Quantitative Research PDF

INQUIRY 5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed Learning process that motivates you to obtain before data is collected. knowledge 6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics,...

INQUIRY 5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed Learning process that motivates you to obtain before data is collected. knowledge 6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other According to holland (2017) non-textual forms. Inquiry requires a student to engage in active 7. Projects can be used to generalize concepts learning by generating their own driving more widely, predict future results, or investigate questions causal relationships. 8. Researcher uses tools, such as Exline 2004 questionnaires or computer software, to collect It's not so Much seeking the right answer often numerical data there is none, rather seeking Appropriate resolution to questions and issues STRENGTH -Allows for a broader study, involving a greater RESEARCH number of subjects, and enhancing the Re - again, anew, over again generalization of the results; Allows for greater Search - examine closely and carefully , test, try, objectivity and accuracy of results. probe -Quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs According to MATIRA (2016) prescribed procedures to ensure validity and Research came from greek word re meaning reliability; again and search look for, investigate etc -Applying well-established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then WHAT IS RESEARCH? analyzed and compared with similar studies; Scientific investigation of phenomena which -You can summarize vast sources of information includes collection, presentation, analysis and and make comparisons across categories and interpretation of facts that lines an individual's over time; speculation with reality -Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a 'distance' from participating subjects and using According to QUINTON (2006) accepted computational techniques. Attempt to gain solution to problem WEAKNESS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH -Uses a static and rigid approach and so -one of The most popular types of research employs an inflexib process of discovery; -The development of standard questions by According to Cabauatan castro, grajo and Uy researchers can lead "structural bias" and false (2016) (empirical research) it is a systematic representation scientific analysis of data and their analysis -Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation; CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE -Researcher may collect a much narrower and RESEARCH sometimes superficial dataset 1. data gathered using structured research -Results are limited as they provide numerical instruments. descriptions rather than detailed narrative and 2.results are based on larger sample sizes generally provide less elaborate accounts of 3. can usually be replicated or repeated, given human perception; its high reliability. -The research is often carried out in an 4. Researcher has a clearly defined research unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of question to which objective answers are sought control can be applied to the exercise. Cases, might just be the closest match to the preconceived hypothesis. Experimental What is variable - scientific approach ______________________________________ -with intervention -KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH Quantitative Research Designs 🖊️ Non-Experimental 🖊️ According to... Descriptive Types of Research Correlational Comparative A. Purpose Causal Comparative 1. Predictive or Prognostic 2. Directive DESCRIPTIVE 3. Illuminative -describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon B. Goal -It does not answer questions about 1. Fundamental/Basic/Pure how/when/why 2. Applied 3. (Action Research) Types of Descriptive Method 1. Observational C. Scope 2. Historical studies 1.Action Research 3. Documentary Analysis 🖊️ 4. Case Study D. Level of Investigation 5. Survey 1. Exploratory 2. Descriptive Survey Research 3. Experimental - It provides a quantitative of numeric description of trends, attitude, or opinions of a population by E. Type of Analysis studying a sample of that population. 1. Analytic -Babbie, 1990 2. Holistic Kinds of Survey Approach F. Choice of Answers to Problems 1. Evaluation. 1. Social Survey 2. Development Investigator researches on the attitude and behavior of different groups of people G. Time Element 1. Historical 2. Market Survey 2. Descriptive finding out what kind of people purchase which 3. Experimental product and how packaging, advertising, buying behavior, prices, and so on. H. Statistical Content 1. Qualitative 3. Community Survey 2. Quantitative health employment QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH housing education economic resources and Non-Experimental other community problems - describes phenomena with no intervention DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH True-Experimental Designs -is a study designed to depict the participants in Require pre-testing of randomized control and an accurate way. More simply put, descriptive experimental group. research is about describing people who take - Guthrie, 2010 part in the study. There are three ways a researcher can go about doing & descriptive QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN research projects, and they are: involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre-selection 1. Observational, defined as a method of processes viewing and recording the participants 2. Case study, defined as an in-depth study of EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH an individual or group of individuals is commonly used in sciences such as sociology 3. Survey, defined as a brief interview or and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and discussion with an individual about a specific medicine etc. It is a collection of research topic designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes 2. Correlational ______________________________________ -Measures the relationship between two Research cannot be possible without taking into variables consideration measurable factors that are - a form of descriptive research subject to change due to circumstances - The data can be represented by ordered pairs Anything that can vary due to circumstances is (x, y). Where x is the independent variable and y called VARIABLE. is the dependent variable. VARIABLE is an object, event, idea, feeling, CORRELATIONAL STUDY time, period or any other type of category you - is a quantitative method of research in which are trying to measure you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, & you are trying to What are the types of variable? determine if there is a relationship cause-and- effect the value taken by the Variables EXPERIMENTAL scale of measurement 🖊️ Pre-Experimental VARIABLES BASED ON CAUSE AND 🖊️ Quasi-Experimental EFFECT True Experimental Single Subject INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The cause or the factor that is being tested. Treatment -Intervention, program, innovation or strategy. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE Pre-test - Assessment before the treatment All other variables other than independent and Post-test - Assessment after the treatment dependent, variable kept constant Quasi-Experimental Designs DEPENDENT VARIABLE A type of experimental design in which the The effect or observed reactions upon researcher does not use random assignment of application of the independent variable. subjects to groups. - Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009 VARIABLES BASED ON THE VALUE TAKEN BY THE VARIABLES CONTINUOUS VARIABLE Take into value in a certain range and measurement with fractional values (Time, Distance, Mass, Age, Temperature) DISCRETE VARIABLE These variables assume exact Values and no fractional units. (Number of siblings, Population of students) VARIABLES BASED ON SCALE OF MEASUREMENTS NOMINAL SCALE Variable which assigns name or description and that numerical value that may be assigned has no quantitative property. (eg: GENDER, BLOOD TYPE, PROFESSION COLOR RELIGION) ORDINAL SCALE Variable which refers to order, sequence ranking. It allows comparison of degree (e.g. HONOR, PLAYERS WORTHINESS, SCALE 1-5.) INTERVAL SCALE Interval scale are numerical scale in which Interval have the same meaning throughout aven zero which does not represent absence of attribute (eg. temperature. IQ directions) RATIO SCALE The most informative scale. It is an interval scale with additional property that is zero position indicates absence of quantity being measured (e.g. temperature using kelvin scale O is absolute zero w/c makes it a ratio scale)