Quantum Theory & Atomic Structure PDF

QUANTUM THEORY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE TASKS FOR THIS WEEK: Sept 16-20 (Week 6) INDIVIDUAL SPL 1.5 ST 1.2: Measurement (Indiv) IPC 1.4 (Indiv) - Atom, Isotope, Mass Laws EC, CEC, OB, QN TEAM Major PT 1.2: Team Topic (GDocs)  WHAT’S IN STORE FOR WEEK 7? (SEPT 23-27) T...

QUANTUM THEORY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE TASKS FOR THIS WEEK: Sept 16-20 (Week 6) INDIVIDUAL SPL 1.5 ST 1.2: Measurement (Indiv) IPC 1.4 (Indiv) - Atom, Isotope, Mass Laws EC, CEC, OB, QN TEAM Major PT 1.2: Team Topic (GDocs)  WHAT’S IN STORE FOR WEEK 7? (SEPT 23-27) TOPIC: Formula Writing and Naming of Compounds TASKS ➔Summative Test 1.3: Atom , Mass Laws, EC, CEC, OB, QN ➔ IPC 1.7: Formula Writing & Naming of Compounds ➔ Major PT 1.3: Team Topic Presentation ➔Submission of Post Lab 1.2 (Sept 30) SAMPLE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Hydrogen: a proton A Hydrogen Atom surrounded by an ( Bohr model) electron cloud Energy Level (n) Type of Orbital SUBLEVEL BLOCKS s1 s2 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5p6 1 2 3 4 5 d1 - d10 6 f1 - f14  Writing Electron Configurations Using Only the Periodic Table Full & Condensed Electron Configuration Quantum Mechanics describes the arrangement of the electrons in the atoms in terms of principal energy level, subshells and orbitals. Quantum Numbers, Atomic Orbitals, and Electron Configuration  The PARTICLE The WAVE THEORY THEORY states that light is like states that light is a sound that travels consisted of like a wave. very fast and (Huygens) extremely small particles that travel in straight lines (Newton) THEORIES OF THE NATURE OF LIGHT Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J-s Wave-particle duality of light Ideal particle – precisely restricted in space. Ideal wave – unlimited spatial extension.  The Schrodinger equation takes into consideration both particle behavior, in terms of mass, and wavelike behavior, in terms of WAVE FUNCTION (φ). The WAVE FUNCTION = the region in which an electron may be found at a given time can be determined. MAX BORN (1882-1970) , PHYSICIST PROPOSED THE BORN INTERPRETATION. States that the probability of finding an electron in a certain region of the atom is proportional to the square of the wave function (φ2) at that point. If the wave function is HIGH = high probability of finding an electron The WAVE FUNCTION describes an atomic orbital (representation of the probability of finding an electron in a given point in space) This electron clouds or orbitals = different shapes as calculated by the Schrodinger Equation.  or Energcy Level or (n) Type of orbital  WRITE ALL THE POSSIBLE SETS OF QUANTUM NUMBERS FOR THE ELECTRONS IN THE 2P AND 3S ORBITALS. 2p n = 2 ; l = 1 ; ml = -1, 0, 1 ; ms = +1/2, -1/2 3s n = 3 ; l = 0 ; ml = 0 ; ms = +1/2, -1/2 A ground-state electron in a calcium atom (Ca) might have which of the following sets of quantum numbers? A. n = 3; l = 2; m1 = 0; ms = -1/2 B. n = 5; l = 0; m1 = 0; ms = -1/2 C. n = 4; l = 1; m1 = 0; ms = -1/2 D. n = 4; l = 0; m1 = 0; ms = -1/2 SUBLEVEL BLOCKS s1 s2 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5p6 1 2 3 4 5 d1 - d10 6 f1 - f14 PARAMAGNETISM AND DIAMAGNETISM When all electrons of a given element are paired up = no magnetic field is observed = element is DIAMAGNETIC Ex. 2He When an element contains an unpaired or multiple unpaired electrons = magnetic moment is observed = PARAMAGNETIC Ex. 3Li LIFE APPLICATIONS PARAMAGNETISM AND DIAMAGNETISM Magnetic Materials and Electronics (magnetic storage devices like hard drives; sensors - MRI machines) Material Sorting (enables recycling process) Chemical Analysis (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance-EPR spectroscopy - chemical reactions and biological processes) Drug Development - Pharmaceutical research Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains: superconducting magnets create diamagnetic field that repels the magnets in tracks - frictionless, high-speed transportation Biological and Medical Applications: contrast agents in MRI scans for clearer images for medical diagnosis Material Properties: metallurgy and manufacturing; construction of electronic components or magnetic shielding Environmental Monitoring: soil quality assessment and pollution control Sample Electron Configuration Magnesium (atom) 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² Magnesium (ion) - Mg²⁺ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ (lost 2e⁻) Using the periodic table, orbital box diagram and condensed electron configuration and quantum numbers for each element. Also indicate if the element is diamagnetic or paramagnetic. A. 9F B. 38 Sr  Identify the element being described by the following quantum numbers. 1. {2, 0, 0, -1/2} Be 2. {4, 1, 1, -1/2} Kr 3. {6, 1, 0 ,-1/2} At 4. {5, 0, 0 +1/2} Rb 5. {7, 0, 0, +1/2} Fr RELEVANCE OF THESE CONCEPTS IN PRACTICAL and EVERYDAY LIFE I. Chemical Reactions and Bonding ❏ Electron Configuration and Orbital Box Diagrams explain and predict how atoms interact and form chemical bonds ❏Essential in the fields: chemistry and materials science II. Electron Transport in Electronics ❏Quantum mechanics plays fundamental role in understanding the behavior of electrons in electronic devices ❏Engineers & Physicist use quantum mechanics to design & optimize electronic components (transistors, semiconductors, and microchips)  RELEVANCE OF THESE CONCEPTS IN PRACTICAL and EVERYDAY LIFE III. Spectroscopy ❏Quantum Mechanics - identifies the composition of substances (determines the presence of specific elements in a sample or analyze the chemical makeup of stars) IV. Medicine and Pharmaceuticals ❏Quantum mechanics - used in molecular modeling and drug discovery ❏ Electronic structure - critical for designing drugs - predict interactions with biological systems - optimize effectiveness and safety of drugs  RELEVANCE OF THESE CONCEPTS IN PRACTICAL and EVERYDAY LIFE V. Energy and Renewable Technologies ❏Quantum Mechanics - optimizes energy-related technologies (behavior of electrons in solar cells, properties of materials used in energy storage, development of quantum computing for more efficient energy simulations & modeling) VI. Environmental Science ❏ Quantum mechanics - understand chemical reactions in the environment & helps address environmental challenges and climate mitigation (atmospheric chemistry, pollutant degradation, behaviour of greenhouse gases) RELEVANCE OF THESE CONCEPTS IN PRACTICAL and EVERYDAY LIFE V. Materials Science ❏Quantum Mechanics - guides the design and development of advanced materials with specific properties (superconductors,high-strength alloys, nanomaterials) which have applications in various fields such as aerospace, construction, and transportation "Supplemental Readings” If you want to know more about our topic, you may read Chapters 2.1-2.4 of our Chang reference book!” "Congratulations on completing the reading/viewing material! Your commitment to learning is impressive. See you during our in-person class sessions. Keep up the great work, Marista!" References: A. (2008, February 25). Scientists in Sweden film moving electron for the first time [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofp-OHIq6Wo&feature=youtu.be Breslyn, W. (2013, November 13). Writing Electron Configurations Using Only the Periodic Table [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ououF9nHUhk&feature=youtu.be Chang, R., 2020. Chemistry. 10th ed. [ebook] Mc Graw Higher Education, pp.3-9. Available at: [Accessed 28 June 2020]. E. (2012, November 8). Atomic number and Mass number of an atom - Science [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufeZCeu_TSo&feature=youtu.be Felix, U., 2014. What Are Isotopes?. [online] Youtube. Available at: [Accessed 25 August 2020]. Foundation, C. (2020). Dashboard | CK-12 Foundation. Retrieved 5 September 2020, from https://www.ck12.org/my/dashboard-new/