in Canada can be divided into 2 historical periods: Pre-1930 neighbourhoods and Post-World War II neighbourhoods ​ Very few homes were built between 1930-1945  ​ Older residential areas were not designed around automobiles since most families did not have cars back then ​ Historical Periods Of Neighbourhoods​ ​ Pre-1930 neighbourhoods ​ Low-rise housing and high residential density ​ Straight lines and narrow lots made walking distances shorter (created the grid pattern of streets) ​ Most shops were developed along roads or lines ​ Most homes did not have driveways ​ Post-World War II neighbourhoods ​ Most families had at least 1 car, so garages and driveways were developed ​ Garden pattern - an intricate pattern of road designed to discourage drivers from making long journeys on long roads (e.g. curving roads) ​ Effectiveness of bus routes were affected by large lots and non-linear local roads ​ Large parking areas are needed near shopping areas, office buildings and schools ​ Lower-order goods and services - goods and services purchased frequently, these goods and services are generally inexpensive Higher-order goods and services - goods and services purchased infrequently, these goods and services are quite specialized but costly Types of commercial land use​ Neighbourhood stores and plazas ​ Lower-order goods and services ​ Includes banks, small supermarkets, hairdressers, barbers, post-office outlets ​ 1-25 stores and services ​ Community shopping centres ​ Lower to middle-order goods and services ​ Includes clothing/shoe stores, jewelry stores, travel agents, insurance company offices, fast-food outlets ​ 25-75 stores and services ​ Regional shopping centres ​ Lower to middle-order goods and services ​ Includes movie theatres, book stores, major department stores, specialized stores ​ 75-300 stores and services ​ Central business district ​ Lower to very high-order goods and services