Quiz 1 Key to Success (PEDS) PDF

**[Quiz 1]** - Reflexes. When do they disappear? What would indicate disfunction? - \*\*\*Newborn reflexes - need to know name, how to get response, and when they should disappear - **Stepping Reflex** - Elicited by holding an infant upright with his feet touching a flat sur...

**[Quiz 1]** - Reflexes. When do they disappear? What would indicate disfunction? - \*\*\*Newborn reflexes - need to know name, how to get response, and when they should disappear - **Stepping Reflex** - Elicited by holding an infant upright with his feet touching a flat surface. The infant makes stepping movements (Birth to 4 weeks). - **Moro reflex** - throwing arms out when startled. Elicited by allowing the head and trunk of an infant in a semi-sitting position to fall backward to an angle of at least 30°. The infant's arms and legs symmetrically extend, then abduct while fingers spread to form C shape (Birth to 4 months). - **Rooting reflex** - turning of the head when the infant\'s cheek is stimulated (Birth to 4 months). - **Sucking reflex** - sucking when the lips are stimulated (Birth to 4 months). - **Tonic Neck Reflex**- Elicited by turning an infant's head to one side. The infant extends the arm and leg on that side and flexes the arm and leg on the opposite side (Birth to 3 to 4 months). - **Grasp reflexes**: - **Palmar grasp reflex** - place finger or stroke inside of palm and hand will close around it, Elicited by placing an object in an infant's palm. The infant grasps the object. (Birth to 6 months). - **Plantar grasp reflex** - Elicited by touching the sole of an infant's foot. The infant's toes curl downward (Birth to 8 months). - **Babinski reflex** - Elicited by stroking the outer edge of the sole of an infant's foot up toward the toes. The infant dorsiflexes the big toe, toes fan upward and out (Birth to 1 year). - Weight-gain the first year. Clue: When does the weight double? Think along those lines. When does it triple? - Birth weight doubles by 6 months, triples by 12 months **[What would indicate dysfunction?]** If infant reflexes are absent, weak, asymmetrical, persist beyond the typical age range, or reappear later in life, these can indicate potential neurological dysfunction. Here's a breakdown of signs to watch for: 1. **Sucking and Rooting Reflex** - **Absence or Weak Response**: Could indicate CNS depression, possibly due to drugs, prematurity, or neurological impairment. - **Persistence Beyond 4 Months**: May suggest developmental delay. 2. **Palmar Grasp** - **Absent or Weak Grasp**: May indicate muscle weakness or nerve damage, such as brachial plexus injury. - **Persistence Beyond 4 Months**: Could suggest cerebral palsy or other neurological conditions. 3. **Plantar Grasp** - **Absent Response**: Might indicate lower spinal cord dysfunction. - **Persistence Beyond 8 Months**: Could be associated with cerebral palsy or developmental delays. 4. **Moro Reflex** - **Absence on One Side**: May indicate a fractured clavicle, brachial plexus injury, or hemiplegia. - **Absence on Both Sides**: Can suggest CNS injury or general muscle weakness. - **Persistence Beyond 4 Months**: Linked with cerebral palsy or other neurodevelopmental issues. 5. **Tonic Neck Reflex** - **Absent or Asymmetrical Response**: Could indicate brain injury or hemiplegia. - **Persistence Beyond 4 Months**: Suggests possible cerebral palsy or delayed development. 6. **Babinski Reflex** - **Absent Response in Infants**: Could signal neurological impairment. - **Persistence Beyond 1 Year**: Abnormal; often associated with upper motor neuron lesions or CNS dysfunction. 7. **Stepping Reflex** - **Absent Response**: Might be a sign of hypotonia or a neurological issue. - **Persistence Beyond 4 Weeks**: Unusual, may indicate delayed motor development or other concerns. Persistent or abnormal responses in these reflexes typically warrant further assessment and possible referral to a neurologist or developmental specialist for evaluation. - Milestones for infant/toddler. - **[1 month]** - **Gross Motor**- Head lag (baby cannot hold head up) - **Fine motor**- Has strong grasp reflex - **[2 Months]** - **Gross Motor-** Lifts head off mattress when prone (on stomach) - **Fine Motor-** Holds hands in an open position, grasp reflex fading - **[3 Months]** - **Gross**- raises head and shoulders off mattress when prone - **Fine**- No longer has grasp reflex, keeps hands loosely open - **[4 Months]** - **Gross**- Rolls from back to side - **Fine-** Grasps object with both hands - **[5-months]** - **Gross**- Rolls front to back - **Fine**- Uses palmar grasp dominantly - **[6-months]** - **Gross**- Rolls from back to front, sits up with support - **Fine**- Holds bottle - **[7-Months]** - **Gross**- Bears full weight on feet (7-8 mn), sits leaning forward on both hands - **Fine**- Moves object from hands to hands - **[8-Months]** - **Gross- Sits unsupported** - **Fine**- Begins using pincer grasp - **[9-Months]** - **Gross**- Pulls to a standing position, creeps on hands and knees (crawls) - **Fine**- Has a crude pincer grasp (use thumb and index finger to pick up objects, like small cheerios), dominant hand preference evident - **[10-Months]** - **Gross**- Changes from a prone to a sitting position - **Fine**- Grasps rattle by its handle - **[11-Month]** - **Gross**- Cruises or walks along on something - **Fine**- Places object in a container, Neat pincer grasp - **[12-Month]** - **Gross- Sits down from a standing position without assistance, walks with one hand held** - **Fine- Tries to build a two-block tower without success, can turn pages in a book (several at a time)** - **[15 Months]** - **GROSS MOTOR SKILLS:** Walks without help, Creeps up stairs - **Fine Motor Skills:** Uses a cup well, **Builds a tower of two blocks** - **[18 Months]** - **Gross Motor:** Runs clumsily; falls often, throws a ball overhand, **jumps in place with both feet,** pulls and pushes toys - **Fine Motor**: Manages a spoon without rotation, **turns pages in a book, two or three at a time, builds tower of three or four blocks** - **[2 Years]** - **Gross Motor:** Walks up and down stairs by placing both feet on each step - **Fine Motor: Builds a tower of six or seven blocks, Turns pages of books one at a time** - **[2.5 Years]** - **Gross Motor:** Jumps across the floor and off a chair or step using both feet. **Stands on one foot momentarily**. Takes a few steps on tiptoe. - **Fine Motor:** Draws circles, Has good hand-finger coordination - **[3 years]** - Rides a tricycle, jumps off bottom step, **stands on one foot for a few seconds** - **[4 years]** - **Skips and hops on one foot**, throws ball overhead, catches ball reliably - **[5 years]** - Jumps rope, walks backward with heel to toe, throws and catches a ball with ease - [Language Infant (1-12 months)] - **Begins speaking two-word phrases and progresses to speaking three-word phrases.** - **Says three to five words by the age of 1 year.** - **Comprehends the word "no" by 9 to 10 months and obeys single commands accompanied by gestures**. - [Language Toddler ( 1-3 years)] - Language increases to **between 50 and 300 words by the age of 2 years.** - **1 year**: using **one-word sentences**, or holophrases (ex. Doggy) - **2 years**: using **multi-word sentences** by combining two to three words (ex. Bad doggy) - **3 years**: combining several words to create **simple sentences using grammatical rules** - Your Edapt and PPs is our primary source for ranges but here are 2 study aid video, be sure to compare to your PPs for ranges - Links to an external site. - Links to an external site.