Quick Drills for Quiz - April 2001 & 2002 PDF

APRIL 2001 QUICK DRILL STEEL BAR TRUSS ROOFS Just what is a STEEL BAR TRUSS WITH A STEEL DECK ROOF? The truss open bar geometry forms a joint that will support a corrugated metal deck. The truss joists can be up to 60 feet in length, and spaced up to 6 feet apart. The roof decking are steel sheets that are corrugated and are approximately 1/8 inch thick, 6 feet wide, and 20 feet in length. These sheets are laid perpendicular on the joists and are tack welded in place. A layer of tar is hot mopped on the metal deck to help hold down the insulating material of either felt or rubber sheeting (which can be up to 3- inches thick). The insulation is then often covered with another layer of tar as a sealant. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2001 2 Opening the STEEL BAR TRUSS WITH A STEEL DECK ROOF. Most steel bar truss with steel deck roof operations are conducted for overhaul reasons, not for coordinated fire attack tactics for the following reasons: 1. The “rule of thumb” failure time for steel bar trusses is 10 minutes at 1000 degrees (flashover temperature). For the fire service, the recognized failure time is 5 minutes! 2. If vertical ventilation is needed, most steel bar truss assembly roofs will have skylights that can be vented in a rapid manner (this is best done from a tower ladder platform). The opening of a steel deck roof is tough and time consuming, often requiring up to 15 minutes and one saw blade to create a 4- foot by 4- foot hole. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2001 3 3. If hose streams cannot effectively advance because of the heat, fire conditions, heavy smoke, and/or obstacles, personnel cannot operate on this type of roof! 1. The PRIMARY DANGER is the firefighter falling into the very hole that they are cutting. The thin 1/8-inch decking is laid perpendicular to the trusses spanning several joists. The decking spans a very narrow area, and overlaps the next sheet. The danger for the firefighter cutting the hole is that they have no idea where the bar joists are below; as the deck is weakened by the vent cuts, the deck can buckle by the weight of the firefighter (live load) if the cut is between the joists or at a seam. As the deck buckles, it acts like a slide into the vent hole. 2. Although steel deck roofs have been known to typically sag during failure, many have completely failed without any warning. 3. A steel deck roof has often been referred to as a “frying pan”. So much heat is transferred through the decking that the insulating material can catch fire. This is a critical factor with rubber membrane roofs which can ignite, resulting in firefighters having to leave the roof quickly or having to fight a “topside fire”. 4. Remember: Chicago has all types of construction. Size- up at the fire scene should be on going. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2001 4 EXAMPLE: One incident that turned out successful. A truck and squad company were opening a roof of what appeared to an ordinary constructed commercial occupancy, with an addition added to the structure. One hole was cut on the ordinary constructed roof, the second hole was cut on the new addition. While the second hole was being cut, members recognized the light weight Steel Bar Joist Construction, and immediately communicated this to the incident commander and the Engine Company below. Companies both topside and below retreated before the roof failed. LESSON LEARNED Constant Size- up Communicate your findings Don’t get Tunnel Vision When is it appropriate to CUT A STEEL BAR ROOF? 1. If streams are successfully attacking the fire and natural openings are limited (i.e. no skylights, difficult vent stacks, few scuttles, etc.). Many such buildings have large overhead doors, and large office windows which might be a safer and a more rapid option for ventilation. 2. If there is minimal heat, but heavy smoke conditions. During a Toys -R-Us fire on a very hot and muggy day, a high rack storage area of plastic diapers and toys were involved in fire. The heavy smoke conditions from the plastics and high humidity would not allow for any lift, and roof ventilation was needed. 3. If there is a need to ventilate an exposure occupancy (i.e. strip shopping center). The roof area is not over the fire area (where the chance of failure is greatest) yet the vent hole will be effective for vertical ventilation. No building is worth the injury or death of a firefighter! If ever in doubt, err on the side of safety! It can take only 5 minutes for roof failure yet 10/15 minutes to cut the roof! ÿ FALLING IN VENTILATED SKYLIGHTS, OPEN SCUTTLES, OR VENT HOLES. ÿ FALLING OVER MULTIPLE ROOF LEVELS, & PARAPIT WALLS. ÿ SLIPPING ON ICE AND SNOW. ÿ STEPPING OVER THE EDGE OF THE ROOF. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2001 5 APRIL QUIC K DRILL Propane Overfill Valve As of April 1, 2002, all refillable propane cylinders 4 to 40 pounds—the types used routinely with gas grills—are required to have a new Overflow Protection Device (OPD) installed. This requirement is specified by NFPA Code 58 and is enforced in Illinois. The maximum safe ratio of liquid to vapor space in a Liquefied Propane Gas (LPG) cylinder is 80% liquid to 20% vapor space. The new OPD valve prevents overfilling of the cylinders. A special float rises during the filling process and prohibits further filling when the liquid level inside the cylinder reaches 80% of cylinder capacity. Propane dealers will not fill cylinders without the new valve. New cylinders will be manufactured with the OPD. Cylinders currently in use that do not have the OPD may be either (1) retrofitted with the new valve at a local propane dealer, (2) exchanged for a new cylinder at a local cylinder exchange location, or (3) discarded at an approved disposal site. (Sites are listed on p. 7). More information is available from the National Propane Gas Association via telephone (800) 727-6207 or website www.npga.org. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 1 Because it is cost effective to buy a new LPG cylinder with the OPD already installed, the fire service will have to be constantly aware of the possibility of older LPG cylinders being discarded in garbage cans along with regular household waste or in dumpsters. About Propane Propane is a colorless, odorless gas in its natural form. An odorant, Ethyl Mercaptan is added to aid in the detection of leaks. The expansion ratio of propane is 270 to 1. During release, one gallon of liquid produces 36 cubic feet of vapor at 60 F. Propane has a vapor density of 1.5 (heavier than air); therefore, propane vapor will hover near the ground and gather in low areas. Propane can be destructive when it is ignited: In New York, a 20-pound cylinder was dropped from a 3 rd story porch, releasing its full contents in the basement of the building. When the gas reached an ignition source the resulting explosion leveled three buildings. Three people were killed and six others injured. Procedures for Incidents Involving LPG Cylinders A few situations that CFD personnel may encouter involving LPG cylinders are explained below along with recommendations for safely and effectively handling each. When encountering any cylinder of unknown contents, Fire Department personnel shall employ the following guidelines. Isolation - Immediately clear people away from the incident area. Identification- What is the product, size of container, amount of product. Notification - Call for additional resources. Mitigation - Take actions to safely resolve the incident. Termination - Return the scene to a safe enviroment. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 2 1. When questioned by a citizen regarding proper disposal of propane cylinders, advise the citizen of these two options (per Operations Memo: M-08-02): Contact the Chicago Department of Environment (CDOE) via the recycling hotline, (312) 744-1614, for disposal procedures. Deliver the cylinder to any of the CDOE approved disposal sites (see chart at the end of this article). Note: D0 NOT ACCEPT PROPANE CYLINDERS AT OUR CFD FACILITIES, per FS&R Memo M-10-97. 2. When encountering an abandoned cylinder that is NOT LEAKING, i.e. no leaking sounds and no propane odor: 1. Inform the Fire Alarm Office (FAO) of the presence of an abandoned LPG cylinder, and have the FAO request a response by the CDOE and the Chicago Police. 2. Isolate the area and do not disturb the cylinder. 3. Release control of the scene to either the CDOE representative (who will ensure proper disposal of the cylinder) or to the Chicago Police Officer (who will guard the scene until arrival of the CDOE). 3. When encountering a LPG cylinder with A LEAK: 1. Approach the incident from upwind and uphill and wear full Personal Protective Equipment and Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). 2. Clear people away from the incident area. 3. Identify the contents and size of the cylinder. 4. Request a Level 1 Hazardous Materials response. 5. Consult the ERG 2000, Guide 115, pg. 194 & 195. Isolate the area approximately 400 feet for propane cylinders up to 100 pounds; (larger cylinders will require greater protection distances, utilize the ERG 2000 in those instances). 6. Truck or Squad companies should monitor the incident area for LEL / UEL with the appropriate gas monitoring equipment. Monitoring should take place upwind and uphill where personnel are located to ensure that the area is safe. 7. Lead-out two attack lines: (1) a fog line to dissipate leaking vapors, and (2) a solid hose stream ready for use in case of ignition. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 3 8. Use any available cover for protection; i.e. stand behind a sturdy structure for protection in case of an explosion. 4. When encountering a cylinder on FIRE: 1. Approach the incident from upwind and uphill with full Personal Protective Equipment and Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). 2. Clear people away from the incident area. 3. Identify the contents and size of the cylinder. 4. Request a Level 1 Hazardous Materials response. 5. Consult the ERG 2000, Guide 115, pg. 194 & 195. Isolate the area approximately 400 feet for propane cylinders up to 100 pounds; (larger cylinders will require greater protection distances, utilize the ERG 2000 in those instances). 6. Truck or Squad companies should monitor the incident area for LEL / UEL with the appropriate gas monitoring equipment. Monitoring should take place upwind and uphill where personnel are located to ensure that the area is safe. 7. Drop two attack lines: (1) a solid hose stream should be directed onto the cylinder to cool the tank and reduce internal tank pressure, (2) a fog stream should be directed at the fire plume to deflect radiant heat and dissipate any leaking vapors. 8. When possible, use any available cover for protection; i.e. stand behind a sturdy structure for protection in case of an explosion. DO NOT EXTINGUISH THE FIRE UNLESS THE LEAK CAN BE STOPPED If the fire is extinguished, and the cylinder cannot be shut-off, dissipate propane vapors with a fog stream. Be sure to check / monitor the surrounding low areas for an accumulation of vapors. Additional information on “Propane Gas Fire Dangers” can be found in the August 2000 “Academy Notes”. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 4 Additional Locations LPG cylinders might be found: Because of the usefulness of propane, LPG cylinders can be found in many locations. They are transported in automobiles and on vehicles that are powered by propane (taxi cabs, Peoples Gas vechiles, and CTA buses). They provide the fuel that heats mobile offices (such as construction trailers), BBQ-grills, and coleman cookers. LPG cylinders are stored in garages (private & commerical), on decks, in tool sheds, in basements, and under back porches. On patios of apartment buildings. In mobile homes. 20 # LPG tank 20 # LPG tanks 20 # LPG tanks On propane-powered vehicles. Carried on commercial floor buffers, (propane powers the machine). Carried on propane powered fork lifts in warehouses. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 5 Safety Alert The National Propane Gas Association has issued this warning: propane cylinders are being used in the manufacturing of METHAMPHETAMINES. Manufacturers of this illegal substance are using 20-30 pound cylinders for the storage and the use of Anhydrous Ammonia. The pungent odor of ammonia on or near the cylinder is an indication of a downloaded cylinder. The direct contact of ammonia with the brass valve on the cylinder causes the oxidation process to turn the valve to a blue-green stain. All valves are discolored Members encountering these cylinders must be mindful of the unknown structural integrity of the cylinder’s service valve. If the cylinder must be moved, point the valve end of the cylinder away form yourself and others to reduce the chance of injury in case of a sudden valve release / expulsion. When encountering these downloaded cylinders that are not leaking, follow the same procedure as for an abandoned cylinder that is not leaking. 1. Inform the Fire Alarm Office (FAO) of the presence of an abandoned downloaded LPG cylinder, and have the FAO request a response by the CDOE and the Chicago Police. 2. Isolate the area and do not disturb the cylinder. 3. Release control of the scene to either the CDOE representative (who will ensure proper disposal of the cylinder) or to the Chicago Police Officer (who will guard the scene until arrival of the CDOE). QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 6 QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2002 7 A PRIL 2004 aA Q UIC K DRILLS USES FOR THE THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA One of the most significant challenges facing the company officer is that of quickly gathering valid information on the scene. A number of obstacles make this job incredibly difficult, including rapidly changing conditions, unknown building construction features, and blinding smoke. Experienced firefighters will agree that if initial information is gathered quickly and accurately, incidents tend to go well. Incidents that run on a lack of information or inaccurate information likely cause a loss of life or structure. With the assistance of the Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) some of these obstacles can be overcome. The following are possible areas the TIC can be used enabling firefighters to rapidly and efficiently collect information that otherwise would be unavailable. SIZE UP The TIC can be used for a size up of the structure. The officer can combine the information his eyes are showing him with the images from the TIC. The TIC can help pinpoint a concentration of heat within a particular area of the building, saving a great deal of time, especially in large commercial or residential structures. This allows the officer to better direct firefighters regarding their point of entry and plan of attack. A frame house with smoke TIC picture showing the showing as you pull up on the location of the fire on the first scene floor possibly extending up to the attic area QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 2 The building’s construction will play a huge role in showing or hiding the effects of fire and the transfer of heat. A frame building has very little mass. As a result, this type of building shows the effects of fire and heat travel in the bays; between studs from the basement to the attic. Ordinary or heavier mill construction will absorb huge amounts of heat, hiding the heat signature of the fire. Newer, more energy efficient buildings tend to mask fire conditions more than older buildings of simpler construction. Metal buildings can tend to give off a false low reading. (False low reading: the temperature of the metal is significantly higher than what is displayed on the temperature gauge of the TIC). STRUCTURE FIRES When using a TIC for an interior attack or search of victims, constantly scan and evaluate all areas using the three-area (high, medium, low) approach or a “Z pattern”. Scan high Using the three area approach Scan middle Scan low Scan high Using the “Z” pattern Scan diagonal Scan low QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 3 SCAN HIGH Begin your scan by starting at the high area or the ceiling. Look for construction features: such as truss construction, which are prone to collapse, or obstacles, which are hazardous to firefighters. Observe the heat line, and make a mental note of how far down it comes. Heat line The heat line is a noticeable temperature difference of heated air at the ceiling level. Check this often to see if conditions are improving or worsening. Immediately notify the incident commander (IC) of these features. SCAN MIDDLE OR DIAGONAL The second or middle scan of the room should start with a horizontal or sweeping action from wall to wall. If doing a “Z” pattern, conduct a diagonal scan from the ceiling to the floor corner. During your scan, note the locations of windows and doors that could be used for ventilation, and provide a secondary means of egress. Shoulder-to-shoulder scan of the room. Notice the windows. SCAN LOW Third, conduct a low scan of the floor Heat area, looking for possible victims and signature hazards to firefighters. Obstacles such as stairwells, shafts, and openings in the floors could be a hazard for firefighters, as well as, contribute to rapid fire spread from below. Scan of the floor. Notice the hole in the floor and the heat signature left on the couch. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 4 When advancing through the fire building, do not use the TIC continuously. Lower the TIC and move to the next point ensuring to stay low and stay orientated within the structure. Have an easily identified escape route at all times such as following a hoseline, wall, or secured rope to the exterior. When necessary re-scan during the move to regain your bearings. MONITOR A SEARCH The TIC can be used to supervise the search and monitor other search team members. Start the search by conducting the “three-area approach” or “Z pattern” of the room or area. This will provide a check of heat conditions, locations of doors and windows, furniture, and an idea of which direction the search for victims should be conducted. The TIC may have to be repositioned to provide a line of sight behind furniture and obstacles. The TIC cannot penetrate construction material or furniture. These items could hide a victim. The officer may have to direct a member to search these areas. Repeat the “three-area approach” or “Z pattern” when moving from room to room or from landmark to landmark. Frequently scan behind the search team to monitor location of firefighters, as well as, changing fire and heat conditions. AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS When dispatched to accidents with high-energy collisions, the TIC may help identify victims who have been thrown from the vehicle. Check the car seats for heat signatures from a possible passenger that may have been ejected from a car. Check the surrounding terrain for any person ejected from the vehicle. Because this type of scenario typically occurs at night, the victims will normally show as white on the display. Keep in mind, the terrain may obscure part of the victim's heat signature or block it completely. In winter storm conditions, it might also be possible for a victim to be covered with snow. Snow, being merely frozen water, will block the person's heat signature as well. The thickness of the snow layer, combined with the person's attire, will determine how much of the individual's heat is seen by your image Shown to the right is an example of a heat signature. This vehicle carried two passengers. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 5 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS The TIC can help identify the amount of product in certain containers, as well as, identify the presence, location, and movement of a leak. In addition, the TIC can be used to monitor the changing level of a product in a container, or the changing temperature of a volatile substance (for example, chemical incompatibilities, and polymerization reactions). The TIC will show product levels in sealed containers if four specific conditions are in place concurrently. 1. The product must be a liquid or a solid. 2. There must be a vapor space in the container. 3. The vapor space in the container must be a different temperature than the product. 4. The temperature difference must be translated to the surface of the container. Level in containers This thermal image shows the product level of two containers. No information is available on the third container. The third container could be full, empty, insulated, or made of heavier material than the other two. If all four conditions are in place, the imager should detect a product level line. While likely these four conditions will exist at a HAZMAT scene, it is not guaranteed. It should be noted that this would work only for single-walled vessels-and even then, not under all conditions (containers sitting in the sun or on hot pavement may appear completely full). If comparing containers, make sure the containers are the same design. Be advised that an insulated container or one sitting in an ambient environment may not show you the liquid level unless a heat source is subjected to it. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 6 The TIC can also show the presence and movement of a leak. The material will be visible as long as the material stays on top of surfaces (example- gasoline or fuel oil), and it has a different temperature. This can also assist in determining the direction of travel of the leak on the water and see if a dike is holding. Products that mix with the water (alcohol) will disappear from the image of the TIC. Leak Stream with spill View through TIC showing a hotter product (the white area) floating on the surface moving down stream. The TIC will generally not "see" leaking gases. However, since gases are endothermic when they escape from a pressurized system, the point of a gas leak may be seen as a cold spot on the container or piping. Stored propane tanks Leaking gas from container Remember no TIC is intrinsically safe. Always monitor the area with meters prior to entering with a TIC. If you or the HAZMAT team are concerned about LEL’s or UEL’s, do not bring a TIC into the “hot zone”. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 7 ELECTRICAL EMERGENCIES The TIC can be used to identify overheated electrical equipment such as breakers, wires, light ballasts, or motors. When possible, compare like objects to distinguish if one is significantly hotter than the other. Overheated switches Switch gear in an electrical Thermal image showing two out of room. the five switches are overheated. Be aware, if an item does not give off a heat signature, it can still be energized. For example, the third rail, down wires, transformers etc. will not give off a heat signature unless it is overheated. WATER RESCUE Water rescue efforts can be assisted by the TIC. A quick scan of the water’s surface will show the presence of the victim, but only if the person has a presence above the water. The TIC cannot recognize heat signatures 1/8” below the surface of the water. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 8 RECOGNIZING IMAGES ON THE TIC 1. Use extreme caution when scanning an area where there are activated sprinkler heads. Cold water dispersing from an open sprinkler head in a heated atmosphere will appear as a shower of black or gray rain on the TIC. Victims and hazards covered by the water spray will become obscure and Fog pattern difficult to recognize. simulating an Firefighter open sprinkler 2. In a room with little or no heat, the hottest objects viewed (victim’s body) by the TIC, will be white or gray. The coolest objects are black or dark shaded. However, if the temperature of the room is greater than the victim’s body temperature (fire conditions), the victim’s outline will appear darker in color. NORMAL ENVIRONMENT HEATED ENVIRONMENT A body will appear white if there A body will appear to be darker is no heat or very little heat in a in a room that is hot or fire room. conditions exist. 3. Glass, plastic, stainless steel, or any shiny surface can pick up the reflection of a victim and lead the search team to the wrong location. Reflective surface near a door Viewing a false image through a TIC QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 9 4. When viewing water on a floor, it may give the appearance of a hole in the floor. A puddle on the apparatus The puddle viewed through the floor TIC. The TIC is an excellent tool providing information otherwise unavailable to firefighters; however, reliance on the TIC alone is not prudent firefighting. Firefighters must realize the camera can create a false sense of security or tunnel vision. Firefighters absolutely, cannot forget the basics of firefighting and must realize the TIC is just another tool in the firefighters toolbox. QUICK DRILL – APRIL 2004 10 DECEMBER QUICK DRILL VENTILATING GLASS BLOCK WINDOWS Glass block windows hinder ventilation efforts. These windows are designed to provide security, and they present a challenge when firefighters need to remove them for ventilation purposes. The best method for removing glass block windows is described below. Wear eye protection in addition to structural firefighting personal protective gear. 1. First, remove the bottom row of glass blocks by breaking the center of each block of glass and then knocking out the mortar joints. Use a sledgehammer, axe, halligan bar or stripping ladder (use the heel of the ladder). A sideways swinging motion works best with the hand tools. 2. Second, break a column of glass blocks down one of the sides. With the bottom row and a side column removed, the window has lost its binding strength, which will allow for easier removal of the remaining blocks of glass. Be careful, the remaining glass blocks may fall. 3. Remove the remaining blocks of glass by striking them inward (if it is safe to do so) or by pulling them out with the hooks of the stripping ladder. Work from the bottom row upward so that gravity works in your favor; the blocks of window will fall away as they are knocked loose. Tips for Removing Large Glass Block Windows: When removing large glass block windows, break a side column and only part of the bottom row initially. This will allow for more manageable sections to be removed at a time. Once the first section is cleared out, more of the window may be removed by continuing again with removal of the bottom row of the next section. QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2001 1 Some larger glass block windows will have reinforcement wire embedded into the mortar in every other row. Do not leave these bands exposed, either cut them or remove the entire row of glass blocks and the wire; otherwise, they will create an exit hazard that may cut or trap a firefighter or civilian. Heat’s Effect on Glass Block Windows: The process of fusing two molten halves of glass together to make each glass block creates a vacuum inside the block. When the glass block is broken the sound of air rushing in can be heard. This noise is often mistaken for the block exploding, which is not the case. Glass blocks have a minimum 45- minute fire rating (up to 90 minutes), making them a very effective firebreak. Happy holidays From the R J Quinn Fire Academy QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2001 2 DECEMBER QUIC K DRILL DRILL FOR THE MONTH: ONE-PERSON LADDER RAISE, 24-FOOT LADDER All Company Officers, Engineers, and Firefighters assigned to the Bureau of Operations, Fire Suppression & Rescue shall successfully complete the one -person, 24-foot ladder raise drill. Guidelines for accomplishing the drill are provided below. Company Officer’s responsibilities: Conduct this drill with members under your command. First, review the steps described below with company members to ensure that everyone knows the proper procedures. Second, supervise and ensure accuracy as company members take turns completing the one -person, 24-foot ladder raise. Emphasize safety during the drill and make sure all participating members are alert and ready to assist in case the individual performing the drill begins to lose control of the ladder. Guidelines—One-person, 24-foot Ladder Raise 1. Remove the ladder from the apparatus. At the midpoint of the ladder, pass an arm through the ladder and lift onto the shoulder so that you face the heel of the ladder. The beam of the ladder rests on the shoulder with hands placed as needed (on a rung or a beam) to provide stability. Keep the heel of the ladder lowered as you walk to the building. 2. Place the ladder flat on the ground with the heel against the building and the fly section on top. Face the tip of the ladder and squat into a position for lifting. Firmly grasp the second rung from the tip with the knuckles of your hand up, (palm facing the ladder base). 3. Lift the tip of the ladder by pushing up firmly with both legs while looking forward and keeping your back straight. This lifting position is important to avoid a lower back injury and to get a powerful initial lift of the ladder. QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2002 1 Clove Hitch Review: 4. Direct the working end under and around the rung again. Pass fingers of the other hand through the loop and prepare to grab the working end. 1. Form a bite with the halyard using enough rope to complete the knot. 5. Pull the working end through the loop. 2. Direct the working end of the rope under and around the rung. Do not reach hands through the rungs in case the fly section drops before the knot is completed. Working End Standing End 6. Pull the working end taught and the clove hitch knot is complete. 3. Tighten the working end to remove slack, and then cross the working end over the standing end of the halyard. 7. Add a “safety” knot, (an overhand knot around the halyard). 6 QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2002 When the tip of the ladder is about chest high, pivot under it and place your free hand on the farthest beam. Move the lifting hand to a position on the nearest beam. Be sure to keep arms and knees slightly bent and lean slightly forward. Push the ladder up using your hands on the beams until the ladder is vertical against the building. Techniques for pushing include either of the following: Use hands alternately on the beams in a “walking” motion. Use hands simultaneously on the beams in a “pushing and catching” motion; each time the load lightens after a push slide the hands further down the ladder and catch it. Caution: When using this technique do not lose hand contact with the beams of the ladder. After completing Step 3 the fly section of the ladder will be against the building and the halyard rope will be outside and accessible. 4. Move the base of the ladder about 1½feet away from the building as follows: Squat slightly and grasp the center of the rung that is just below waist level with the palm of the hand facing up. Grasp the center of the rung that is just above head level with the palm of the hand facing down. While looking up at the tip of the ladder, slightly lift the ladder base and place it 1½feet away from the building. QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2002 2 5. Reposition your body for hoisting the halyard as follows: Place the left foot alongside the outside of the left beam, and the left knee in front of the left beam. Grasp halyard near face level with both hands using a “power” grip (palms facing halyard rope). Watch the tip of the ladder and begin pulling on the halyard rope; this action will pull the tip of the ladder away from the building to a vertical position. Use the forearm of the left hand to brace the ladder and prevent it from falling further away from the building. Raise the fly section of the ladder to the desired height and lock it in place using the dogs. Then, lean the ladder back into the building, and tie a clove hitch with a safety. (See page 6 for a review on tying the clove hitch). Remember, when tying the clove hitch do not reach hands through the rungs in case the fly section drops. QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2002 3 6. Move the base of the ladder out from the building to the desired angle for climbing. The body position for moving the ladder is the same as described in Step 4. As a review, the distance between the base of the ladder and the building should be ¼the distance of the height to be reached. 7. Roll the ladder laterally to the desired location. The technique for this is to stand firmly in front of the ladder with both hands on the corresponding beams. Push the beam that is towards the intended direction of travel while pulling the rear of the opposite beam with the other hand. Step sideways along with the ladder. Each time the ladder is at a right angle to the body switch first one hand to the opposite beam and then the other hand to the other beam. Continue to roll the ladder until it is at the desired location. Subtle adjustments to ladder placement, such as lateral, forward, or backward movement, can then be made; grasp the ladder as described in Step 4 to make these adjustments. QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2002 4 8. For window rescues place the ladder in the center of the window so that the ladder tip is even with the windowsill. Heel the ladder for victims who climb down; if possible, have another rescuer heel the ladder for you if you have to climb up to help the victim. 9. Lower the ladder by reversing the steps described above. 10. Optional: Members who successfully complete the ladder raise described above may practice a more advanced technique. This technique allows the firefighter to go directly from Step 1 into the latter part of Step 3 and omits grounding the ladder. The ladder is pivoted from the shoulder directly into position overhead for a beam raise at the same time as the base of the ladder is placed against the building. Additional points: Always look up when raising or moving the ladder so that you’re alert for overhead obstructions such as power lines, hanging signs, etc. Avoid raising the ladder directly under a waiting victim, he or she is likely to grab and climb onto the ladder before you have a chance to set the dogs, leading to injury for the victim, you, and possibly others. Instead, raise the ladder away from the destination, secure it, and then roll it laterally into place as described in the guidelines above. Talk to victims who are waiting to be rescued as you raise the ladder. Try to calm and reassure them by saying, “This ladder’s for you!” or “You wait there, I’ll get the ladder to yo u!” QUICK DRILL – DECEMBER 2002 5 FEBR UARY QUICK DRILL 10 Dangerous Situations with 10 Solutions for Engines & Trucks Some of the most perilous conditions that firefighters face when working an interior attack are explained below. Measures that can be taken to lessen each danger are offered as solutions. Even if you are not part of the attack team, the task that you perform on the fireground, whether ventilating, securing a water source, raising ladders, pulling hose, relaying a message, etc., is essential to the safety of fellow firefighters and necessary to the overall success of fire extinguishment and rescue. Problem 1 Rollover – A fire that advances across the ceiling igniting the super-heated gases as it travels. Solution: Cool the superheated gases by aiming the hose stream at the ceili ng before advancing to extinguish the main body of fire. Problem 2 Flashover – When a room or other area experiences excessive build-up of heat from a free burning fire to the point that all the contents reach their ignition temperature and ignite simultaneously into a fully involved fire. Solution: Minimize the risk of flashover by ventilating superheated gases and by cooling them with water. The engine company should direct the water stream at the ceiling in front of them prior to advancing. The truck company should ventilate the roof and the rear of the building (working from the exterior). Problem 3 Backdraft Explosion – The explosive bursting into flame that occurs when air is provided to a super-hot smoldering fire. (A smoldering fire lacks air that is needed for combustion but is super-hot from its previously free- burning state and still contains burnable fuel—plenty of it in the highly flammable gaseous form.) Solution: Ventilate the roof so that heat & smoke are drawn upwards and ventilate the rear. Take care when ventilating to protect yourself from the potential explosion! Make sure that a charged hoseline is in place when ventilating. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2002 1 Problem 4 Overcrowding behind attack team firefighters. Solution: Company Officers are responsible for proper deployment of personnel. Engine – Heel person does not belong directly behind the person on the nozzle; heel person should be further back and feeding hoseline to the nozzle person and the officer. Keep the stairway clear until li ne advancement is taking place. Truck – If the engine is not advancing this indicates that truck firefighters have not properly ventilated. Well-placed and rapid ventilation will allow engine firefighters to advance on the fire, which then provides space for truck firefighters to enter and search. Problem 5 Wind blowing fire in the path of the advancing attack team. Solution: Be constantly prepared for changes and have a large enough hoseline in case conditions worsen. The engine and truck officers must be constantly aware that fire conditions can change at any time prior to arriving at the seat of the fire. Although fire may be showing out windows upon arrival, the effects of wind (and drafts that may be caused when firefighters open doors upon entry) can easily reverse fire and smoke conditions back into the building. Be prepared when advancing on the fire: Assess smoke and heat conditions continuously during the interior attack (whether advancing hose or performing a search). If conditions begin to worsen, be prepared. Before opening doors, gauge heat conditions on the other side. Look at the door and frame for indications of fire; place the back of your hand against the door to feel the extent of heat. Before opening a door to a fire room, make sure the hoseline is charged and bled down, and make sure all personnel are prepared (on SCBA air, wearing full protective gear and ready). Maintain control of the door and use it as a first line of defense between firefighters and the fire room. Use the door as a protective barrier by closing it if needed. Lead out a large enough hose line. In the event that fire conditions reverse onto the companies making the attack, utilize either a solid stream or a straight stream (not a fog stream) to minimi ze steam when battling the fire. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2002 2 Problem 6 Passing fire – Advancing past fire that could communicate across your entry /exit path, trap you in the fire, and damage the hose thus cutting off your water source. Solution: Engine firefighters should not pass fire; knock it down as you advance the hoseline. Truck firefighters: Do not endanger yourselves by passing fire, either follow the engine crew or have another charged hoseline for protection during search and rescue (and to extinguish extending fire). Truck and engine company officers must communicate with each other and with the Incident Commander regarding fire conditions, smoke conditions, search & rescue progress, loss of water, etc. Problem 7 Ceiling collapse – Fire weakens the ceiling’s structural elements to the point of failure and collapse. Solution: When working your way into a heavy fire area where ceiling collapse is possible, have the ceiling pulled as you go. This accomplishes two tasks: (1) It exposes hidden fire and (2) it brings down the ceiling before you’re under it. When engine and truck companies work together it is less likely that firefighters will get injured. For example, after the engine crew knocks down the fire, they should step back and allow the truck crew to enter and perform search and overhaul (pull ceiling). Problem 8 Floor collapse – The entire floor or sections of the floor collapse as firefighters advance with an interior attack. The cause can be heavy fire below the floor, flammable liquids spilled on the floor, lightweight construction, etc. Solution: Crouch low and extend one leg out in front of you to feel the condition of the floor before you advance. The bulk of your weight should be supported by the back leg, which is tucked beneath your torso. Use this technique anytime visibility is poor so that you don’t fall through a hole, whether you are performing a search or advancing a hoseline. A similar method is to feel the floor with an outstretched hand while keeping your weight back. Assess the stability of the floor from below by opening the ceiling and inspecting its structural integrity. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2002 3 Firefighters should be working on stable flooring. If floor collapse appears likely, use a hose stream from a distance to extinguish the fire, or breach a wall to gain access. Do not put firefighters in a collapse situation. Problem 9 Master streams – High-volume nozzles used in defensive (exterior) fire operations. Solution: Communication is the key—everyone on the fireground should be informed that master streams will be used. All personnel must be in a safe area before master streams are put to use. For example, if you are going to operate a master stream (deck gun, tower ladder, snorkel, aerial pipe, multi-versal or exterior handline), first make sure that there are no firefighters in harms way. If anyone is inside the structure, do not use a master stream. Problem 10 Incorrect size -up from the interior of the building. Solution: Always be conscious of fire spread, both interior and e xterior. Truck companies can check for fire spread in floors, ceilings, walls, the cockloft and the attic. Truck officers must make sure the roof team and rear team report conditions they are encountering; contact them if they don’t contact you. Communication: Listen to the radio for reports by other officers/firefighters about fire conditions —valuable information can be provided by companies working on the floors above and below and by the roof team; maintain communication with other officers, the sector chief and the Incident Commander. Most firefighters killed in the line of duty die performing “routine” firefighting tactics. Wear your protective clothing properly; don’t learn the painful way. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2002 4 FEBRUARY 2003 UNOFFICIAL COPY T QUICK DRILLS DRILL S R To: All members A From: Steve Chikerotis Assistant Director of Training I Administrative Services Subject: Monthly Quick Drills N I N G D I V I VEHICLE ACCIDENTS CAN AND MUST BE PREVENTED S If members wish to contribute information to the Quick Drills or Academy Notes, please forward to the Assistant Director of Training, Steve Chikerotis, or to I Chief Jose A. Santiago at the Quinn Fire Academy. O N FEBRUARY 2003 UNOFFICIAL COPY QUIC K DRILL DRIVING EMERGENCY VEHICLES Drill for the month: All members shall participate in a company school (drill) of safe driving procedures using the information provided below as a guide. This article rescinds the following Training Academy documents: “Emergency Vehicle Operation”, Academy Notes, May 1992 “Vehicle Operator Safety Notes”, The Company Journal, Sept.-Oct. 1995 “Emergency Vehicle Response Safety”, The Company Journal, Sept.-Oct. 1995 “Speed, Response Time & Stopping Distance”, Academy Notes, Dec. 1990 Introduction: A greater percentage than ever of Chicago Fire Department (CFD) members are responsible for driving apparatus. These vehicles include engines, trucks, ALS and BLS ambulances, command vans, buggies (cars and sport utility vehicles), etc. A Firefighter/EMT may act as engineer or drive a truck one day, and then share driving duties on a BLS ambulance another day. To help members safely assume driving responsibilities, some key points are provided below pertaining to vehicle maintenance and safe driving procedures. Drivers and company officers are required to know this information, and all members must be familiar with these procedures in order to assist drivers. Drivers License Requirements: Driver must have a valid Illinois Drivers License for the class of vehicle they are driving, and must have the license in their immediate possession at all times when operating a vehicle. Drivers of CFD ambulances, buggies, specified command vans, or any vehicle with a gross weight less than 16,001 pounds are required to (1) have a Class D license, and (2) be evaluated and certified by the CFD. Drivers of CFD engines, trucks, or any vehicle with a gross weight of 16,001 or more pounds are required to (1) have a Class B (non-CDL) license, and (2) be evaluated and certified by the CFD. Procedures for upgrading to a Class B (non-CDL) license are provided in the CFD Defensive Driving manual and are available from District Headquarters. QUICK DRILL - FEBRUARY 2003 1 UNOFFICIAL COPY Members who drive Department vehicles shall present their drivers license to CFD supervisors upon request. Apparatus/Vehicle Inspection: Inspection of CFD vehicles is to be made immediately after roll call, unless completed by oncoming shift members prior to roll call, and after every run. Inspection shall include but is not limited to the following areas, (each type of apparatus has additional unique features to be checked): Safety features—brake system, tires, lights, steering, windshield wipers, mirrors, and seat belts Mechanical concerns—fluid levels (oil, transmission, radiator, fuel, etc.), batteries, and belts Movable equipment—make sure it’s secure and that compartment doors are completely closed Body—check for damage Safe Driving Responsibilities: Supervisors are responsible for ensuring that CFD apparatus are driven safely and for taking action to correct deficiencies. Drivers are responsible for the safety of CFD personnel and the public while operating CFD vehicles. Drive defensively: The defensive driver anticipates and makes allowances for the reckless and careless actions of other drivers; is alert and prepared to take necessary preventive action before dangerous situations produce accidents; and adjusts his or her driving to meet all hazards of weather, traffic, road and other existing conditions. Vehicle drivers will not put vehicles in motion until all passengers—CFD and civilian—are secured with seat safety belts and it is safe to proceed. Company Officers will ensure compliance. Exceptions to wearing seat belts include when members are providing critical hands-on patient care in the patient compartment of the ambulance; when members ride the tailboard, which is only permitted when equipment such as rolled hose is being carried there; or when the apparatus is in the process of backing up. See General Order 92-007 for details. QUICK DRILL - FEBRUARY 2003 2 UNOFFICIAL COPY Non-emergency Driving: Non-emergency transit, such as returning to quarters, going for fuel or air bottles, etc., requires drivers to adhere to all traffic laws. Emergency Response Driving: The City of Chicago Municipal Code (9-48-010) permits exemptions of standard traffic regulations to drivers of authorized emergency vehicles when responding to but not returning from an emergency call, provided the emergency vehicle lights and siren are operating. Under these conditions the City Code and CFD permit the driver to: 1. Park or stand irrespective of the provisions of the traffic code 2. Proceed past a red light, stop signal, or stop sign only after making a complete momentary stop prior to entering the intersection 3. Exceed the speed limit so long as not endangering life or property 4. Disregard regulations governing direction of movement or turning in specified directions These provisions shall not relieve the driver from the duty to drive with due regard for the safety of all persons, nor shall such provisions protect the driver from the consequences of reckless disregard of others. When proceeding through any intersection, use caution and always be prepared to stop! Emergency vehicle drivers must anticipate the following scenarios and be prepared to react defensively: 1. Other motorists may be driving aggressively and dangerously, such as speeding to beat the red light or fire apparatus 2. Other motorists may be playing loud music or may have their windows rolled up, preventing them from hearing or seeing your vehicle 3. Another Fire or Police vehicle may be approaching the intersection from a different direction Avoid “splitting the middle”—driving between two cars that are headed the same direction. For example, a car is in the left turn lane, the lane just to the right is open, and a car occupies the next lane to the right. To drive through the lane between these two cars would be splitting the middle. It is actually safer to travel to the left of the left turn lane and utilize lanes provided for oncoming traffic, as long as those lanes are clear. This maneuver provides cross traffic the best view of your apparatus and encourages the car in the left turn lane to move to the right as required. The recommended minimum following distance between emergency vehicles traveling along the same route is 300 feet, according to IFSTA. QUICK DRILL - FEBRUARY 2003 3 UNOFFICIAL COPY Avoid excessive speeds; adhering to the posted speed limit is recommended. Increasing speed is dangerous because it increases stopping distance. The chart below lists the approximate stopping distances of buggies, ambulances, engines, and trucks at different speeds when the pavement is dry, (distances increase significantly on wet or icy pavement). SPEED BUGGIES AMBULANCES ENGINES TRUCKS 30 MPH 88 FT. 100 FT. 125 FT. 148 FT. 35 MPH 118 FT. Not available 167 FT. 200 FT. 40 MPH 149 FT. 169 FT. 209 FT. 249 FT. 45 MPH 198 FT. Not available 264 FT. 320 FT. Note: Stopping distance nearly doubles when speed increases 10 mph, from 30mph to 40mph. Use good judgment when deciding whether to exceed the speed limit. Consider the following: A 1½mile response at 30 mph will take thirty seconds longer than at 40 mph. If you are driving an ALS ambulance containing a patient with an urgent life-threatening emergency, these 30 seconds could make a life-saving difference that might justify the increased speed. However, most BLS ambulance emergencies are for patients with non-life threatening conditions that do not justify exceeding the speed limit. Here is a chart that shows how long it takes (response time) to drive 1½miles at different speeds. SPEED COMPARISON GRAPH RESPONSE TIME 30 MPH 3 minutes 35 MPH 2 minutes, 45 seconds 40 MPH 2 minutes, 30 seconds 45 MPH 2 minutes, 15 seconds It is much safer and more effective to get a fast push-out than to attempt to “make time” on the street. When responding to an emergency the sense of urgency, siren noise, and radio communication will get everyone’s adrenaline flowing. Drivers must maintain a level head and good judgment while driving in order to get members safely to the scene. References: General Order 02-003, “Drivers License Requirements” General Order 92-007, “Utilization of Seat Safety Belts” Defensive Driving in the Chicago Fire Department, (1992) City of Chicago Title 9 Municipal Code, “Vehicle…Transportation” QUICK DRILL - FEBRUARY 2003 4 FEBRUARY – 2004 UNOFFICIAL COPY QUICK DRILL MSA DONNING PROCEDURE WITH PROTECTIVE HOOD AND HELMET CHINSTRAP When we arrive on the scene of an incident, requiring the possible use of the Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), we need to don our protective hood, facepiece, and helmet quickly and securely. The following is a suggested procedure. PRIOR TO ARRIVAL ON THE SCENE OF AN INCIDENT Start by putting the hood on before the turnout coat. Next, put your turnout coat on. Ensure that the tail of the hood is completely tucked in under the turnout coat. Pull the hood down to the shoulders 1 UNOFFICIAL COPY Put your hand into the hood allowing it to lie flat on the shoulders. This will eliminate the problem of the hood coming over the head in a bundle. Now don the harness, the helmet, and the gloves. This is how we respond to reported structure fires (confirmed or unconfirmed), automobile fires, hazardous materials incidents, or other incidents of unknown nature, per General Order: 01-003. DONNING THE FACEPIECE, PROTECTIVE HOOD, AND HELMET WITH CHIN STRAP PRIOR TO ENTRY When approaching a situation where the donning of the SCBA is required, release the chinstrap to full extension and remove your helmet. Push the facepiece, and Mask Mounted Regulator (MMR) through the chinstrap of the helmet from front to back. The helmet now will hang from the breathing hose until the facepiece is donned. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2004 2 UNOFFICIAL COPY As you don the facepiece, the helmet should be hanging from the breathing hose. Tighten the facepiece straps. Start with the bottom straps and then tighten the top straps. Be certain you have a complete seal of the facepiece before proceeding further. Using the thumbs of both hands, hook the inside of the protective hood pulling it over your head. Seat the protective hood, around the outside edge of the facepiece per the MSA SCBA manual. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2004 3 UNOFFICIAL COPY Don the helmet by bringing the chinstrap to the chin before placing the helmet on the head. This procedure is performed because the chinstrap is normally too short when attempted in the reverse order. Secure the fire helmet by tightening the chinstrap. The facepiece, protective hood, and helmet with the chinstrap are now secure and the firefighter can go to work. Like any procedure, in order to become proficient, you must practice it often. With practice the entire process should be accomplished in 45 seconds or less. QUICK DRILL – FEBRUARY 2004 4 JANUARY QUICK DRILL DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Consider these points when a defensive mode of operation becomes the strategy at a fire scene: EVACUATION When the order is given to change to a defensive mode, the structure or hazardous area must be evacuated immediately. There is no time or reason to ask why evacuation has been ordered. The Incident Commander has decided that firefighter safety is at stake; the only concern should be exiting quickly and safely. Chief officers and company officers are to take a roll call to make sure that all companies and members have exited the structure/area and that everyone is accounted for. If time permits, tools and equipment should be removed when members evacuate the structure or hazardous area. While exiting, the hoseline may be needed for protection; keep it with you if possible. However, saving equipment is not a priority when a firefighter’s safety is at stake. Tools can be replaced, firefighters cannot! A collapse zone should be immediately established if the structure was evacuated due to collapse potential. Make sure everyone is in a safe area (out of the structure and collapse zone) before master streams are put to work. COLLAPSE ZONE (aerial view): Each collapse zone should be COLLAPSE equal to or greater than ZONE the width and height of the adjacent wall. Safe area Safe area height w i STRUCTURE d COLLAPSE COLLAPSE t ZONE ZONE h Sector 1 Safe area Safe area COLLAPSE ZONE 1 QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2002 Face-to-face and radio communication is to be used to verify that the structure/hazardous area is all clear. Keep the radio as clear as possible for emergency/mayday requests. Members operating master stream devices and large hand lines should be certain that all personnel are clear of the area prior to stream application. As a safety precaution, keep the nozzles of aerial pipes, tower ladders and snorkels pointed straight up prior to use; in case water is sent prematurely no one will be hit with the stream. Once it is confirmed that all members are in a safe area, the nozzle may be directed towards the fire and then charged with water. Most tower ladders and snorkels have waterway shutoffs in the basket but we discourage using them; if they are used, the water pressure could tear the seals on the piping. When directing master streams towards a fire building, keep in mind that master streams can knock down chimneys and cause loose coping or other building components to become flying objects that can injure or even kill firefighters. Also, master streams used inappropriately on walls can make an already weakened fire building collapse. The diagram below demonstrates how to position nozzles so that they are outside of the collapse zone while still being effective in getting water on the fire. QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2002 2 WARNINGS OF COLLAPSE There are several warning signs that will signal potential structural collapse during fire operations. They include: As a rule of thumb, most ordinary constructed buildings become structurally unsafe after 20 minutes of heavy fire on two or more floors. Lightweight construction is likely to collapse much sooner, approximately 5 to 10 minutes after structural members are exposed to fire. Live loads on floors, such as heavy machinery or paper products that have absorbed large quantities of water. Live loads can add too much weight to a structure that has been weakened by fire, causing collapse. Gauge water weight build-up by comparing the water being put into the building with the water flowing out of the building. Contents that would explode if exposed to fire; i.e., large tanks containing flammable liquids. “Curtain-fall” wall collapse Interior explosions, rumbling noises and creaking noises. Walls that are cracked, unsupported, sagging or bulging. Walls leaking smoke or water. Walls out of plumb and columns out of plumb. Movement in any floor or roof. The presence of heavy signs on roofs or front walls of buildings and ornamental stone fronts that contribute significant weight to a structure. “Inward/Outward” wall collapse “90-degree angle” wall collapse QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2002 3 OVERHAUL After the major body of fire is extinguished and we are overhauling (in the defensive mode) there is still the danger that the building could collapse. Therefore our overhauling operation should take these points into consideration: If any doubt exists as to the stability of the building, do not overhaul from the interior, continue using master streams and keep personnel out of the collapse zone. The Incident Commander may request heavy equipment through the proper authorities. Use the heavy equipment to dismantle the building and provide access for extinguishment of remaining fire and hot spots. If the building is not well lit it may be difficult to assess the structural stability. Utilize lights from the squads, trucks or light wagons. Wait until day light hours if necessary. Firefighters should not be in the building if the building’s stability is in question. The Incident Commander is advised to take the following actions in order to determine that entry to the building can be made: 1. Assess structural stability by viewing all sides of the structure, including the roof sector. Use the basket of a tower ladder or snorkel to get an aerial view. 2. Give the tons of water we have poured into the building time to drain. 3. Use minimal manpower for wash-down and overhaul once the decision is made to enter. 4. If extensive overhaul is needed that may cause movement of the structure or further instability of the building, such as opening floors and downed roof areas, err on the side of safety by working from the exterior instead. Again, consider using large equipment to dismantle the structure. Remember: There is no building worth a firefighter’s life! Use good judgment; don’t be complacent. There is a time and a place for aggressive firefighting and this type of situation is not the time or the place. QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2002 4 JANUARY 2004 QUICK DRILL BASIC GUIDELINES FOR LOST OR TRAPPED FIREFIGHTERS The nature of firefighting places the firefighter at risk of becoming lost or trapped. Unexpected structural collapse, doors closing behind crews, firefighters straying from hose lines or search ropes are all possible on the fireground. Because of this, RIT companies are dispatched to all working fires and trained with rescue techniques to remove the trapped or lost firefighter. However, survival can depend on a combination of self-survival actions by the lost firefighter and the RIT Company’s ability to extricate the member from the building. A firefighter, who has become lost or trapped at the fire scene, can do the following. READ THE BUILDING The most important thing a firefighter should learn to do is read the fire building prior to entry. Before entering any structure, you should make a mental note of the type of construction, the number of floors, the location of the windows and doors, and any distinctive features of the building. This will not only help in locating the fire and speeding up your searches, but if you become lost or trapped, you may be able to give a location to search parties so that you can be rescued faster. DO NOT PANIC DO NOT PANIC. Being a lost or trapped in a burning building is a very stressful experience. Becoming overly excited can decrease your ability to think clearly and increase your rate of respiration that will deplete the SCBA air supply sooner. A conscious effort must be made by the lost firefighter to control breathing. Unnecessary talking or physical activity must stop. QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2004 2 STAY TOGETHER A group of lost firefighters should stay together. Members that separate from each other make it difficult for rescuers to find all the firefighters. Firefighters that stay together as a team enhance their chances of all being rescued and allows for easier, more efficient extrication. LISTEN TO THE NOISES AROUND YOU Just as you were trained to stop and listen for the crackling of the fire or the cries of a trapped child, STOP and LISTEN to the noises around you. Listen for the sound of other firefighters. Can you hear the saws on the roof, the rigs running outside, the stream of the water hitting the structure? This information can be communicated to the RIT Company to assist in locating you. FIND THE HOSE LINE Attempt to retrace your footsteps and find the hose line. Once you have found the hose line, crawl along the hose line and feel the first set of couplings you come to. The female, which has no lugs on its shank, is towards the fire. The male, which has lugs on its shank, is the way out! CALL FOR HELP If equipped with a radio, call out MAYDAY three times so that the Mayday General Order can be followed. Identify yourself, the number of members trapped or lost, your location if possible, and the situation (Are you lost, trapped in a building collapse, pinned in, etc.). If you have trouble contacting the command post, ensure you are on Fireground, channel 4. Once you have made contact with the command post or if you are not equipped with a radio, activate your PASS device. The device can remain on until rescued. If the PASS device interferes with the lost firefighters communicating critical radio messages, it may be turned off temporarily. Once the message is complete the PASS device must be turned on again. QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2004 3 SEARCH FOR AN EXIT If you are not pinned or trapped, try to find a wall. To find the wall, the best technique is to use the knee to hand method. The firefighter gets in a crawling position and then moves his left knee to his left hand and then he moves his right knee to his right hand. Continue this motion until you reach a wall. This method will assist you in making the straightest line to the wall and prevents you from going in circles, which is common due to be disorientated. If you are in a large room or warehouse, and unsure of the direction of the nearest wall, throw the tools from your pocket, listening for them to hit the wall. Then precede to the nearest wall using the knee to hand method. Never through your forcible entry tools or any personnel protective equipment. These tools may be needed to breach a wall or assist with your escape. Once you have found the wall, move along it wiping the wall with your gloved hand. To avoid the heat, the firefighter may have to crawl and use one gloved hand to wipe the wall above his head. This technique will help find any window within 4 feet of the ground. If no windows are found, the firefighter will inevitably find the door. PINNED OR TRAPPED OPTIONS If you are pinned or trapped, immediately call for a MAYDAY giving the best description of your location, and then turn on your PASS device. Turn on your flashlight and point it at the ceiling so that the rescuers can see the beam. Our collapse rig carries a Delsar Life Detector. It is a sound sensing device that will pick up tapping and scratching noises. You can tap your company signature or bang against an object to create noise so that you can be heard by searching members. LAST RESORT If the firefighter cannot find the building’s exit, attempt to stay close to the building’s exterior walls. Rescuers normally search around the walls before making sweeps of large interior areas. If a firefighter becomes exhausted or close to losing consciousness, assume a horizontal position laying face up on the floor next to an exterior wall, doorway, or hallway. This maximizes the audible effect of the PASS device. The firefighter should also attempt to shine their flashlight at the ceiling. This enhances the RIT Company’s ability to see the light QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2004 4 and locate the firefighter. If possible, look for some architectural feature and let the RIT Company know you are near the object. This will assist the RIT Company in finding your location. In a collapse in Florida where a firefighter was trapped, he was able to inform the RIT Company that he was near a large steel column on the exterior wall. Using this information, the RIT Company was able to breach the wall and remove the firefighter. If the SCBA air supply is depleted, the firefighter may use his protective hood as a filter for some of the toxic gases. The hood filter may be placed in or over the face piece’s open inhalation valve attachment area. WHEN DISCOVERED Once the RIT Company has found you, let them lead you out, following their commands. If you are trapped or pinned, let them remove the building from around you. Only assist them when asked, to prevent any unnecessary second collapse. RIT READINESS If you are the RIT Company you must be ready to perform. Time is the enemy. The following must be done: Have all tools assembled at the RIT staging area. Assign duties for the RIT operation at roll call, not when the MAYDAY is called. Monitor the radio; know the location of the working companies, conditions of the fire, and the building construction. Ensure that your company remains together as a team and is ready to deploy. Even with the best Incident Command system or accountability system in place, unusual circumstances can lead to a firefighter or group of firefighters becoming trapped or disorientated within a burning structure. We must understand there is a narrow window of opportunity for a firefighter who is out of air or is trapped by the approaching fire. The lost or trapped firefighter must not delay requesting assistance. CFD members have been trained on how to save the lost or trapped firefighter, but we need the firefighter to survive until we get there. QUICK DRILL – JANUARY 2004 5 JULY QUICK DRILL Emergencies in High-rise Buildings Under Construction Size-up en route: A. Read print-out for information about the type of incident we are responding to—fire, collapse, person injured or trapped, etc.—so that you can begin to prepare yourself mentally for the nature of service that you’ll need to provide. B. Know what companies are responding—ALS engine, ambulance, squad, etc. You will then have an idea of the rescue tools & equipment that will be available at the scene and the number of firefighters & paramedics who will be on-hand to help. C. Consider the weather, wind, temperature and time of day. Weather – can increase the dangers at the scene; for example, rain and fog can limit our visibility when we’re already operating at a construction site tha t has numerous hazards. Wind – will be stronger the higher you go and will likely increase the difficulty of the rescue/extinguishment. It may also be the cause of the accident! Temperature – a big factor in the winter when it will be much colder on top of a building 10 o 50 stories high. Time of day – an indicator of whether workers will be present or not. Also, lighting may not be working, resulting in difficulty seeing during a nighttime emergency. D. Be alert for the many hazards associated with buildings under construction. Ignition sources – torches and exposed electrical wiring; in winter the use of “salamanders” (portable heating/drying devices) is common. Combustible materials – natural gas lines, trash, construction materials and propane cylinders. QUICK DRILL – JULY 2001 1 Limited water supply – Temporary standpipes are required by law (municipal building code). The standpipes are dry because they are exposed to the weather. They are required to reac two floors below the top floor of construction and the standpipe location is often indicated by sign at ground level, although the sign is not required. Incomplete construction – open elevator shafts, uncovered floor openings, tripping obstructio and unfinished stairwells. Unfinished concrete & steel – steel may not be covered with fire protection; concrete may no completely cured and could collapse (especially if exposed to fire or a dead load). If responding to a collapse, remember that secondary collapse is a danger. (The hazards are not limited to the ones mentioned above; therefore, pre-planning is advised). Size-up upon arrival: A. Consider the safety of personnel and equipment. Position the apparatus safely distant from hazards that may be above and below, (below grade excavation often takes place during above ground construction). Protective clothing must always include helmet and gloves. B. Talk to the Project Manager or Superintendent when you arrive; the importance of communicati with either of them cannot be stressed enough. They are the commanders of the construction project. They will have radios for communicating with construction workers (including to and fro sub-basements) and will most likely be aware of the emergency. The Project Manager/Superintendent can help facilitate our access to the location of the emergency. C. Confirm the type of emergency and get more specific information as to its location. This will ena us to respond quickly and with appropriate equipment. Also, high-rise construction sites often s a square block, so we may need to relocate apparatus in order to improve accessibility. D. Evaluate the accessibility to and from the emergency location. Are the interior elevators operati If not, is the exterior construction elevator operating and available for use? Is a crane needed o available for use? The Project Manager or Superintendent can provide this information and delegate construction personnel to help as needed. Example: Most construction sites have an “emergency man box” which is a box created for the sole purpose of transporting an injured person via use of the crane from the top of the building t the ground. Notice in the photos below: The construction elevator transports people and equipment to upper flo however, it will only go to within 4 – 9 floors from the top of the construction site. The remainder of climb is up vertical ladders and through small horizontal openings. QUICK DRILL – JULY 2001 2 The crane provides a direct route from the ground to the top floor and is used extensively to transport equipment and supplies. Once a patient is initially treated and packaged, he/she along with an emergency responder can be swiftly lowered in the “emergency man box” from the top floor to ground level. Crane Construction elevator Saving of life &/or property: A. Make a specific plan for rescue or extinguishment and delegate personnel, tools and equipment to mitigate the emergency. B. Use our Incident Command Management System (refer to General Order 91-002). Assign personnel appropriately; do not send more members than necessary above ground, this would be a waste of personnel and unnecessarily dangerous. Try to use the right person for the right job. If one of our members has experience as a construction worker—ironworker, carpenter, cement finisher, etc.—they will be familiar with the surroundings and would be an appropriate selection for the investigative team. Make use of construction equipment and workers on the scene. Construction workers do this for a living; they have tools and skills we can utilize and they will be more than willing to help! Construction equipment at the site could include ladders, timber, saws, the construction elevator and the crane; furthermore, these items are usually available near the emergency location. If it is safe to do so and permission is granted, it will save time and energy to make use of this nearby equipment. C. Before leaving the scene, inventory tools and equipment and ensure the well being of personnel. QUICK DRILL – JULY 2001 3 JULY 2003 QUIC K DRILL SCBA CONFINED SPACE MANEUVERS This document rescinds the following FS&R Field Operations Monthly Drills: “SCBA Reduced Profile Tank Shift”, August 1999 “Confined Space Doffing and Donning Drill”, January 2000 Firefighters may be required to maneuver through a space or opening that is too small to fit through due to the bulk of wearing the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). When these situations are encountered, firefighters may use the Reduced Profile Tank Shift or the Confined Space Doffing & Donning techniques in order to alter the position of the SCBA tank and fit through the opening. These maneuvers are performed without removing the face-piece or stopping the flow of air provided by the SCBA. Required drill: All members assigned to the Bureau of Operations, FS&R shall participate in the drills described here. Company Officers shall review the steps with members, and have all members practice each technique without obstructions or turnout gear on the apparatus floor (or other spacious area). Then, all members are to perform the evolutions described in the drill scenarios while wearing full turnout gear. When members become proficient, the evolutions may be performed with blacked-out face pieces. 1. REDUCED PROFILE TANK SHIFT This mane uver may be used when a firefighter needs to squeeze through a narrow opening that he or she could fit through sideways except for the bulk of the SCBA. The technique can be accomplished while standing, kneeling, or lying down in a prone position. Examples where this technique may be used include squeezing through a door that will open only partially due to an obstruction, through a wall breach between wall studs, or under debris after a collapse. Recommended steps for performing the Reduced Profile Tank Shift: 1. Loosen waist straps completely, leaving the buckle connected. 1 QUICK DRILL – JULY 2003 2. Loosen the right shoulder strap completely. Note: It is recommended that you leave your arm through the shoulder strap, if possible, so the strap doesn’t hang loose where it may get caught on objects. However, large firefighters may need to remove the right arm completely from the strap. 3. Grasp the left shoulder strap and the low-pressure hose with your left hand, lift and shift the unit to your left side. 4. Pass through the obstacle, leading with the right side of your body. Note: Leading with your right hand allows you to move through the obstruction with a free hand so that you can feel and move obstacles as you advance and for protection in case yo u fall. It also allows your body to protect the SCBA hoses and components. 2 QUICK DRILL – JULY 2003 5. When you are past the obstruction, readjust your harness by pulling the right shoulder strap back into position, and tighten the waist and right shoulder straps. Drill scenario for practicing the Reduced Profile Tank Shift: Block a door with wedges or furniture so that the door presents a sufficient obstruction for each firefighter. (Alter the size of the opening depending on the size of the firefighter performing the drill). Select a bed in the bunkroom to crawl under. 2. CONFINED SPACE DOFFING & DONNING This maneuver may be utilized when a firefighter must fit through an opening that is small in width and height. Confined Space Doffing is recommended secondary to the Reduced Profile Tank Shift; only use the Confined Space Doffing if the Reduced Profile Tank Shift will not work. Recommended steps for performing Confined Space Doffing and Donning: 1. From a face down (prone) position, roll onto your left side so the SCBA harness rests on the floor. 2. Loosen and disconnect the waist straps. 3 QUICK DRILL – JULY 2003 3. With your right hand, extend the right shoulder strap completely and bring your arm out of the strap. 4. Roll to your right away from the SCBA, and remove the left arm. 5. With the SCBA on the ground, move the unit in front of you so that the top of the cylinder is near your face and the cylinder gauge is away. (This position maximizes the length of hose between your face piece and the harness). 6. Extend all SCBA straps (if time permits), which will allow you to don the unit faster after passing through the obstruction. 7. Position the harness with the cylinder on the bottom side and the back plate on top. Fold all straps onto the back plate to reduce the chance that they will get hooked during the maneuver, and hold them in place with your hand. This hand will guide the harness forward. 4 QUICK DRILL – JULY 2003 Note: Members with large Dacor hand lights or tool pouches connected to the utility belt should remove the utility belt to further reduce their profile; place the utility belt on the SCBA back plate. 8. Move through the obstruction by first pushing the SCBA through and then following it yourself. Keep a firm grip on the harness so that you won’t lose it if it falls through an opening or down stairs; if it were to fall, it would pull the face piece off of your face. 9. If you are near an exit or safe area after passing the obstruction, you may choose to carry the unit instead of donning it; otherwise, it is recommended that you don the unit. 10. Don the SCBA by sliding the unit to your left and position it so that the cylinder valve points towards your feet. (You are still in a prone position and the SCBA back plate is still face up). 11. Spread out the shoulder and waist straps, making sure that the straps are fully extended. 12. Roll to your left onto the left waist strap and insert your left arm through the left shoulder strap. 5 QUICK DRILL – JULY 2003 13. Using your right hand, reach for the top of the harness and follow it down to the right shoulder strap. Pull the right shoulder strap over your arm. Tip: If you are encountering problems finding the right shoulder strap. With your left hand pull the left shoulder strap upward, place your right hand next to your left hand and trace the harness across the top to the right shoulder strap. 14. When both shoulder straps are on, roll onto the bottle like a turtle on its shell. This will allow you to adjust the tank to the middle of your back before tightening the shoulder straps. Also, it makes the waist straps hang freely where they are easier to find. 15. Tighten both shoulder straps. 16. Find waist straps, fasten and tighten them. 17. Roll over to a prone position, get up, and complete entry/exit. Note: When faced with a vertical opening, the steps are essentially the same except the harness might not be removed while the member is in a horizontal position. While ascending the harness goes first, followed by the member; when descending, the member goes first, followed by the harness. Drill scenario for practicing Confined Space Doffing & Donning: Crawl through the narrow opening under a bed in the bunkroom. Crawl through the legs of an appropriately sized four -legged chair. Another member will have to hold the chair in place for the member performing the drill. 6 QUICK DRILL – JULY 2003 JULY 2004 UNOFFICIAL COPY QUICK DRILLS INTERSTATE INCIDENT RESPONSE In cooperation with the Chicago Fire Department, the Illinois State Police (ISP), the Chicago Police Department (CPD), and the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) Minutemen, the following guidelines and recommendations have been created for the safety of the Chicago Fire Department personnel when they respond on the limited access roadways (i.e. interstate expressways, Lake Shore Drive). If a situation arises where it is necessary to modify these guidelines for safety reasons, it may be done without question. The goal is to ensure the safety of the members of the CFD while operating on limited access roadways (i.e. interstate expressways, Lake Shore Drive). LIMITED ACCESS ROADWAY IDENTIFICATION The ISP, CPD, and the IDOT Minutemen, use the following system to number the lanes of limited access roadways (i.e. interstate expressways, Lake Shore Drive). The lane location of the incident should be transmitted upon the arrival of the first responding unit to assist in coming companies with placement of apparatus. (Example: Engine 54 on the scene of the auto accident, 75th and the Dan Ryan, southbound, lane 3.) Right Shoulder Lane 3 Southbound Lane 2 Direction of Travel Lane 1 Left Shoulder Median or “L” Train Left Shoulder Lane 1 Northbound Lane 2 Direction of Travel Lane 3 Right Shoulder QUICK DRILL – JULY 2004 1 UNOFFICIAL COPY APPARATUS PLACEMENT ISP, CPD, and the IDOT Minutemen, are instructed to position their vehicles at the rear of the incident blocking any access that may be open to the incident including the shoulder. This provides cover for fire department equipment and personnel. If the ISP, CPD, and IDOT Minutemen arrive on the scene before the fire department, they will stop short of the incident providing enough room for the fire department vehicles to pull in between them and the incident. Position the fire department vehicle in this area. The proper positioning of the fire apparatus is in the block position. The block position places the apparatus at an angle to the approaching traffic, diagonally across several lanes of traffic. This position shields firefighters from live traffic lanes. The three most common responses for the fire department on limited access roadways (i.e. interstate expressways, Lake Shore Drive) are: Medical calls not involving fire or pin-in Vehicle fires Pin-in accidents QUICK DRILL – JULY 2004 2 UNOFFICIAL COPY MEDICAL CALLS NOT INVOLVING FIRE OR PIN-IN RESPONSES The response for medical calls not involving fire or pin-in response on limited access roadways (i.e. interstate expressways, Lake Shore Drive) is the following: Minimum of 2 fire companies (1 will be an engine) 1 ambulance Place the first fire apparatus (Engine or Truck) behind the incident in a block position diagonally across the lane/shoulder of the incident and one additional lane. This position shields the work area and protects the crash scene from the approaching traffic. If the ambulance is not on the scene, attempt to keep the side compartment with the EMS equipment towards the incident. The second responding company shall also position their apparatus in the blocked position so as to protect personnel operating on the scene from live traffic lanes. The ambulance must be sheltered from the flow of traffic. Position the ambulance in front of the incident staying within the protected work area provided by the fire apparatus in the block position. The rear patient loading door must be angled away from the nearest live

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