Weathering: Q2-Lesson-1 PDF

Caramoan is an internationally famous tourist destination in Camarines Sur. What is in this island that makes it attractive to tourists? http://caramoanislands.com/about.php Rock formations and the white beach in Caramoan islands add wonder to the natural landscape. These...

Caramoan is an internationally famous tourist destination in Camarines Sur. What is in this island that makes it attractive to tourists? http://caramoanislands.com/about.php Rock formations and the white beach in Caramoan islands add wonder to the natural landscape. These features are due to a series of geologic processes occurring at the Earth’s surface known as the exogenic processes. These include weathering, erosion http://caramoanislands.com/about.php and deposition.  Unscramble the Letters! Let us unlock some terms that we will encounter in this lesson.  : Unscramble the jumbled words with the hint of each description. XENGEOCI SERSPOCSE -are geological processes occurring at the earth’s surface. EXOGENIC PROCESSES -are geological processes occurring at the earth’s surface.  : Unscramble the jumbled words with the hint of each description. T A I G HW N -the process by which ice turns from solid to liquid or semi-liquid state.  THAWING -the process by which ice turns from solid to liquid or semi-liquid state.  : Unscramble the jumbled words with the hint of each description. GRTEWAHENI -the breaking down of rock materials into smaller sizes through mechanical and chemical means.  WEATHERING - the breaking down of rock materials into smaller sizes through mechanical and chemical means.  : Unscramble the jumbled words with the hint of each description. NEOIRSO -the removal and transport of rock materials from their original location to another location.  EROSION - the removal and transport of rock materials from their original location to another location.  : Unscramble the jumbled words with the hint of each description. PIINODSETO -the process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of erosion.  DEPOSITION - the process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of erosion. Describe how rocks undergo weathering (S11ES-IIa-22)  At the end of the discussion, you should be able to: 1. explain how weathering occurs; 2. identify agents of weathering; 3. cite the results of weathering; and 4. appreciate the impact brought about by exogenic processes. Weathering is a process by which rocks are broken into smaller fragments. This process is due to rocks’ exposure to varying temperature, pressure, substances, and biological actions.  Weathering can either be Mechanical Chemical https://makeagif.com/i/lXk98A https://flipanim.com/anim=mZwGDqLy Mechanical Weathering http://www.csun.edu/~psk17793/ES9CP/ES9%20weathering.htm  Mechanical Weathering -happens when a large rock breaks into pieces https://teach.albion.edu/jjn10/physical-weathering/ physically without alteration in its chemical composition Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmop en-geology/chapter/outcome-weathering- and-erosion/ https://sciencing.com/four-types-physical-weathering-6456598.html  Mechanical Weathering Ice/ Frost Wedging -is the main form of mechanical weathering in any climate that regularly cycles above and below the freezing point. Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-weathering-and-erosion/  Mechanical Weathering Ice Wedging It is common in Earth’s polar regions and mid latitudes, and at higher elevations, such as in the mountains. https://teach.albion.edu/jjn10/physical-weathering/  Mechanical Weathering Pressure Expansion Bedrock buried deep within the Earth is under high pressure and temperature. When uplift and erosion brings bedrock to the surface, its temperature drops slowly, while its pressure drops immediately. The sudden pressure drop causes the rock to rapidly expand and crack; this is called pressure expansion. https://teach.albion.edu/jjn10/physical-weathering/  Mechanical Weathering Pressure Expansion Sheeting or exfoliation is when the rock surface spalls off in layers. Spheroidal weathering is a type of exfoliation that produces rounded features and is caused when chemical weathering moves along joints in the bedrock. https://teach.albion.edu/jjn10/physical-weathering/  Mechanical Weathering Abrasion One rock bumps against another rock. Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome-weathering-and-erosion/  Mechanical Weathering Abrasion Gravity causes abrasion as a rock tumbles down a mountainside or cliff. Source: https://www.ck12.org/c/earth-science/mechanical-weathering/lesson/Mechanical-Weathering-HS-ES/  Mechanical Weathering Abrasion Moving water causes abrasion as particles in the water collide and bump against one another. Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen- geology/chapter/outcome-weathering-and-erosion/  Mechanical Weathering Abrasion Strong winds carrying pieces of sand can sandblast surfaces. Source:https://www.geo.fuberlin.de/en/v/geolearning/mountain_building/weathering/Erosion/index.html  Mechanical Weathering Abrasion Ice in glaciers carries many bits and pieces of rock. Rocks embedded at the bottom of the glacier scrape against the rocks below. https://sciencing.com/forces-cause-weathering-erosion-7251345.html  Mechanical Weathering Salt Expansion Salt expansion, which works similarly to frost wedging, occurs in areas of high evaporation or near- marine environments. https://opengeology.org/textbook/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks/  Mechanical Weathering Salt Expansion Evaporation causes salts to precipitate out of solution and grow and expand into cracks in rock. Salt expansion is one of the causes of tafoni, a series of holes in a rock. https://opengeology.org/textbook/5-weathering-erosion-and-sedimentary-rocks/  Mechanical Weathering Salt Expansion Another phenomena that occurs when salt water evaporates can leave behind a square imprint preserved in a soft sediment, called a hopper crystal. https://www.geologyin.com/2019/06/what-is-hopper-crystal.html  Chemical Weathering https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-chemical- weathering-607608  Chemical Weathering Chemical Weathering -requires chemical reaction between rock minerals and other substances in the environment in order to break rocks. https://www.thoughtco.com/examples-of-chemical-weathering-607608  Chemical Weathering by Water Hydrolysis - is the chemical reaction between a chemical compound and water.  Chemical Weathering by Water Hydrolysis Through hydrolysis, a mineral such as potassium feldspar is leached of potassium and changed into a https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/5-2-chemical-weathering/ clay mineral.  Chemical Weathering by Water Hydrolysis Unweathered (left) and weathered (right) surfaces of the same piece of granitic rock. On the unweathered surfaces the feldspars are still fresh and glassy-looking. On the weathered surface the feldspar has been altered to the chalky-looking clay mineral kaolinite. https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/5-2-chemical-weathering/  Chemical Weathering by Acid Rain Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. This makes a weak acid, called carbonic acid. http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/environ/acid.html  Chemical Weathering by Acid Rain Pollutants, such as sulfur and nitrogen, from fossil fuel burning, create sulfuric and nitric acid. Sulfuric and nitric acids are the two main components of acid rain, which accelerate chemical weathering. https://www.canva.com/  Chemical Weathering by Oxygen Oxidation - is a chemical reaction that takes place when oxygen reacts with another element. https://sciencenotes.org/what-is-oxidation-definition-and-examples/  Chemical Weathering by Oxygen Oxidation The most familiar type of oxidation is when iron reacts with oxygen to create rust. Minerals that are rich in iron break down as the iron oxidizes and forms new compounds. Iron oxide produces the red color in soils. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geology/chapter/reading- weathering/#:~:text=Chemical%20Weathering%20by%20Oxy gen&text=The%20most%20familiar%20type%20of,the%20red %20color%20in%20soils.  Mechanical Weathering Plants and animals can do the work of mechanical weathering. This could happen slowly as a plant’s roots grow into a crack or fracture in rock and gradually grow larger, https://sciencing.com/four-types-physical-weathering-6456598.html wedging open the crack.  Biological Weathering https://images.app.goo.gl/aY7hGo7zNcR9DBVP6  Biological Weathering Biological Weathering - involves the breakdown of rocks and minerals by living organisms. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. https://www.geologyin.com/2023/11/weathering-what-is-weathering-and-types.html  Biological Weathering Root Wedging -happens when plant roots work themselves into cracks, prying the bedrock apart as they https://sciencing.com/four-types-physical-weathering-6456598.html grow.  Biological Weathering Root Wedging Some plant roots also produce organic acids that help dissolve the minerals in rocks. The release of organic acids from plant roots can contribute to chemical weathering. https://sciencing.com/four-types-physical-weathering-6456598.html  Biological Weathering Occasionally these roots may become fossilized. Rhizolith is the term for these roots preserved in the rock record. https://sciencing.com/four-types-physical-weathering-6456598.html  Biological Weathering Root Wedging Burrowing animals can also break apart rock as they dig for food or to make living spaces for themselves. https://prepp.in/news/e-492-ncert-notes-for-upsc-biological-weathering https://sciencing.com/biological-weathering-5633317.html  Biological Weathering Tunneling organisms such as earthworms, termites, and ants are biological agents that induce weathering like root wedging. https://www.lakenormanpest.com/top-10-cool-facts-termites/  Biological Weathering Microbial activity Organic acids are produced by microscopic organisms such as algae, moss, lichens, and bacteria. This changes the chemical composition of the rock and gradually erodes its outer layer.  Biological Weathering Human activities Human activities include agricultural activities, mining, construction, and other man- made fragmentation of rocks and soil. These activities cause cracks in the rocks, which eventually break them. https://prepp.in/news/e-492-ncert-notes-for-upsc-biological-weathering Mechanical and chemical weathering work together to produce fine, loose rock particles called sediments. Sand, silt and clay are terms used to describe the size of sediment. http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/330/330F19_8.html Gradually, sediments turn into soil, a highly valuable resource. Soil is composed of weathered rock particles, organic matter, mineral fragments, water and air. https://laboratorioagrama.com/en/agrama-launches-new- microbiological-analysis-microbiologico-know-soil-microbiota/ The removal and transport of rock materials from their original location to another location is called Erosion while the process by which sediments are dropped off by agents of erosion is called Deposition. https://gifer.com/en/4O7N Factors Affecting Weathering Climate Chemical weathering is more effective and rapid in regions with high temperature and rainfall. Figure 11. Wet, warm tropical areas have the most weathering. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen- geology/chapter/outcome-weathering-and-erosion/ Factors Affecting Weathering Climate Temperature has a significant effect in hastening chemical reactions happening in rocks. Water plays an important role in mechanical weathering as well as in carrying-out most reactions in chemical weathering. Figure 11. Wet, warm tropical areas have the most weathering. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen- geology/chapter/outcome-weathering-and-erosion/ Factors Affecting Weathering Rock Type Some rocks have different degree of resistance to mechanical and chemical weathering. https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-rocks Factors Affecting Weathering Rock Type Quartzite, a hard but brittle rock, is highly resistant to chemical weathering but less resistant to mechanical weathering. Factors Affecting Weathering Rock Type Some rock types are more susceptible to weathering than others. For example, marble can be weathered more easily than granite when exposed to similar conditions. https://www.britannica.com/science/marble-rock Factors Affecting Weathering Rock Structure Weathering agents may enter a rock mass though its joints, faults, folds and bedding planes http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/topics/rock s/rock_structure/rock_structure_intro.html Factors Affecting Weathering Rock Structure High number of these entry points makes rocks less resistant to both mechanical and chemical weathering. https://forestrybloq.com/fault-fold-and-joints-and-their-differences/ Factors Affecting Weathering Slope Weathering is faster in steeper slopes than in less steep slopes. Factors Affecting Weathering Duration of Exposure Rocks that are exposed to weathering agents for a longer period of time is more likely to weather easily. https://tenor.com/view/clock-time-hour-gif-11093950 Landforms Created by Weathering Inselbergs: These are isolated hills or mountains that are found in plain areas and deserts. They are the result of weathering and erosion, and they are often made of hard, resistant rocks that are more resistant to weathering than the surrounding rocks. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/erosion-landforms-what-is-an-inselberg-or-a- monadnock.html Landforms Created by Weathering Mushroom rocks: These are tall, isolated hills whose shape resembles a mushroom. They are the result of weathering and erosion, and they are often made of soft, easily weathered rocks that are more susceptible to weathering than the surrounding rocks. https://www.geologyin.com/2023/11/weathering-what-is-weathering-and-types.html Landforms Created by Weathering Pinnacles: are tall, pointed rocks that are formed when the surrounding rocks are eroded away. Weathering can help to isolate pinnacles by breaking down the rocks around them. https://www.worldtribune.org/2021/pinnacles-national-park-california/ Landforms Created by Weathering Hoodoos: are a type of weathering landform that is formed by the erosion of soft rock formations, such as sandstone. They are often found in areas where there is a lot of wind, such as the deserts of the southwestern United States. Landforms Created by Weathering Spheroids: These are round, egg-shaped rocks that are found in deserts. They are the result of physical weathering, and they are often caused by the exfoliation of rocks due to changes in temperature. https://www.americangeosciences.org/education/k5geosource/content/rocks/what-is-chemical-weathering Landforms Created by Weathering Karst topography: is a type of topography that is characterized by sinkholes, caves, and other landforms that have been created by the dissolution of limestone. Karst topography is often found in tropical and subtropical regions. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Karst-topography-landscape-cross-section-from_fig2_326301120  Landforms Created by Weathering https://shoestringdiary.wordpress.com/2022/08/08/in-search-of-karst-landscapes/  Landforms Created by Weathering https://shoestringdiary.wordpress.com/2022/08/08/in-search-of-karst-landscapes/  Landforms Created by Weathering Karst areas in the Philippines (based on Balázs 1973) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Karst-areas-in-the-Philippines-based-on-Balazs-1973_fig2_242215219 Landforms Created by Weathering Tafonis: are large, cavernous holes in rocks that are caused by a combination of chemical and mechanical weathering. They are typically found in arid or semi-arid climates, where there is little rainfall to wash away weathered material. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Tafoni-formations-may-not-be-used-as-sea-level- indicator-since-they-have-been-observed_fig2_267027725 Landforms Created by Weathering Honeycombs: These are hexagonal-shaped weathering patterns that are found on rocks. Honeycombs is formed by the dissolution of limestone by acidic rainwater. Honeycomb rock Distinctive weathered rock at Elgol. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honeycomb_rock_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1172000.jpg  Landforms Created by Weathering Weathering has a number of important effects, including: Soil formation: Weathered rock fragments and mineral particles form the basis of soil, providing the essential ingredients for plant growth and agricultural activities. Landform development: Weathering can create unique landforms, such as caves, arches, mountains, valleys, and canyons. by selectively eroding different rock types and structures. Mineral resource formation: Weathering can concentrate minerals, making them more accessible for mining. Archaeological preservation: Weathered artifacts can provide valuable clues about the past. https://www.geologyin.com/2023/11/weathering-what-is-weathering-and-types.html